99-562: Scott Street Flats is a heritage-listed apartment block at 2 Scott Street, Kangaroo Point , City of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia. It was designed by Elina Mottram and built to c. 1925 by W B Johnstone. It is also known as Scott House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003. The Scott Street Flats, a two storey building of masonry and timber built in c. 1925 for Professor Frank and Mrs Zina Cumbrae-Stewart
198-778: A bequest of his library of more than 2,000 volumes. The society's library was amalgamated with the Welsby collection and was opened as the Welsby Library on 15 March 1947 in Newstead House . The Welsby Library is now housed on the second floor of the Commissariat Store. The Australian Historical Society was formed in Sydney in 1901 and the Historical Society of Victoria in 1909. In Queensland,
297-636: A collective society, an environment suitable and necessary for the new way of life. Residential tower complexes are common in Asian countries such as China, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, Pakistan, Iran and South Korea, as urban densities are very high. In Singapore and urban Hong Kong , land prices are so high that a large portion of the population lives in high-rise apartments. In fact, over 60% of Hong Kong residents live in apartments, many of them condominiums . Of them in 2020, 2,112,138 were identified residents of public housing, which
396-547: A design with setbacks . Apartment buildings have technical and economic advantages in areas of high population density , and have become a distinctive feature of housing accommodation in virtually all densely populated urban areas around the world. In contrast with low-rise and single-family houses, apartment blocks accommodate more inhabitants per unit of area of land and decrease the cost of municipal infrastructure . Various bodies have defined "high-rise": High-rise apartment buildings had already appeared in antiquity :
495-499: A different section in the building regulations in the world. The residential tower block with its typical concrete construction is a familiar feature of Modernist architecture . Influential examples include Le Corbusier 's "housing unit", his Unité d'Habitation , repeated in various European cities starting with his Cité radieuse in Marseille (1947–52), constructed of béton brut , rough-cast concrete , as steel for framework
594-446: A greater demand for housing. However, some cities such as Quebec City and Halifax have fewer high-rise buildings due to several factors: a focus on historic preservation , height restrictions, and lower growth rates. In middle-sized cities with a relatively low population density, such as Calgary , Edmonton , Winnipeg , or Hamilton there are more apartment towers but they are greatly outnumbered by single-family houses . Most of
693-583: A high-rise building surrounded by a swath of landscaped land; e.g., the tower does not directly front the street. It is based on an ideology popularised by Le Corbusier with the Plan Voisin , an expansion of the Garden city movement aimed at reducing the problem of urban congestion. It was introduced in several large cities across the world, notably in North America , Europe and Australia as
792-460: A lot more mainly throughout the north and south inner city of Dublin. Suburban flat complexes were built exclusively on the northside of the city in Ballymun , Coolock and Kilbarrack . These flats were badly affected by a heroin epidemic that hit working-class areas of Dublin in the 1980s and early 1990s. Residential tower blocks were previously uncommon outside of Dublin, but during the era of
891-464: A meaning similar to " projects ". For modern hi-rises, there are two borrowed words to make a distinction: In South Korea, the tower blocks are called Apartment Complex ( 아파트 단지 ). The first residential towers began to be built after the Korean War . The South Korean government needed to build many apartment complexes in the cities to be able to accommodate the citizens. In the 60 years since, as
990-634: A provisional committee was formed with a view to furnishing Queensland with a similar society: a constitution was drafted, prospective members enrolled (limited to 100 ) and the Governor approached to be patron. In August 1913 the inaugural meeting of the Historical Society of Queensland, chaired by the Governor, Sir William MacGregor , was held at the Albert Hall: a paper, "Methods of Historical Research with special reference to Australia",
1089-506: A range of new domestic features, some of which are evident in the Scott Street flats. The amount of built-in storage is a significant feature – the kitchen, bathroom and bedrooms are all equipped with sensibly detailed, space efficient units. A maid's bedroom was a feature of many of the more prestigious flats. The Scott Street flats are carefully planned to enable back-of-house movement between bathroom, kitchen, laundry and maid's room on
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#17327911596981188-488: A resource centre at the "Commissariat Store", one of Brisbane's oldest buildings. Convict-built in 1829, it is one of only two buildings which survive from the Moreton Bay penal colony. The first two storeys were built using local stone and convict labour in 1828–9. A third storey was added in 1913 in rendered brick. It was used as a government store until 1960. Queensland State Archives used the ground floor until 1968 and
1287-765: A small scale. There are some tall residential buildings in La Défense district, such as Tour Défense 2000 , even though the district is mainly "commercial". This allows the residents to walk to the nearby office buildings without using vehicles. Tower blocks were first built in the United Kingdom after the Second World War , and were seen as a cheap way to replace 19th-century urban slums and war-damaged buildings. They were originally seen as desirable, but quickly fell out of favour as tower blocks attracted rising crime and social disorder, particularly after
1386-418: A solution for housing, especially for public housing , reaching a peak of popularity in the 1960s with the introduction of prefabrication technology . By the early 1970s, opposition to this style of towers mounted, with many, including urban planners, now referring to them as " ghettos ". Neighbourhoods like St. James Town were originally designed to house young "swinging single" middle class residents, but
1485-495: A special association with the work of Elina Mottram, the first woman to open her own architectural practice in Brisbane and Queensland's longest practising woman architect. The Scott Street Flats also have an association with Professor and Mrs Cumbrae-Stewart, prominent citizens of Brisbane in the 1910s, 20s and 30s. [REDACTED] This Misplaced Pages article was originally based on "The Queensland heritage register" published by
1584-415: A vestibule, shaped as a square on 45 degrees, with doors on each of the four sides leading into various rooms. To the left is the kitchen and dining room, to the right, the sitting room and second bedroom. The main bedroom and bathroom are located off the hallway. An enclosed porch is found on the northern side of the bedrooms, connected by half glass, French doors. A service area and back stairs are located on
1683-564: A year (monthly except January and December). On the occasion of the Golden Jubilee of the society in 1963, the society established a Fellowship as an award for those who contributed to the knowledge and scholarship of Queensland history. The award entitles the fellow to the post-nominals "FRHistSQ". In 1999, the society began awarding the Sir William MacGregor Medal for exceptional and outstanding service in
1782-694: Is 28% of the total population. Sarah Williams Goldhagen (2012) celebrated the work of innovative architecture firms such as WOHA (based in Singapore), Mass Studies (based in Seoul), Amateur Architecture Studio (based in Hangzhou, China ), and the New York City-based Steven Holl in the transformation of residential towers into "vertical communities" or "vertical cities in the sky" providing aesthetic, unusually designed silhouettes on
1881-496: Is a tall building , as opposed to a low-rise building and is defined differently in terms of height depending on the jurisdiction . It is used as a residential , office building , or other functions including hotel , retail , or with multiple purposes combined. Residential high-rise buildings are also known in some varieties of English, such as British English , as tower blocks and may be referred to as MDUs , standing for multi-dwelling units . A very tall high-rise building
1980-497: Is constructed of red face brick at ground level and has a half timbered appearance at upper level, achieved through the use of fibro-cement cladding with timber cover strips. The plain exterior of the building is simply elaborated with arched brick openings at ground floor level, small panels of timber lattice and a timber corbel between the two floors. The western elevation facing the river has four faceted bay windows and downpipes with prominent rainwater heads at each end. Entry to
2079-455: Is individually owned; they may be called low-rise (or walk-up ), mid-rise , high-rise , or skyscraper depending on their height. Tall residential towers are a staple building type in all large cities. Their relative prominence in Canadian cities varies substantially, however. In general, more populated cities have more high-rises than smaller cities, due to a relative scarcity of land and
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#17327911596982178-602: Is no clear difference between a tower block and a skyscraper, although a building with forty or more stories and taller than 150 metres (490 ft) is generally considered a skyscraper. High-rise structures pose particular design challenges for structural and geotechnical engineers, particularly if situated in a seismically active region or if the underlying soils have geotechnical risk factors such as high compressibility or bay mud . They also pose serious challenges to firefighters during emergencies in high-rise structures. New and old building design, building systems such as
2277-559: Is noted for its population density , eight times greater than Rome , though less than Manhattan and Paris. Its metropolitan area is the densest in the OECD . Although some Central and Eastern European countries during the interwar period , such as the Second Polish Republic , already started building housing estates that were considered to be of a high standard for their time, many of these structures perished during
2376-550: Is presented and publishes these proceedings and other scholarly papers in its journal and other publications. It works with other historical societies and cultural organisations to advocate on behalf of the sector and to provide leadership and guidance. The RHSQ is the Queensland constituent member of the Federation of Australian Historical Societies and the peak body for historical societies in Queensland. It maintains
2475-428: Is referred to as a skyscraper . High-rise buildings became possible to construct with the invention of the elevator (lift) and with less expensive, more abundant building materials. The materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and steel . Most North American –style skyscrapers have a steel frame , while residential blocks are usually constructed of concrete. There
2574-597: The insulae in Ancient Rome and several other cities in the Roman Empire , some of which might have reached up to ten or more stories, one reportedly having 200 stairs. Because of the destruction caused by poorly built high-rise insulae collapsing, several Roman emperors , beginning with Augustus (r. 30 BC – 14 AD), set limits of 20–25 metres (66–82 ft) for multi-story buildings, but met with limited success, as these limits were often ignored despite
2673-892: The Castle Village towers in Manhattan, New York City, completed in 1939. Their cross-shaped design was copied in towers in Parkchester and Stuyvesant Town residential developments. Royal Historical Society of Queensland The Royal Historical Society of Queensland (RHSQ) is a historical society founded in Brisbane , Australia in 1913. It promotes the study of Australian history especially that of Queensland and adjacent Pacific islands . It maintains an important collection and catalogue of historical research materials and organises exhibitions of those materials. It organises meetings, lectures and conferences where research
2772-534: The Celtic Tiger the largest cities such as Dublin, Cork , Limerick and Galway witnessed new large apartment building, although their heights have generally been restricted. Some large towns such as Navan , Drogheda , Dundalk and Mullingar have also witnessed the construction of many modern apartment blocks. Tower blocks in Northern Ireland were never built to the frequency as in cities on
2871-546: The Czech Republic and Slovakia ), panelák building under Marxism–Leninism resulted from two main factors: the postwar housing shortage and the ideology of the ruling party . In Eastern European countries, opinions about these buildings vary greatly, with some deeming them as eyesores on their city's landscape while others glorify them as relics of a bygone age and historical examples of unique architectural styles (such as socialist realism, brutalism , etc.). Since
2970-406: The Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history. Scott Street Flats, a two storey building of masonry and timber built in c. 1925 , is historically important for its association with the entry of women into the professions in Queensland, particularly into
3069-617: The Queensland History Journal in print and online. As the Society languished in the late 1920s and into the 1930s, the journal was not published from 1929 to 1936. From 1974 to 1984 it was published under the name Historical Papers . In 1986, it began publishing every three months. It obtained its current name in November, 2008. In 1942, the society began publishing a bulletin ( ISSN 0035-8916 ) ten times
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3168-623: The State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 7 July 2014, archived on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the "Queensland heritage register boundaries" published by the State of Queensland under CC-BY 3.0 AU licence (accessed on 5 September 2014, archived on 15 October 2014). [REDACTED] Media related to Scott Street Flats at Wikimedia Commons Apartment block A tower block , high-rise , apartment tower , residential tower , apartment block , block of flats , or office tower
3267-479: The dissolution of the Soviet Union , and especially in the late 1990s and early 2000s, many of the former Eastern Bloc countries have begun construction of new, more expensive and modern housing. The Śródmieście borough of Warsaw , the capital of Poland, has seen the development of an array of skyscrapers. Russia is also currently undergoing a dramatic buildout, growing a commercially shaped skyline. Moreover,
3366-511: The 10th century, described them as resembling minarets , while Nasir Khusraw , in the early 11th century, described some of them rising up to 14 stories, with roof gardens on the top story complete with ox-drawn water wheels for irrigating them. By the 16th century, Cairo also had high-rise apartment buildings where the two lower floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants . The skyline of many important medieval cities
3465-492: The 1920s, when the Soviet Union underwent rapid urbanization . Under the Soviet urban planning ideologies of the 1920s , residential complexes—compact territories with residential dwellings, schools, shops, entertainment facilities, and green spaces —started to prevail in urban planning practice, as they allowed for more careful and efficient planning of the rapid urban expansion. These complexes were seen as an opportunity to build
3564-729: The Divis estate were of poor build quality and were all demolished by the early 1990s. Similar slab blocks were built by the NIHT in East Belfast (Tullycarnet) and Derry's Bogside area, all four of which have been demolished. Belfast Corporation constructed seven tower blocks on the former Victoria Barracks site in the New Lodge district. While the Corporation built some mid-rise flats as part of slum clearance schemes (most notably
3663-661: The M2 Motorway at Broadway. Belfast City Hospital also constructed a high-rise slab block which since privatisation has been named Bradbury Court, formerly known as Erskine House. Queens University Belfast built several eleven storey towers at its Queens Elms student accommodation. Of the three sixteen-story point blocks of Larne Borough Council in the late 1960s, only one remains. In Canada, large multi-family buildings are usually known as apartment buildings or apartment blocks if they are rented from one common landowner, or condominiums or condo towers if each dwelling unit
3762-828: The Queensland Social Service League in 1931 to cope with problems related to the Depression. Other societies she was involved with included the Mothercraft Association, the Traveller's Aid Society and the Shakespeare Society. Zina Cumbrae-Stewart was the first woman to speak from the platform of the Brisbane City Hall and had early involvement in educational broadcasting. Women who were first to enter
3861-699: The Queensland coast. In 1926 he became Garrick Professor of Law at the University of Queensland. Mrs Cumbrae-Stewart was equally active. A deeply committed evangelical Anglican , she was an executive member of the Australian Red Cross in Queensland for twenty-two years, was an original member of the Mother's Union and its president for nine years and president of the National Council of Women of Queensland for nine years. She helped found
3960-808: The Republic of Ireland were concentrated in the suburb of Ballymun , Dublin . The Ballymun Flats were built between 1966 and 1969: seven 15-story towers, nineteen 8-story blocks and ten 4-story blocks. These were the "seven towers" referred to in the U2 song "Running to Stand Still". They have since been demolished. Inner Dublin flat complexes, typically of 4-5 storeys include Sheriff Street (demolished), Fatima Mansions (demolished and redeveloped), St Joseph's Gardens (demolished; replaced by Killarney Court flat complex), St Teresa's Gardens, Dolphin House, Liberty House, St Michael's Estate (8 storeys) and O'Devaney Gardens and
4059-562: The Scott Street Flats are the only known remaining intact examples of her work in Brisbane. Scott Street Flats is a two storey, timber and masonry Tudor Revival building located overlooking the Brisbane River at Kangaroo Point. The building contains two flats, each occupying a full floor with identical floorplans. Almost square in plan, the building has a pyramid shaped, terracotta tiled roof with overhanging eaves . It
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4158-542: The Scott Street Flats, which were constructed sometime in 1925. The flats were occupied from about 1926, the first listing to appear was a Lesley Backhouse. The Cumbrae-Stewarts resided at 283 Main Street until 1930. They then moved to the flats, which became known as "Scott House". In 1936 Professor Cumbrae-Stewart retired and the couple re-located to Melbourne where Mrs Cumbrae-Stewart was born and both had been educated. Queensland Government legislation of 1920 that increased
4257-662: The Second World War. In the Eastern Bloc , tower blocks were constructed in great numbers to produce plenty of cheap accommodation for the growing postwar populations of the USSR and its satellite states . This took place mostly in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, though in the People's Republic of Poland this process started even earlier due to the severe damages that Polish cities sustained during World War II. Throughout
4356-492: The United States, tower blocks are commonly referred to as "midrise" or "highrise apartment buildings", depending on their height, while buildings that house fewer flats (apartments), or are not as tall as the tower blocks, are called "lowrise apartment buildings". Specifically, "midrise" buildings are as tall as the streets are wide, allowing five hours of sunlight on the street. Some of the first residential towers were
4455-468: The apartments lacked appeal and the area quickly became much poorer. From its early days of implementation the concept was criticised for making residents feel unsafe, including large empty common areas dominated by gang culture and crime. The layout was criticised for normalising anti-social behaviour and hampering the efforts of essential services, particularly for law enforcement . The history of microdistricts as an urban planning concept dates back to
4554-637: The architects of Robin Hood Gardens . As another large example, in 2005 it was decided to carry out a 20-year process of demolition and replacement of dwellings with modern houses in the Aylesbury Estate in south London, built in 1970. The Hulme Crescents in Manchester were the largest social housing scheme in Europe when built in 1972 but lasted just 22 years. The Crescents had one of
4653-494: The architectural profession were restricted in their ability to attract clients, especially in the corporate sector – "women did not have access to the mysterious but often profitable workings of the 'old boy network'" . Women did, however, begin to develop their own associations – "there is also a likelihood that as women architects became more senior they formed connections with other influential women, particularly those involved in welfare and church work, through their membership of
4752-463: The architectural profession. Scott Street Flats is important in demonstrating the interwar residential development of Brisbane when flats appeared in inner-city suburbs, increasing the density and diversity of the city's housing stock. The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage. Scott Street Flats demonstrate rare aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage as there are few surviving intact examples of
4851-442: The building standpipe system, HVAC systems (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), fire sprinkler systems, and other things such as stairwell and elevator evacuations pose significant problems. Studies are often required to ensure that pedestrian wind comfort and wind danger concerns are addressed. In order to allow less wind exposure, to transmit more daylight to the ground and to appear more slender, many high-rises have
4950-581: The buildings and developments are Trellick Tower , Balfron Tower , Broadwater Farm , Robin Hood Gardens and Keeling House in London, Hunslet Grange in Leeds and Park Hill, Sheffield , and Castlefields and Southgate Estate , Runcorn . These were an attempt to develop a new architecture, differentiated from earlier large housing estates, such as Quarry Hill flats in Leeds. Alison and Peter Smithson were
5049-655: The century. Frank Cumbrae-Stewart was a barrister and King's Counsel and was appointed the foundation registrar and librarian of the new University of Queensland in 1910. Among his numerous involvements, he was a founder and president of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland and a founder and trustee of the John Oxley Library . Historical papers he authored included histories of the Brisbane River , Brisbane bridges and surveyors of
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#17327911596985148-446: The cities, some of which were made up of slums. Construction continued in the 1970s and 1980s, under the systematisation programme of Nicolae Ceaușescu , which consisted largely of the demolition and reconstruction of existing villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, in order to build blocks of flats ( blocuri ), as a result of increasing urbanisation following an accelerated industrialisation process. In Czechoslovakia (now
5247-529: The city were built by the Northern Ireland Housing Trust (NIHT) as part of overspill housing schemes, the first such development being the pair of point blocks in East Belfast's Cregagh estate. These eleven-story towers were completed in 1961 and were the first tall council housing blocks on the island of Ireland. The NIHT also designed the inner city Divis Flats complex. The six-to-eight-storey deck-access flats that comprised most of
5346-413: The collapse of Ronan Point in 1968. Although Tower blocks are controversial and numerous examples have been demolished, many still remain in large cities. Due to lack of proper regulation, some tower blocks present a significant fire risk and even though there have been efforts to make them more safe, modern safety precautions can be prohibitively expensive to retrofit. The Grenfell Tower fire in 2017
5445-401: The desert". The engineer's definition of high-rise buildings comes from the development of fire trucks in the late 19th century. Magirus had shown the first cogwheel sliding ladder in 1864. The first turntable ladder drawn by horses was developed in 1892 which had a length of 25 meters. The extension ladder was motorized by Magirus in 1904. The definition of a maximum of 22 meters for
5544-410: The dining room and sitting room and between the sitting room and porch. The bathroom and kitchen have timber ventilation panels, original features such as a cast iron, claw foot bath and porcelain enamel sinks and a painted concrete floor. A laundry is located in the southern garden at the back of the building and contains concrete sinks and galvanised iron water storage. Scott Street Flats was listed on
5643-466: The early to mid 1920s, reaching record levels in 1929. The economic depression of the early 1930s brought a halt to flat-building activities, which began to recover again in the mid 1930s. 1933–36 was the boom time for flat construction in Brisbane. The Scott Street Flats are an early example of purpose-designed flats and reflect the interwar preference for Old English or Tudor Revival and Spanish/Mediterranean design themes. Purpose-designed flats introduced
5742-581: The fall of the Berlin Wall, and some in buildings that survived World War II. In Western Europe, there are fewer high-rise buildings because of the historic city centres. In the 1960s, developers began demolishing older buildings to replace them with modern high-rise buildings. In Brussels there are numerous modern high-rise buildings in the Northern Quarter business district. The government of Belgium wants to recreate Washington, D.C. , on
5841-409: The flats is on the eastern side of the building. Timber stairs lead to an upper level entry porch enclosed in timber lattice. A similar enclosure is located under the stairs, providing access to the ground floor flat. The front door opens into an antechamber which narrows to become a hallway. To the left of the front door is a small door opening from the former maid's room. The hallway terminates in
5940-608: The former Eastern Bloc countries, tower blocks built during the Soviet years make up much of the current housing estates and most of them were built in the specific socialist realist style of architecture that was dominant in the territories east of the Iron Curtain : blocky buildings of that era are colloquially known as Khrushchyovka . However, there were also larger and more ambitious projects built in Eastern Europe at
6039-596: The forms of Weilongwu (围龙屋) and Tulou (土楼), the latter are large, enclosed and fortified earth building, between three and five stories high and housing up to 80 families. The oldest still standing tulou dates back from the 14th century. High-rises were built in the Yemeni city of Shibam in the 16th century. The houses of Shibam are all made out of mud bricks , but about five hundred of them are tower houses , which rise five to sixteen stories high, with each floor having one or two apartments . This technique of building
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#17327911596986138-839: The full length of her working life. She taught Building Construction at the Brisbane Central Technical College and from 1926 was a sole practitioner in the central western Queensland town of Longreach . In Longreach she designed a number of houses and public buildings including the Masonic Temple and Longreach Motors, and re-modelled the AWU Hall and the School of Arts. In 1937 she was in partnership with her father in Rockhampton as "A. and E. Mottram. Contractor and Architect". One of their major jobs
6237-561: The highest floor was common in the building regulations at the time and it is still so today in Germany. The common height for turntable ladders did later go to 32 meters (100 feet), so that 30 meter is a common limit in some building regulations today, for example in Switzerland. Any building that exceeds the height of the usual turntable ladders in a city must install additional fire safety equipment, so that these high-rise buildings have
6336-411: The island of Great Britain , but taller high-rises are generally more common than in the Republic of Ireland. Most tower blocks and flat complexes are found in Belfast , although many of these have been demolished since the 1990s and replaced with traditional public housing units . The mid-rise Divis flats complex in west Belfast was built between 1968 and 1972. It was demolished in the early 1990s after
6435-486: The kitchen contains a variety of cupboards, drawers and pantry spaces. One set of drawers operates in both directions between the kitchen and adjacent dining room. These drawers sit within a carefully designed storage unit of timber and glass that faces into the dining room. Windows throughout are generally multi-paned casement windows and doors are timber with three panels and high mid rails, with original hardware throughout. Multi-paned, glass French doors are located between
6534-493: The largest residential towers in Canada are found in Montreal , Toronto , and Vancouver ; the country's most densely populated cities. Toronto contains the second largest concentration of high-rise apartment buildings in North America (after New York). In Canada, like in other New World countries, but unlike Western Europe, most high-rise towers are located in the city centre (or "downtown"), where smaller, older buildings were demolished to make way in redevelopment schemes. In
6633-553: The likelihood of taller insulae collapsing. The lower floors were typically occupied by either shops or wealthy families, while the upper stories were rented out to the lower classes. Surviving Oxyrhynchus Papyri indicate that seven-story buildings even existed in provincial towns, such as in third century AD Hermopolis in Roman Egypt . In Arab Egypt , the initial capital city of Fustat housed many high-rise residential buildings, some seven stories tall that could reportedly accommodate hundreds of people. Al-Muqaddasi , in
6732-400: The north of the city, the iconic seven-tower complex in the New Lodge remains, although so too the problems that residents face, such as poor piping and limited sanitation. Farther north, the four tower blocks in Rathcoole dominate the local skyline, while in south Belfast, the tower blocks in Seymour Hill, Belvoir and Finaghy remain standing. Most of the aforementioned high-rise flats in
6831-423: The now demolished Unity Flats and the Weetabix Flats in the Shankill area), New Lodge was its only high-rise project in the inner city; there were three more in outlying areas of the city during the 1960s, two being in Mount Vernon in North Belfast and one being in the Clarawood estate, East Belfast. The Royal Hospital built three thirteen-story towers for use as staff accommodation, prominently located adjacent to
6930-605: The ongoing changes made to postwar housing estates since the 2000s in former communist countries vary – ranging from simply applying a new coat of paint to the previously grey exterior to thorough modernisation of entire buildings. In the European Union , among former Warsaw Pact states, a majority of the population lives in flats in Latvia (65.1%), Estonia (63.8%), Lithuania (58.4%), Czech Republic (52.8%), and Slovakia (50.3%) (as of 2014 , data from Eurostat ). However, not all flat dwellers in Eastern Europe live in Cold War-era blocks of flats; many live in buildings constructed after
7029-444: The population increased considerably, tower blocks have become more common. This time, however, the new tower blocks integrated shopping malls, parking systems, and other convenient facilities. Samsung Tower Palace in Seoul , South Korea, is the tallest apartment complex in Asia. In Seoul, approximately 80 percent of its residents live in apartment complexes which comprise 98 percent of recent residential construction. Seoul proper
7128-557: The promotion of Queensland history. The medal is named in honour of the first patron of the society. The society has established a joint committee with the Professional Historians Association (Queensland) to award an annual John Douglas Kerr Medal for Distinction in historiography, historical research and writing since 2005. The medal honours John Douglas Kerr (1942 – 2003), a CSIRO statistician, railways enthusiast and historian who joined
7227-470: The property passed to her son Francis. In 2013 the property was sold to GDW Investments for $ 3.3 million with the intention to develop a high rise apartment on the site. The Cumbrae-Stewarts moved from Taringa to Kangaroo Point sometime around 1914–15. In 1917–18, the Cumbrae-Stewarts moved to 283 Main Street, a large house located on the corner of Main and Scott Streets, adjacent to the site of
7326-630: The rating powers of local government and resulted in a doubling of general rates may have provided the impetus for the Cumbrae-Stewarts to develop their block. Many of the large 1880s houses of the inner city suburbs were being converted into flats to address the housing shortages in Brisbane in the 1920s. The Queensland Magazine of May 1925 reported that in Kangaroo Point there were "many beautiful homes still occupied by tenants who have no desire to cut up their gardens to make room for small villas" but that "some very modern flats have sprung up" . It
7425-409: The residents demanded new houses due to mounting problems with their flats. Divis Tower , built separately in 1966, still stands, however; and in 2007 work began to convert the former British Army base at the top two floors into new dwellings. Divis Tower was for several decades Ireland's tallest residential building, having since being surpassed by the privately owned Obel Tower in the city centre. In
7524-505: The second floor", accomplished by folding concrete floor planes (like "bamboo mats," claims the firm), so that every third story opens into a private courtyard. In the larger towers, the two-story units are stacked slightly askew, adding to the visual interest of the variegated façades (Goldhagen 2012)." Housing in Japan includes various traits coming from different eras. The word danchi now either means an employer-provided housing or has
7623-669: The skyline, comfortable private spaces and attractive public spaces. None of these "functional, handsome, and humane high-rise residential buildings" are affordable housing . The 2012 Pritzker Prize was awarded to Chinese architect Wang Shu. Among his winning designs is the Vertical Courtyard Apartments, six 26-story towers by his architectural firm Amateur Architecture Studio built in Hangzhou. "These towers were designed to house two-story apartments, in which every inhabitant would enjoy "the illusion of living on
7722-480: The society in 1967. He served as a councillor, editor of the Journal (from 1985) and the honorary librarian. In 1973, the society inaugurated an annual oration named in honour of Clem Lack. Clem Llewellyn Lack (1900-1972) was a longterm member (1949-1972) of the Society who served as a councillor and editor of publications. He was made a fellow in 1962. With Sir Raphael Cilento , the Society's president, he compiled
7821-493: The southern side of the building whilst maintaining formal living spaces and bedrooms orientated to the North and to city and river views. The two-way drawers and narrow door from maid's room to entry hall are features that allowed the residents to maintain their genteel lifestyles in the new domestic environment of a flat. Both Mrs Cumbrae-Stewart and her husband Frank (Francis) were prominent and active citizens of Brisbane early in
7920-517: The southern side of the kitchen and bathroom and provides access between the former maid's room, bathroom and kitchen. There are timber floors and linoleum throughout and interior walls and ceilings are lined with fibro-cement with timber mouldings. The sitting room and dining room have a narrow plate rail and the ceilings are decorated with a simple grid of flat timber cover moulding. Some early light fittings and linoleum remain. There are generous amounts of built-in storage in all rooms. An entire wall of
8019-674: The tallest high-rise apartment building in the world is the Central Park Tower on Billionaires' Row in Midtown Manhattan , towering at 1,550 feet (470 m). Streets in the sky is a style of architecture that emerged in Britain in the 1960s and 1970s. Generally built to replace run-down terraced housing , the new designs included not only modern improvements such as inside toilets , but also shops and other community facilities within high-rise blocks. Examples of
8118-473: The time, which have since become recognisable examples of post-war modernism ; such as the largest falowiec building in the Przymorze Wielkie district of Gdańsk , with a length of 860 m (2,821.52 ft) and 1,792 flats, it is the second longest housing block in Europe. In Romania , the mass construction of standardised housing blocks began in the 1950s and 1960s with the outskirts of
8217-480: The upper floors were occupied by various government departments until 1976. Occupation was then granted to the society and extensive renovations were done before it was opened in 1978 as the society's headquarters. In 1998, a conservation plan was prepared and work done to reverse or modify inappropriate changes made during the 1970s' renovations. The building houses the RHSQ museum and the Welsby Library. The building
8316-557: The various Melbourne Women's Clubs." It is likely connections such as these that brought Zina Cumbrae-Stewart and Elina Mottram together as client and architect in the mid 1920s. Certainly, Mrs Cumbrae-Stewart was a member of the Lyceum Club in Brisbane and it appears that she took responsibility for most of the family's financial dealings. Elina Mottram was born in 1903. The only child of building contractor Arthur Mottram, she had early encouragement to become an architect. In 1924, she
8415-495: The work of pioneer woman architects in Queensland. The place is important because of its aesthetic significance. The building has aesthetic significance as a well designed example of an early purpose-built flats building in the Tudor Revival style. The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history. The Scott Street Flats have
8514-592: The world's tallest skyscraper. However, with the movements of Postmodernism , New Urbanism , and New Classical Architecture , that established since the 1980s, a more classical approach came back to global skyscraper design, that is popular today. Other contemporary styles and movements in high-rise design include organic , sustainable , neo-futurist , structuralist , high-tech , deconstructivist , blob , digital , streamline , novelty , critical regionalist , vernacular , Art Deco (or Art Deco Nouveau ), and neohistorist , also known as revivalist . Currently,
8613-504: The worst reputations of any British social housing schemes and were marred by numerous design and practical problems. The ideal of Streets in the Sky often did not work in practice. Unlike an actual city street, these walkways were not thoroughfares, and often came to a dead end multiple storeys above the ground. They lacked a regular flow of passers-by, and the walkways and especially the stairwells could not be seen by anyone elsewhere, so there
8712-491: Was an enterprising move on the part of Mrs Cumbrae-Stewart to build the flats with the dual purpose of investment and providing a convenient home for her husband and herself in their latter years. The 1920s saw an increasing number of purpose-built flats erected in inner Brisbane. Tender notices in the Architectural and Building Journal of Queensland indicate that the number of new flats being constructed grew steadily in
8811-567: Was badly damaged in the January 2011 flood and the society had to relocate temporarily. From its earliest days, the society began collecting books, manuscripts and periodicals; it also began a collection of photographs, maps, and press cutting books. Thomas Welsby was a foundation member of the society who served as a councillor, vice-president and president. During his life he donated many letters, newspaper cuttings, documents, scrap books, and copies of his published books and in his will he made
8910-550: Was designed by Elina Mottram, a pioneer woman architect in Queensland. The building is located in Kangaroo Point, close to the Brisbane River and overlooking the Town Reach to the central business district of Brisbane city. The block is an amalgamation of two allotments that were once part of the Wesleyan Church Reserve of 1850. Mrs Zina Cumbrae-Stewart purchased the land in 1913. Upon her death in 1956,
9009-620: Was dominated by large numbers of high-rising urban towers, which fulfilled defensive but also representative purposes. The residential Towers of Bologna numbered between 80 and 100 at a time, the largest of which still rise to 97.2 m. In Florence , a law of 1251 decreed that all urban buildings should be reduced to a height of less than 26 m, the regulation immediately put into effect. Even medium-sized towns such as San Gimignano are known to have featured 72 towers up to 51 m in height. The Hakka people in southern China have adopted communal living structures designed to be easily defensible in
9108-405: Was fortunate to establish her practice during the pre-Depression building boom in Brisbane. Domestic commissions formed the basis of her early work but she went on to have a long and varied career in architecture. In fact, of the small group of nine pioneering women architects in Queensland (that is, those practising before World War II), Mottram was the only one to pursue her architectural career for
9207-414: Was implemented to protect residents from Bedouin attacks. While Shibam has existed for around two thousand years, most of the city's houses date from the 16th century. The city has the tallest mud buildings in the world, some more than 30 meters (100 feet ) high. Shibam has been called "one of the oldest and best examples of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction" or " Manhattan of
9306-473: Was no deterrent to crime and disorder. There were no "eyes on the street" as advocated by Jane Jacobs in her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities . The Unité d'Habitation in Marseille provides a more successful example of the concept, with the fifth floor walkway including a shop and café. Towers in the park is a morphology of modernist high-rise apartment buildings characterized by
9405-771: Was partly caused by council ignorance, as a local action group complained to the council about the fire hazards of the tower several years before the incident, yet remedial work had not been carried out. This fire further made tower blocks less desirable to British residents. There are old high-rise buildings built in the 1960s and 1970s in areas of London such as Tower Hamlets , Newham , Hackney , and virtually any area in London with council housing . Some new high-rises are being built in areas such as Central London , Southwark , and Nine Elms . In east London, some old high-rises are being gentrified, in addition to new high-rises being built in areas such as Stratford and Canary Wharf . The majority of residential high-rise buildings in
9504-569: Was read by its author and one of the moving spirits behind the formation of the Society, the constitution was adopted and officers and committee elected. Foundation members included: The Society publishes a quarterly journal, a monthly bulletin and other publications. In 1914, the Society began publishing a Journal, later known as the Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland , which today appears quarterly as
9603-672: Was the Longreach Hospital and in 1940, she was "foreman" of works on the first stage of construction of this building which was designed by Hall and Phillips . During the Second World War she worked as a draftswoman in the American Army Engineering Office in Rockhampton. Later as a Queensland Railways architect she designed the new Eagle Junction railway station . A residence in Corinda and
9702-505: Was the first woman in Brisbane to open her own architectural practice. The Architects and Builders Journal of Queensland reported: "Brisbane has at last a lady architect, in the person of Miss Elina Mottram, of Nundah , who has commenced the practice of her professional in the T and G Building. We offer congratulations on her recent successes at the Technical College and trust that she will get her fair share of support." She
9801-457: Was unavailable in post-war France. Residential tower blocks became standard in housing urban populations displaced by slum clearances and " urban renewal ". High-rise projects after World War II typically rejected the classical designs of the early skyscrapers , instead embracing the uniform international style ; many older skyscrapers were redesigned to suit contemporary tastes or even got demolished - such as New York's Singer Building , once
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