The Symphony No. 3 in A minor, Op. 56, MWV N 18, known as the Scottish , is a symphony by Felix Mendelssohn , composed between 1829 and 1842.
160-533: Mendelssohn was initially inspired to compose this symphony during his first visit to Britain in 1829. After a series of successful performances in London, Mendelssohn embarked on a walking tour of Scotland with his friend Karl Klingemann. On 30 July, Mendelssohn visited the ruins of Holyrood Chapel at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, where, as he related to his family in a letter, he received his initial inspiration for
320-534: A grace-and-favour apartment in the palace. A second phase of work started in 1676, when the Duke of Lauderdale ordered Bruce to demolish and rebuild the main west façade, resulting by 1679 in the present west front which forms the main entrance. Bruce also constructed a kitchen block to the south-east of the Quadrangle. By 1679 the palace had been reconstructed, largely in its present form. Craftsmen employed included
480-608: A kapellmeister . He began composing at an early age, and started writing songs in his mid-teens. He extensively revised some of his compositions and destroyed others. Hearing Debussy's opera Pelléas et Mélisande in Prague in 1908 changed Klemperer's compositional ideas. He later viewed the music he composed after that as his first mature works. He continued to write songs, both orchestral and with piano – there were about 100 in all – and in about 1915 he wrote two operas, Wehen (meaning "labour pains") and Das Ziel (The Goal). Neither
640-548: A 17th-century Baroque ceiling featuring plaster angels holding the Honours of Scotland . The Italian paintings on the walls are fragments of frescoes painted circa 1550 by Lattanzio Gambara , illustrating scenes from Ovid 's Metamorphoses . They were bought by Prince Albert in 1856, and placed here in 1881. At the top of the stair are the entrances to the West Drawing Room - the former Council Chamber - and
800-816: A conducting tour. His first concert was in Stockholm, where he met the music scholar Aladár Tóth , husband of the pianist Annie Fischer ; Tóth was soon to be an important influence on his career. On another tour in 1947 Klemperer conducted The Marriage of Figaro at the Salzburg Festival and Don Giovanni in Vienna. While he was in Salzburg, Tóth, who had been appointed director of the Hungarian State Opera in Budapest, invited him to become
960-422: A debtors' sanctuary since the 16th century. Those in debt could escape their creditors, and imprisonment , by taking up residence within the sanctuary, and a small community grew up to the west of the palace. The residents, known colloquially as "Abbey Lairds ", were able to leave the sanctuary on Sundays, when no arrests were permitted. The area was controlled by a baillie , and by several constables, appointed by
1120-426: A finale that takes its components from Scottish folk dance . The lively second movement is melodically and rhythmically in the style of Scottish folk music , using the notes of the pentatonic scale and the characteristic Scotch snap rhythm, although no direct quotations have ever been identified. A novel feature lies in the coda of the finale, where Mendelssohn introduces a new majestic theme in A major to close
1280-423: A great hall. The chapel occupied the north range of the quadrangle, with the queen's apartments occupying part of the south range. The west range contained the king's lodgings and the entrance to the palace. The master mason Walter Merlioun built a two-storey gatehouse, which was demolished in 1753, although fragments of it remain in the 19th-century Abbey Court House which stands on Abbey Strand. The upper floor of
1440-447: A learning centre. The palace as it stands today was designed by Sir William Bruce and built between 1671 and 1678, with the exception of the 16th-century north-west tower built by James V. The palace is laid out round a central, classical -style three-storey plus attic quadrangle layout. The palace extends approximately 230 feet (70 m) from north to south and 230 feet (70 m) from east to west. The 16th-century north-west tower
1600-848: A memorial to Edward VII, along with a statue of Edward by Henry Snell Gamley which was unveiled by George V in 1922. The buildings to the west of the forecourt are the Gatehouse and former Guard Rooms (1861) (which replaced the tenements of debtors' sanctuary), the Palace Coach House, the former stables (1861), the Café at the Palace in the Mews Courtyard, and the King's Gallery . In 1987 the Holyrood Palace and Park were added to
1760-568: A nobleman implicated by the North Berwick Witch Trials . Three of James VI's children, Elizabeth , Margaret , and Charles , were baptised in the chapel royal. The Parliament of Scotland met at Holyrood on 29 occasions between 1573 and 1630. James VI was in residence at Holyrood on 26 March 1603 when Sir Robert Carey arrived at the palace to inform the King of Scots that Elizabeth I had died two days earlier, and that James
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#17327726155581920-577: A piano arrangement (now lost) of the symphony, which he played to the composer in 1907 when visiting Vienna. In the interim he made his public debut as a conductor in May 1906, taking over from Fried after the first night of the fifty-performance run of Max Reinhardt 's production of Orpheus in the Underworld at the New Theatre , Berlin. Mahler wrote a short testimonial, recommending Klemperer, on
2080-582: A range of Stuart and Jacobite relics that have been collected by successive monarchs. Among the relics associated with Queen Mary are an embroidery of a cat and a mouse, made whilst she was in captivity in England. This possibly alludes to her relationship with her cousin, Elizabeth I of England , with Mary as the mouse and Elizabeth the cat. The so-called 'Darnley Jewel', was probably made for Margaret, Countess of Lennox , mother of Queen Mary's second husband, Lord Darnley. The emblems and inscriptions refer to
2240-444: A range of operas from The Marriage of Figaro , Don Giovanni , Fidelio and Lohengrin to Elektra and The Soldier's Tale . He found his tenure there rewarding and fulfilling, later describing it as the happiest of his career. Klemperer visited Russia in 1924, conducting there during a six-week stay; he returned each year until 1936. In 1926 he made his American début, succeeding Eugene Goossens as guest conductor of
2400-563: A royal foundation, and sited close to Edinburgh Castle , it became an important administrative centre. A Papal legate was received here in 1177, while in 1189 a council of nobles met to discuss a ransom for the captive William the Lion . The Parliament of Scotland met at the abbey seven times between 1256 and 1410, and in 1328 the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton was signed by Robert the Bruce in
2560-544: A scrap of paper with the opening bars of what would become the symphony's opening theme. A few days later Mendelssohn and his companion visited the western coast of Scotland and the island of Staffa, which in turn inspired the composer to start the Hebrides . After completing the first version of the Hebrides , Mendelssohn continued to work on his initial sketches of what would become Symphony No. 3 while touring Italy. However, he struggled to make progress, and after 1831 set
2720-587: A small card which Klemperer kept for the rest of his life. On the strength of Mahler's endorsement, Klemperer was appointed chorus master and assistant conductor at the New German Theatre in Prague in 1907. From Prague, Klemperer moved to be assistant conductor at the Hamburg State Opera (1910–1912), where the sopranos Lotte Lehmann and Elisabeth Schumann made their joint débuts under his direction. His first chief conductorship
2880-412: A vehement letter to Judson protesting at being passed over. Having returned to Los Angeles, Klemperer conducted the orchestra's concerts there and in out-of-town venues such as San Diego , Santa Barbara , Fresno and Claremont . He and the orchestra worked with leading soloists, including Artur Schnabel , Emanuel Feuermann , Joseph Szigeti , Bronisław Huberman and Lotte Lehmann. Pierre Monteux
3040-560: Is balanced with a matching south-west tower, each with a pair of circular angle turrets with ball-finialled, conical bell-cast roofs. The towers are linked by a recessed two-storey front, with the central principal entrance framed by giant Doric columns and surmounted by the carved Royal arms of Scotland . Above the arms a crowned cupola with a clock rises behind a broken pediment supported by dolphins, on which are two reclining figures. The north and south fronts have symmetrical three-storey facades that rise behind to far left and right of
3200-498: Is debatable whether he intended the finished work to be considered 'Scottish'. Ever since the Scottish provenance became known following the composer's death, however, audiences have found it hard not to hear the piece as evoking the wild Romantic landscapes of the north - even if such picturesque associations have caused audiences to overlook the many other musical qualities of this symphony. The premiere took place on 3 March 1842 in
3360-412: Is dominated by the so-called 'Darnley' bed. The bed was actually supplied to the Duke of Hamilton in 1682. The Stuart connection was provided by Bonnie Prince Charlie, who occupied the Duke of Hamilton's apartments in 1745, and slept in this bed. The room is linked by a small spiral staircase to Mary, Queen of Scots' Bedchamber on the second floor. The suite of rooms on the second floor of James V's Tower
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#17327726155583520-615: Is only one purpose-made studio recording but several transcriptions of live radio broadcasts, ranging from symphonies by Beethoven, Bruckner and Dvořák to excerpts from operas by Gounod, Massenet, Puccini and Verdi. There are no commercial studio recordings from Klemperer's time in Budapest, but live performances in the opera house or on air were recorded and have been issued on CD, including complete sets of Lohengrin , Fidelio , The Magic Flute , The Tales of Hoffmann , Die Meistersinger and Così fan tutte , all sung in Hungarian. For
3680-475: Is predestined for a conductor's career. He vouches for the successful outcome of any probationary appointment and will gladly provide further information personally. Testimonial given to Klemperer by Mahler in 1907 In 1905, Klemperer met Gustav Mahler at a rehearsal of the latter's Second Symphony in Berlin. Oskar Fried conducted, and Klemperer was given charge of the off-stage orchestra. He later made
3840-433: Is the one almost universally performed. Although it was the fifth and final of Mendelssohn's symphonies to be completed, it was the third to be published, and has subsequently been known as Symphony No. 3. Intriguingly, despite describing the work as his 'Scottish Symphony' to his family in 1829, by the time the work was published in 1842 Mendelssohn never publicly called attention to the symphony's Scottish inspiration, and it
4000-641: The Bavarian Radio Symphony , Concertgebouw , Cologne Radio Symphony , RIAS Symphony, Berlin and the Vienna Symphony . In October 1954 Klemperer made the first of his many recordings with the Philharmonia: Mozart's Jupiter Symphony . ("Extremely impressive ... epic", commented The Gramophone , "carried through unfalteringly to the end.") Between then and 1972 he conducted the orchestra, and its successor,
4160-652: The Berlin State Opera to succeed Leo Blech as musical director; he declined the post, because he did not believe he would be given enough artistic authority over productions. The following year, he became conductor at the Prussian State Theatre in Wiesbaden (1924–1927), a smaller theatre than others in which he had worked, but one where he had the control he sought over stagings. There he conducted new, and often modernistic, productions of
4320-573: The Earl of Hertford sacked Edinburgh and caused extensive damage to the palace and the abbey in 1544 and 1547 during the War of the Rough Wooing . Repairs were made by Mary of Guise , and in May 1559 she had a new altarpiece installed in the chapel royal, featuring paintings from Flanders set in a frame made by a French carpenter Andrew Mansioun . The altars were destroyed by a Protestant mob later in
4480-974: The European Council was held at the palace in December 1992 during the British presidency of the council. Queen Elizabeth II gave a dinner at Holyrood for the Commonwealth heads of government in October 1997 during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Edinburgh. Since 1834 the Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland resides at the palace for a week each year while
4640-821: The General Assembly is meeting. Holyrood Palace remains the property of the Crown . As the official royal residence in Scotland, building conservation and maintenance work on the palace and abbey falls to the Scottish Government and is delivered on their behalf by the Conservation Directorate of Historic Environment Scotland . Public access is managed by the Royal Collection Trust , with revenues used to support
4800-499: The Great Depression and could no longer afford subventions on the scale of earlier years. Despite box-office constraints, Klemperer successfully introduced unfamiliar works including Mahler's Das Lied von der Erde and Second Symphony, Bruckner's Fourth and Seventh Symphonies, and works by Stravinsky. He programmed music from Gurrelieder by his fellow exile and Los Angeles neighbour Arnold Schoenberg , although
4960-467: The Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland . Holyrood Palace, along with Buckingham Palace Garden and Windsor Castle , was excavated on 25–28 August 2006 as part of a special edition of Channel 4 's archaeology series Time Team . The archaeologists uncovered part of the cloister of Holyrood Abbey, running in line with the existing abbey ruins, and a square tower associated with
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5120-574: The Klindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory and then to the Stern Conservatory . Klemperer followed him at each move, and later credited him with the whole basis of his musical development. Among Klemperer's other teachers was Hans Pfitzner , with whom he studied composition and conducting. Gustav Mahler recommends Herr Klemperer as an outstanding musician, who despite his youth is already very experienced and
5280-548: The Kroll Opera . Leo Kestenberg , the influential head of the Prussian Ministry of Culture, proposed Klemperer as its first director. Klemperer was offered a ten-year contract and accepted it on condition that he would be allowed to conduct orchestral concerts in the theatre, and that he could employ his chosen design and stage experts. Klemperer's biographer Peter Heyworth describes the conductor's tenure at
5440-472: The Leipzig Gewandhaus . The work is scored for an orchestra consisting of two flutes , two oboes , two clarinets in B flat and A, two bassoons , two horns in C and A, two horns in E, F and D, two trumpets in D, timpani , and strings . Mendelssohn's symphony is in four interconnected movements: Unusually, Mendelssohn marked the movements to be performed without breaks, and underlined
5600-439: The Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland could make use of the palace during the General Assembly 's annual meeting, and this tradition continues today. On the first visit of Queen Victoria to Scotland in 1842, she also stayed at Dalkeith Palace, and was prevented from visiting Holyrood due to an outbreak of scarlet fever in the vicinity. Renovations were carried out by Robert Matheson of
5760-592: The New York Symphony Orchestra . In his eight-week engagement with the orchestra he gave Mahler's Ninth Symphony and Janáček's Sinfonietta , in their first performances in the US. In 1927, a new opera company was established in Berlin to complement the State Opera, highlighting new works and innovative productions. The company, officially Staatsoper am Platz der Republik, was better known as
5920-454: The Office of Works in preparation for the queen and Prince Albert 's 1850 residence at the palace, and the King's Apartments were refurbished by David Ramsay Hay : the King's Closet was used as the queen's breakfast room, the King's Ante-Chamber as the queen's bedroom, and the King's Bedchamber became Prince Albert's dressing room. A statue of Victoria was erected in the forecourt in 1851 (it
6080-730: The Order of the Thistle in May 1687 and Holyrood Abbey was designated as the chapel for the new order. The interiors of the chapel, and the Jesuit College, were subsequently destroyed by an anti-Catholic mob in December 1688, following the beginning of the Glorious Revolution . After the Union of Scotland and England in 1707 the palace lost its principal functions. The office of Lord High Commissioner ceased to exist, and with
6240-610: The Philharmonia Orchestra . By that time better known for his readings of the core German symphonic repertoire than for experimental modern music, he gave concerts and made almost 200 recordings with the Philharmonia and its successor, the New Philharmonia, until his retirement in 1972. His approach to Mozart was not universally liked, being thought of by some as heavy, but he became widely considered
6400-626: The Vox label Klemperer recorded several sets in Vienna in 1951, including Beethoven's Missa solemnis praised by Legge as "grave and powerful". In the same year his broadcast performances in the Concertgebouw of Mahler's Kindertotenlieder and Second Symphony, with the soloists Jo Vincent and Kathleen Ferrier , were recorded and have been issued on disc by Decca . During the 1950s many other live broadcasts conducted by Klemperer were recorded, and later published on CD, with orchestras including
6560-613: The dais beneath the Royal Arms of Scotland. In 1929 a new ceiling was installed that matched the others in the King's Apartments, and oak-panelled walls which incorporate paintings were installed. The paintings include the John Michael Wright portrait of Charles II and Peter Lely 's portraits of Catherine of Braganza , James VII and Mary of Modena. The Evening Drawing Room was originally Charles II's Presence Chamber, where important visitors would have been received by
Symphony No. 3 (Mendelssohn) - Misplaced Pages Continue
6720-569: The harpsichord , Stravinsky's Symphony in Three Movements and Beethoven's Eroica Symphony . Klemperer left the Budapest post in 1950, frustrated by the political interference of the communist regime. He held no permanent conductorship for the next nine years. In the early 1950s he freelanced in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Britain, Canada, France, Germany and elsewhere. In London in 1951 he conducted two Philharmonia concerts at
6880-647: The twelve-tone system". The musicologist Hans Keller nevertheless found "tonal varieties of the Schoenbergian method" used "penetratingly" in Klemperer's compositions. In 1935, at Arthur Judson 's invitation, Klemperer conducted the New York Philharmonic for four weeks. The orchestra's chief conductor, Arturo Toscanini , was in Europe and Klemperer took charge of the opening concerts of
7040-410: The 'King's Chamber' at the abbey, indicating that it may already have been in use as a royal residence. In 1371, David II became the first of several kings to be buried at Holyrood Abbey, and James II was born, crowned, married, and buried there. James III and Margaret of Denmark were married at Holyrood in 1469. The early royal residence was in the abbey guesthouse, and by the later 15th century
7200-405: The 'happy ending'. The conductor Otto Klemperer , for instance, disliked this coda and wrote his own ending in a vein similar to the general character of the movement. Recordings of him conducting both endings are available. Removing the maestoso coda strongly alters the cyclic structure Mendelssohn has created across the symphony's four movements and nowadays critics are more inclined to recognize
7360-486: The 15th-century building works of James IV was discovered. The team failed to locate evidence of the real tennis court used by Queen Mary to the north of the palace, as the area had been built over in the 19th century. An area of reddened earth was discovered, which was linked with the Earl of Hertford's burning of Holyrood during the Rough Wooing of 1544. Among the objects found were a seal matrix used to stamp
7520-436: The 1959 Holland Festival , and they agreed to collaborate on Die Meistersinger at Bayreuth, but neither plan was realised, because Klemperer suffered a further physical setback: in October 1958 while smoking in bed he set his bedclothes alight. His burns were life-threatening, and his recovery slow. It was not for nearly a year, until September 1959, that he recovered his health enough to conduct again. On Klemperer's return to
7680-563: The 3,000-piece silver banqueting service commissioned to mark the Silver Jubilee of George V in 1935. The King's Apartments occupied the whole of the south and east sides of the Quadrangle. Accessed from the Great Stair, the suite of rooms comprised a guard chamber, presence chamber, privy chamber, antechamber, bedchamber and closet. The level of privacy, as well as the richness of decoration, increased in sequence. The Throne Room
7840-674: The Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam in 1961, and that of the final version of his Second with the New Philharmonia in 1969, recording it for EMI a few weeks later. He wrote six symphonies. Harold Schonberg , music critic of The New York Times , said that the First Symphony, with its incorporation of the Marseillaise in the second movement, "sounded like Charles Ives in one of his wilder moments". When
8000-541: The Dutch carpenters Alexander Eizat and Jan van Santvoort, and their compatriot Jacob de Wet who painted several ceilings. The elaborate plasterwork was carried out by the English plasterers John Houlbert and George Dunsterfield. In November 1679, James, Duke of Albany , the future James VII, and his wife, Mary of Modena , took up residence at Holyrood following James's appointment as Lord High Commissioner. They resided at
8160-701: The Gallery during his brief occupation , and following his victory at the Battle of Falkirk Muir in January 1746, the defeated government troops were quartered in the Gallery. While the Comte d'Artois was in residence it served as a Catholic chapel, and in the early 20th century it was used as the State Dining Room. Today it is used for large functions including investitures and banquets. The Gallery contains
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#17327726155588320-449: The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland during the annual meeting of the General Assembly . The ruined Augustinian Holyrood Abbey that stands next to the palace was founded in 1128 on the orders of King David I . The name derives either from a legendary vision of the cross witnessed by David I, or from a relic of the True Cross known as the Holy Rood or Black Rood, which had belonged to Saint Margaret , David's mother. As
8480-413: The Keeper of Holyroodhouse. The constables now form a ceremonial guard at the palace. Following the French Revolution , George III allowed the Comte d'Artois , the exiled younger brother of Louis XVI of France , to live at the palace. Artois – who would accede to the French throne in 1824 as Charles X – resided at Holyrood from 1796 to 1803. He occupied the King's Apartments, and during this period
8640-689: The Keys , in which the King is formally presented with the keys of Edinburgh by the Lord Provost of Edinburgh , is held on the forecourt on his arrival. The wedding reception of Zara Phillips and Mike Tindall was held in the palace following their wedding at the Canongate Kirk in 2011. In its role as the official residence of the monarch in Scotland, Holyrood has hosted a number of foreign visitors and dignitaries, including kings Olav V and Harald V of Norway, King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden , Mikhail Gorbachev , François Mitterrand , Helmut Kohl , Nelson Mandela , Vladimir Putin , Mary McAleese , Pope Benedict XVI , and Justin Trudeau . A meeting of
8800-413: The King's Apartments to be used as public apartments. From 1854 the historic apartments in James V's Tower were formally opened to the public. Victoria last resided at the palace in November 1886. Although Edward VII visited briefly in 1903, it was George V who transformed Holyrood into a modern palace, with the installation of central heating, electric lighting, the modernisation of the kitchens, and
8960-408: The King's Master Mason. The design included a gothic south-west tower to mirror the existing north-west tower, a plan which had existed since at least Charles I's time. Following criticism of Bruce's initial plans for the internal layout from Charles II, Bruce redesigned the layout to provide suites of royal apartments on the first floor, with the Queen's Apartments (built for Catherine of Braganza ) in
9120-521: The Kroll as "of crucial significance in his career and the development of opera in the first half of the 20th century". In both concert and operatic performances, Klemperer introduced much new music. Asked later which were the most important of the operas he introduced there, he listed: In Heyworth's view, the modern approach to production at the Kroll − contrasting with conventional representational settings and costumes − exemplified in "a drastically stylised production" of Der fliegende Holländer in 1929
9280-417: The New Philharmonia, in recordings of nearly two hundred different works. With the original Philharmonia they included more Mozart symphonies, complete symphony cycles of Beethoven and Brahms, symphonies by Berlioz, Mendelssohn, Schubert, Schumann, Bruckner, Dvořák, Tchaikovsky and Mahler, and other orchestral works by, among others, Bach, Johann Strauss , Richard Strauss, Stravinsky, Wagner and Weill . From
9440-441: The Philharmonia, Legge stood before the orchestra and appointed him conductor for life – the Philharmonia's first principal conductor. Klemperer's concerts in the 1960s included more works from outside the core German repertory, including Bartók's Divertimento , and symphonies by Berlioz , Dvořák , Mahler and Tchaikovsky . Klemperer returned to opera in 1961, making his Covent Garden début in Fidelio for which he directed
9600-403: The Philharmonia. It was widely regarded as the best orchestra in Britain in the 1950s: Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians described it as "an elite whose virtuosity transformed British concert life", and The Times called it "the Rolls-Royce of British orchestras". Its founder and proprietor, Walter Legge , engaged a range of prominent conductors for his concerts. By the early 1950s
9760-456: The Royal Dining Room. The latter was originally the Queen's Guard Chamber and formed part of the Queen's Apartments. The Dining Room's Adam style decoration dates from around 1800, when this was part of the Duke of Hamilton's apartments. The room was first used as a dining room at the end of Queen Victoria's reign, and continues to be used as such. The room features portraits of Bonnie Prince Charlie, George IV, Victoria and Elizabeth II, along with
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#17327726155589920-424: The State Dining Room, and annual garden parties are hosted in the gardens. When the King is in residence, the Scottish version of the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom is flown; at all other times, the Royal Banner of Scotland is displayed. During the King's visits, the Royal Company of Archers form his ceremonial bodyguard and the High Constables of Holyroodhouse provide a guard of honour . The Ceremony of
10080-458: The State Opera, told him that it was not, as Klemperer supposed, anti-Semitism that had worked against him: "No, that is not so important. It's your whole political and artistic direction they don't like." Klemperer's contract obliged him to transfer to the main State Opera, where, with such conductors as Bruno Walter , Wilhelm Furtwängler and Leo Blech already established, there was little important work for him. He remained there until 1933, when
10240-438: The Tam o' Shanter Chair, a Gothic-style oak armchair which celebrates the work of Robert Burns . It was made by John Underwood of Ayr from a portion of the roof of Alloway Auld Kirk , which is the setting for much of the poem " Tam o' Shanter ". By the time that Burns was at the height of his fame, the Kirk had become a ruin and the timbers of the roof were used to make a number of Burns-related memorabilia and souvenirs. The chair
10400-433: The Throne Room from 11 to 12 September, before being taken in procession to St Giles' Cathedral . These were the first obsequies held in Scotland for a monarch since the burial of James V at Holyrood Abbey in January 1543. Investitures and banquets are held in the palace's Great Gallery, audiences are held in the Morning Drawing Room, lunch parties and receptions take place in the Throne Room, dinner parties are held in
10560-412: The Zürich orchestra to secure the best players, but he succeeded and the performances were well received. At Covent Garden he later directed and conducted two more new productions: Die Zauberflöte (1962), and Lohengrin (1963), neither of which was as well reviewed as Fidelio . During the early 1960s Legge became disenchanted with the orchestral music scene. His freedom to programme what he pleased
10720-412: The abbey church connect to the palace on the north-east corner. For the internal quadrangle, Bruce designed a colonnaded piazza of nine arches on the north, south and east facades with pilasters, again from the three classical orders, to indicate the importance of the three main floors. The plain Doric order is used for the services of the ground floor, the Ionic order is used for the State Apartments on
10880-456: The abolition of the Privy Council in 1708 the Council Chamber became redundant. The Dukes of Hamilton , as Hereditary Keepers, had already taken over the Queen's Apartments in James V's Tower 1684, while the King's Apartments were neglected, and various nobles occupied the grace-and-favour apartments in the palace. Holyrood briefly became a royal palace once again when Charles Edward Stuart , as 'Prince Regent' for his father , set up court at
11040-428: The addition of new bathrooms and a lift. In 1922 the palace was selected as the site of the Scottish National Memorial to Edward VII and a statue of Edward was erected on the forecourt, facing the abbey. As part of the memorial, the forecourt was also enclosed with boundary walls, richly decorated wrought-iron railings and gates. The palace was formally designated as the monarch's official residence in Scotland and became
11200-405: The announcement, although Legge later maintained that he had done so. With Klemperer's strong support the players refused to be disbanded and formed themselves into a self-governing ensemble as the New Philharmonia Orchestra (NPO). They elected him as their president. He remained in the position until his retirement eight years later. In his later years Klemperer returned to the Jewish faith, and
11360-412: The beginning of summer, where he carries out a range of official engagements and ceremonies. The 16th-century historic apartments of Mary, Queen of Scots , and the State Apartments, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public throughout the year, except when members of the royal family are in residence. The palace also serves as the official residence of the Lord High Commissioner to
11520-493: The choral repertoire he and the Philharmonia Chorus and Orchestra recorded Bach's St Matthew Passion , Handel's Messiah and Brahms's German Requiem . His complete opera recordings with the Philharmonia were Fidelio and The Magic Flute . Solo singers in these recordings included Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau , Gottlob Frick , Christa Ludwig , Peter Pears , Elisabeth Schwarzkopf and Jon Vickers . After
11680-488: The company's musical director. Klemperer accepted, and served from 1947 to 1950. In Budapest he conducted the major Mozart operas and Fidelio , Tannhäuser , Lohengrin and Die Meistersinger , as well as works from the Italian repertory, and many concerts. In March 1948, Klemperer made his first post-war appearance in London, conducting the Philharmonia Orchestra . He conducted Bach's Third Orchestral Suite from
11840-406: The composer complained that Klemperer did not perform his works more often. Klemperer insisted that the local public was not ready for such demanding music; Schoenberg did not bear a grudge and, as Klemperer always aspired to compose as well as to conduct, Schoenberg gave him composition lessons. Klemperer considered him "the greatest living teacher of composition, although ... he never mentioned
12000-673: The composer's original and lasting contribution to the nineteenth-century symphony. Holyrood Palace The Palace of Holyroodhouse ( / ˈ h ɒ l ɪ r uː d / or / ˈ h oʊ l ɪ r uː d / ), commonly known as Holyrood Palace , is the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland . Located at the bottom of the Royal Mile in Edinburgh , at the opposite end to Edinburgh Castle , Holyrood has served as
12160-430: The concert was Beethoven's King Stephen overture , and Fourth Piano Concerto , with Daniel Adni as soloist, and Brahms's Third Symphony . The recording, with the orchestra's wind players, was of Mozart's Serenade No. 11 in E flat , K. 375. The following January, after flying from Zürich to London to conduct Bruckner's Seventh Symphony, Klemperer announced the day before the concert that he could no longer cope with
12320-467: The connection between the symphony's parts by making them grow from the continual thematic transformation of the original idea he had notated in 1829, presented in the slow introduction to the first movement. Despite this overriding concern for musical unity the emotional scope of the work is wide, consisting of a dark and stormy first movement, a joyous and fairly brief second movement, a slow movement maintaining an apparent struggle between love and fate, and
12480-579: The countess's hopes and ambitions for her grandson, the future James VI. The Jewel was purchased by Queen Victoria from the collection of Horace Walpole in 1842. The Memorial to Lord Darnley was also commissioned by Lord Darnley's parents, after his murder, and may implicate Queen Mary in his death. Several of the inscriptions have been removed, possibly by James VI, depicted as a child in the picture, mourning his father. The compartmented oak ceiling in Mary, Queen of Scots' Bedchamber dates from Queen Mary's time, and
12640-584: The country, following new legislation . With the help of an accomplished lawyer, he secured temporary six-month passports in 1954, and moved with his wife and daughter to Switzerland. He settled in Zürich , and obtained German citizenship and right of residency in Switzerland. From the mid-1950s, Klemperer's domestic base was in Zürich and his musical base in London, where his career became associated with
12800-630: The critic William Mann , Klemperer's repertory by now was: In 1957, Legge launched the Philharmonia Chorus , which made its debut in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony conducted by Klemperer. In The Observer Heyworth wrote that with "what promises to be our best choir [and] our best orchestra and a great conductor", Legge had given London "a Beethoven cycle that any city in the world, be it Vienna or New York, would envy". Wieland Wagner invited Klemperer to conduct Tristan und Isolde at
12960-477: The cross near the palace for three hours in December 1564. The series of famous audiences Mary gave to John Knox took place in her audience chamber at Holyrood, and she married her second husband, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley , in her private chapel in July 1565. It was in the royal apartments that Mary witnessed the murder of David Rizzio , her private secretary, on 9 March 1566. Darnley and several nobles entered
13120-679: The demolition of all the outlying buildings to the north and south of the quadrangle, and the refacing of the south front. Following the July Revolution of 1830, Charles X of France went into exile again, and he arrived to reside at Holyrood again in October, along with his grandson and heir, Henri, Count of Chambord , the Duke and Duchess of Angoulême , the Duchess of Berry , Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois , and their household. The Bourbons remained in Edinburgh until September 1832, when they moved to Prague . In 1834 William IV agreed that
13280-479: The direction of both orchestras. He decided against it and Fritz Reiner was appointed as conductor in Pittsburgh. In 1939, Klemperer began to suffer from serious balance problems. A potentially fatal brain tumour was diagnosed and he travelled to Boston for an operation to remove it. The operation was successful, but left him lame and partly paralysed on his right side. He had long had bipolar disorder (in
13440-436: The faith and returned to Judaism. The couple had two children: Werner , who became an actor, and Lotte, who became her father's assistant and eventually, his caregiver. Johanna continued her operatic career, sometimes in performances conducted by her husband. She retired from singing by the mid-1930s. The couple remained close and mutually supportive until her death in 1956. In 1923, Klemperer turned down an invitation from
13600-400: The first floor, while the elaborate Corinthian order is used for the royal apartments on the second floor. Architectural historian Dan Cruickshank selected the palace as one of his eight choices for the 2002 BBC book The Story of Britain's Best Buildings . The palace covers 87,120 square feet (8,093 m2) of floor space and contains 289 rooms. The private apartments of the King and
13760-482: The first recording of Ravel's Alborada del gracioso , and "Nuages" and "Fêtes" from Debussy's Nocturnes (1926). Then, in between recordings of mostly German classics – including works by Brahms, Bruckner, Mendelssohn, Schubert, Richard Strauss and Wagner – he ventured into the light French repertoire with the overtures to Fra Diavolo and La belle Hélène (1929). From the Los Angeles years there
13920-534: The gatehouse was a workshop for the glazier Thomas Peebles until 1537, when it was converted into a space for mending the royal tapestries . In 1512 a lion house and menagerie were constructed in the palace gardens to house the king's lion, civet, tigers, lynx, and bears. James IV held tournaments of the Wild Knight and the Black Lady in Edinburgh in 1507 and 1508. These events concluded with banquets in
14080-427: The great hall. As the final act of these theatrical events, the Black Lady came into the hall with her Spanish page "Little Martin". A cloud descended from the roof and swept them both away. James V added to the palace between 1528 and 1536, beginning with the present James V's Tower, which is the oldest surviving part of the palace. This huge rectangular tower, rounded at the corners, provided new royal lodgings at
14240-534: The heights among the greatest recordings of our time". The Bach set divided critical opinion: Robertson called it "a spiritual experience ... a glorious achievement"; the Stereo Record Guide , though conceding "the majesty of Klemperer's conception", found it "disappointing ... with plodding tempi". There were four complete operas: Così fan tutte , Don Giovanni , Der fliegende Holländer and The Marriage of Figaro . Soloists included, among
14400-488: The king occupied dedicated royal lodgings. Between 1501 and 1505, James IV constructed a Gothic palace adjacent to the abbey. The impetus for the work probably came from the marriage of James IV to Margaret Tudor , which took place in the abbey in August 1503 while work was still ongoing. The palace was built around a quadrangle , situated west of the abbey cloister. It contained a chapel, gallery, royal apartments, and
14560-565: The king's favourite, Esmé Stewart . The coronation of James's queen, Anne of Denmark , took place in Holyrood Abbey in 1590, at which time the royal household at the palace numbered around 600 persons. James VI kept a menagerie of animals at Holyrood including a lion, a tiger, and a lynx. The palace was not however secure enough to prevent the king and queen being surprised in their lodgings during two raids in December 1591 and July 1593 by Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell ,
14720-504: The king. The ornate plasterwork ceiling is one of the original series designed to mark the processional route to the King's Bedchamber. The Royal Family use the room for receptions. The Morning Drawing Room was Charles II's Privy Chamber. The ceiling is decorated in the corners with cherubs and eagles bearing the cipher of Charles II and the Honours of Scotland , while the long central panels feature heraldic lions and unicorns . The French tapestries purchased for Charles II in 1668 tell
14880-511: The length of a concert. One of his players told André Previn , "Sadly, he got a bit deaf and shaky. You'd be thinking 'poor old Klemperer', then suddenly the veil of infirmity would drop and he'd be wonderfully vigorous again." Klemperer continued to conduct and record with the New Philharmonia until the last concert of his career – at the Festival Hall on 26 September 1971 – and his final recording session two days later. The programme for
15040-480: The location for regular royal ceremonies and events. The British monarch spends one week (known as "Royal Week") at the palace each summer. While serving as Duke of Rothesay , Charles III also stayed at Holyrood for one week a year, carrying out official duties. Following the death of Queen Elizabeth II at Balmoral Castle in September 2022, her coffin was transported to the palace, where it lay in repose in
15200-416: The monograms IR (Jacobus Rex) and MR (Maria Regina) refer to her parents, James V and Mary of Guise . Below the ceiling is a frieze, painted in grisaille with the Honours of Scotland . The gardens of the palace extend to some 10 acres (4.0 ha), set within the much larger Holyrood Park . In the 16th century, a privy garden was located to the north of the palace, accessed via a wooden gallery from
15360-540: The most authoritative interpreter of the symphonies of Beethoven , Brahms , Bruckner and Mahler. Otto Nossan Klemperer was born on 14 May 1885 in Breslau, Province of Silesia , in what was then the Imperial German state of Prussia ; the city is now Wrocław , Poland. He was the second child and only son of Nathan Klemperer and his wife Ida, née Nathan. The family name had originally been Klopper , but
15520-432: The new Royal Festival Hall , eliciting high praise from reviewers. The music critic of The Times wrote: After this, Klemperer's seemingly resurgent career received another severe set-back. At Montreal airport later in 1951 he slipped on ice and fell, breaking his hip. He was hospitalised for eight months. Then for a year he and his family were, as he put it, virtually prisoners in the US because of obstacles to leaving
15680-547: The north-west corner of the palace. Originally equipped with a drawbridge leading to the main entrance (protected with a yett ) on the first floor, it may also have been protected by a moat , and provided a high degree of security. The south range was remodelled, and the old queen's apartments were converted into a new chapel, and the former chapel in the north range was converted into the Council Chamber, where ceremonial events normally took place. James IV's west range
15840-458: The north-west tower. This was removed in 1857 when Prince Albert took an interest in the grounds, forming a new carriage drive to the north to avoid the Canongate slums and laying out the garden in its present form. A small garden building, surviving from the 16th century, is known as Queen Mary's Bath House, although it is not thought to have been used for bathing. The sundial to the north of
16000-406: The office of Hereditary Keeper of the palace. In November 1650, the palace was damaged extensively by fire while it was occupied by Oliver Cromwell 's troops. After this, much of the palace was abandoned. Following the restoration of Charles II in 1660, Holyrood once again became a royal palace and the meeting place of the reconstituted Privy Council . Repairs were put in hand to allow use of
16160-475: The one most closely identified with the orchestra was Herbert von Karajan , but he was clearly the heir apparent to the ailing Furtwängler as chief conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic and the Salzburg Festival; anticipating that Karajan would become unavailable to the Philharmonia, Legge built up a relationship with Klemperer, who was admired by the players, the critics and the public. Legge
16320-513: The orchestra – an ad hoc group since 1927 – as a permanent ensemble. He held auditions in Pittsburgh and, more fruitfully, in New York, and after three weeks of intensive rehearsal the orchestra was ready for the opening concerts of the season, which he conducted. The results were highly successful, and he was offered a large salary to remain as the orchestra's chief conductor. He was contractually committed to Los Angeles, but contemplated taking on
16480-482: The orchestra's chief conductor in succession to Artur Rodziński , who was leaving to take over the Cleveland Orchestra . The Los Angeles orchestra was not then regarded as among the finest American ensembles, and the salary was less than Klemperer would have liked, but he accepted and sailed to the US in 1935. The orchestra's finances were perilous; Clark had lost a substantial portion of his fortune in
16640-500: The other apartments were to be given over as lodgings for various officers of state. As Lord High Commissioner from 1669 to 1678, John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale was vicegerent in Scotland and, as the principal occupant of the new palace, he closely supervised the building operations. Plans for complete reconstruction were drawn up by Sir William Bruce , the Surveyor General of the King's Works , and Robert Mylne ,
16800-646: The other members of the Royal Family are located on the second floor of the south and east wings. The 17 rooms open to the public include the 17th-century State Apartments, the Great Gallery, and the 16th-century apartments in James V's Tower. The painting An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745 by David Morier is in the lobby of the Palace. The Great Stair in the south-west corner of the Quadrangle has
16960-531: The palace by the Earl of Lauderdale , the Secretary of State , and a full survey was carried out in 1663 by John Mylne . In 1670, the Privy Council decided to almost completely rebuild the palace. Apart from Holyrood and Windsor Castle , Charles II failed to complete any of his palace modernisation schemes, largely due to lack of money. The reason that Holyrood was seen as a priority and was completed
17120-527: The palace for six weeks in September and October 1745, during the Jacobite Rising . Charles occupied the Duke of Hamilton's apartments rather than the King's Apartments, and held balls and other entertainments in the Great Gallery. In January 1746, following their defeat by the Jacobite army at the Battle of Falkirk Muir , the government troops of Henry Hawley who were billeted in the palace damaged
17280-511: The palace since 1684, and was probably made for the Dukes of Hamilton, although it was long referred to as "Queen Mary's Bed" when it occupied Mary, Queen of Scots' rooms. The King's Closet was designed to be the king's study. The Great Gallery, at 150 feet (45 m) in length, is the largest room in the palace and connects the King's Closet on the east side with the Queen's Lobby in James V's Tower to
17440-525: The palace until February 1680, and then again from October 1680 to May 1682, and during this period culture flourished in Edinburgh under the patronage of James's vice-regal court. His daughter Anne also resided at Holyrood between 1681 and 1682. When James acceded to the throne in 1685, the Catholic king set up a Jesuit college in the Chancellor's Lodging to the south of the palace. James VII founded
17600-417: The palace was carved in 1633 by John Mylne , while the sandstone fountain in the centre of the forecourt was erected in 1858 by Robert Matheson and is based on the design of the 16th-century fountain at Linlithgow Palace . The ornamental screens and the decorative wrought-iron entrance gates to the north, west and south of the forecourt were designed by George Washington Browne and were erected in 1920 as
17760-415: The palace was refurbished. Artois took advantage of the sanctuary provided by the abbey to avoid his creditors. His sons, Louis Antoine and Charles Ferdinand , also spent periods at Holyrood with their father. William Murray Nairne, 5th Lord Nairne , was appointed Assistant Inspector-General of Barracks in Scotland in 1806 and he and his wife, the songwriter and avid Jacobite Carolina Oliphant , enjoyed
17920-595: The parlance of the time he was "manic depressive") and after the operation he went through an intense manic phase of the illness, which lasted for nearly three years and was followed by a long spell of severe depression. In 1941, after he walked out of a mental sanatorium in Rye, New York , the local police put out a bulletin, describing him as "dangerous and insane". He was found two days later in Morristown, New Jersey and appeared composed. A doctor who examined him said he
18080-400: The piece aside. It is not known exactly when Mendelssohn resumed work on the symphony (sketches suggest he may have returned to the first movement in the late 1830s) but he was certainly working in earnest on the piece by 1841 and completed the symphony in Berlin on 20 January 1842. It was slightly revised after early performances, excising 111 bars of material in total, and the revised version
18240-419: The piece: In the deep twilight we went today to the palace where Queen Mary lived and loved...The chapel below is now roofless. Grass and ivy thrive there and at the broken altar where Mary was crowned Queen of Scotland. Everything is ruined, decayed, and the clear heavens pour in. I think I have found there the beginning of my "Scottish" Symphony. Alongside this description, Mendelssohn enclosed in his letter
18400-464: The players reconstituted themselves as the New Philharmonia in 1964 Klemperer worked extensively with them in the studios, recording eight symphonies by Haydn, three by Schumann, four by Bruckner and two by Mahler. A complete Beethoven piano concerto cycle featured Daniel Barenboim as soloist. The major choral recordings were of Beethoven's Missa solemnis and Bach's B minor Mass . Reviewing the former, Alec Robertson wrote that it "must take its place on
18560-582: The principal royal residence in Scotland since the 16th century, and is a setting for state occasions and official entertaining. The palace adjoins Holyrood Abbey , and the gardens are set within Holyrood Park . The King's Gallery was converted from existing buildings at the western entrance to the palace and was opened in 2002 to exhibit works of art from the Royal Collection . King Charles III spends one week in residence at Holyrood at
18720-416: The queen's apartments via the private stair from Darnley's own apartments below. Bursting in on the queen, Rizzio and four other courtiers, who were at supper, they dragged Rizzio through the bedchamber and into the outer chamber, where he was stabbed to death, allegedly receiving fifty-seven dagger wounds. Mary married her third husband, James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, at the palace in May 1567. During
18880-538: The recording of the Second Symphony was issued in 1970, the critic Edward Greenfield wrote, "There is a gritty quality about much of Klemperer's fast music [with] sharp-edged unison passages ... but give Klemperer a slow tempo and he will melt with amazing rapidity ... the slow movement is astonishingly sweet, with one passage – clarinet over pizzicato strings – recalling the world of Lehár or even Viennese café music." The critic Meirion Bowen wrote of
19040-704: The rise of the Nazis caused him to leave Germany in 1933. Shortly afterwards he was appointed chief conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic , and guest-conducted other American orchestras, including the San Francisco Symphony , the New York Philharmonic and later the Pittsburgh Symphony , which he reorganised as a permanent ensemble. In the late 1930s Klemperer became ill with a brain tumour. An operation to remove it
19200-466: The rise of the Nazis caused him to leave for safety in Switzerland, joined by his wife and children. In exile from Germany, Klemperer found that conducting work was far from plentiful, although he secured some prestigious engagements in Vienna and at the Salzburg Festival . He was sounded out by William Andrews Clark , founder and sponsor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic , about becoming
19360-488: The rooms in James V's Tower from 1684, and the Ante-Chamber became the Duke's dining room. Much of the decoration of this room dates from the mid nineteenth century, when the historical apartments in James V's Tower were opened to visitors. The room also contains a series of tapestries and portraits of Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia , the daughter of James VI. The Queen's Bedroom (also known as Lord Darnley's Bedchamber)
19520-561: The royal bloodline of Scotland which the Scots upheld for its continuity and antiquity as an important part of their national identity in the seventeenth century. The Great Gallery has served many purposes over the centuries. Following the Union of 1707 it was the venue for the election of Scottish representative peers in the House of Lords until 1963. Bonnie Prince Charlie held evening balls in
19680-440: The royal portraits in the Gallery. The Duke of Cumberland also occupied the apartments in James V's Tower during his march north to Culloden . The potential of the palace as a tourist attraction was already being recognised, with the Duke of Hamilton allowing paying guests to view Mary, Queen of Scots´ apartments in James V's Tower. The precincts of Holyrood Abbey, extending to the whole of Holyrood Park , had been designated as
19840-542: The same work that it was "the product of an outstanding conductor musing on the works of composers he has championed throughout his career". Although he did not enjoy recording, Klemperer's discography is extensive. His first recording was an acoustic set of the slow movement of Bruckner's Eighth Symphony , made for Polydor in 1924 with the Staatskapelle Berlin . His early recordings include Beethoven symphonies and less characteristic repertoire including
20000-528: The same year, and after the Scottish Reformation was formalised, the abbey buildings were neglected. The choir and transepts of the abbey church were pulled down in 1570. The nave was retained as the parish church of the Canongate . The royal apartments in James V's Tower were occupied by Mary, Queen of Scots from her return to Scotland in 1561 to her forced abdication in 1567. The palace
20160-469: The season. The New York concert-going public was deeply conservative but despite Judson's warning that programming Mahler would be highly damaging at the box-office, Klemperer insisted on giving the Second Symphony. The notices praised the conducting – Oscar Thompson wrote in Musical America that the performance was the best he had heard since Mahler conducted the work in New York in 1906 – but
20320-503: The staging as well as the music. He had to a considerable extent moved away from the experimental stagings of the Kroll years; the 1961 Fidelio was described as "traditional, unfussy, grandly conceived, and profoundly revealing", and of "deep serenity" musically. Klemperer directed and conducted another Fidelio in Zürich the following year, at the opera house , only a few hundred yards from his home. He battled with entrenched interests in
20480-801: The story of Diana , the goddess of the hunt. Charles III uses the Morning Drawing Room to give private audiences to the First Minister , the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament , and other visiting dignitaries. The King's Antechamber, Bedchamber and Closet are laid out along the east side of the palace. The King's Bedchamber, at the centre of the east façade, has the finest of the 17th-century plaster ceilings, augmented by paintings of Hercules by Jacob de Wet II . The 17th-century State Bed has been in
20640-473: The strain of public performances. He hoped to be able to go on making recordings, as he felt he might be able to manage the shorter spans of recording takes, and intended to conduct Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail and Bach's St John Passion for EMI, but neither plan came to fruition. Heyworth writes about the conductor's last years: Klemperer retired to his home in Zürich, where he died in his sleep on 6 July 1973. His wife predeceased him and he
20800-588: The subsequent Marian civil war , on 25 July 1571, William Kirkcaldy of Grange bombarded the king's men garrisoned inside the palace with cannon positioned in the Black Friar Yard, near the Pleasance . Parliament met in the Palace on 30 April 1573. James VI took up residence at Holyrood in 1579 when he began his personal rule. The palace was refurbished by William MacDowall with a new north gallery painted by Walter Binning , and an apartment for
20960-487: The symphony a lukewarm reception, but Klemperer was widely praised for "the power of a dominating personality", "masterful control" and as "a great orchestral commander". A leading critic called for the BBC to give Klemperer a long-term appointment in London. The Kroll Opera closed in 1931, ostensibly because of a financial crisis, although in Klemperer's view the motives were political. He said that Heinz Tietjen , director of
21120-554: The ticket sales were as poor as Judson had predicted, and the orchestra had a deficit of $ 5,000 from the concert. When Toscanini resigned from the Philharmonic the following year, he recommended Klemperer as his successor, but Klemperer recognised that after "this affair of the Mahler symphony" he would not be re-engaged. Nonetheless, when the then little-known John Barbirolli was announced as Toscanini's successor, Klemperer wrote
21280-425: The two-storey west front with regular arrangement of bays. General repairs were completed by the architect Robert Reid between 1824 and 1834 that included the partial rebuilding of the south-west corner tower and refacing of the entire south front in ashlar to match that of the east. The east (rear) elevation has 17 bays with lightly superimposed pilasters of the three classical orders on each floor. The ruins of
21440-609: The use of the Royal Apartments as one of the perks of the post. During his visit to Scotland in 1822 , King George IV became the first reigning monarch since Charles I in 1641 to visit Holyrood. Although he was lodged at Dalkeith Palace , the king held a levée at Holyrood, received addresses, and was shown the historic apartments of Mary, Queen of Scots. He ordered repairs to the palace but declared that Queen Mary's rooms should be protected from any future changes. Between 1824 and 1834, Robert Reid oversaw works including
21600-568: The wax seal on correspondence or documents, and a French double tournois coin, minted by Gaston d'Orléans in 1634. Otto Klemperer Otto Nossan Klemperer ( German: [ˌɔto ˈklɛmʁpəʁɐ] ; 14 May 1885 – 6 July 1973) was a German conductor and composer, originally based in Germany, and then the United States, Hungary and finally, Great Britain. He began his career as an opera conductor, but he
21760-411: The west range and the King's Apartments in the south and east ranges. The two were linked by the Great Gallery to the north, and the Council Chamber occupied the south-west tower. Construction began in July 1671, starting at the north-west, which was ready for use by Lauderdale the following year, and by 1674 much of the work was complete. In 1675 Lord Haltoun became the first of many nobles to take up
21920-649: The west. The Gallery features a pair of black marble chimneypieces within Doric surrounds, framed by Ionic pilasters. The most notable decorative features of the gallery are 96 of the 111 original portraits of the Scottish monarchs , beginning with the legendary Fergus I , who supposedly ruled from 330 BC. The Dutch painter Jacob de Wet was commissioned by Charles II to paint the portraits, illustrating both real and legendary monarchs, from Fergus I to James VII. The portraits were completed between 1684 and 1686, and celebrate
22080-483: The work in a contrasting manner to the rest of the A minor finale. Akin to a victory hymn and intended by Mendelssohn to allude to a male-voice choir, this ending returns to the balladic tone of the first movement's introduction, transforming the material of the original inspiration for the piece Mendelssohn had twelve years before. Contemporary musicians such as Robert Schumann found the effect highly poetic, though some later twentieth-century critics have shown aversion to
22240-539: The work of the trust as custodians of the Royal Collection . In April 2016 the Royal Collection Trust announced it was to fund a £10m project to redevelop the outside space at Holyrood, including the abbey, grounds and forecourt. The project was completed at the end of 2018 in partnership with Historic Environment Scotland, and included the restoration of the Abbey Strand buildings which now house
22400-562: Was "a decisive forerunner of Wieland Wagner 's innovations at Bayreuth ". The production divided critical opinion, which ranged from "A new outrage to a German masterpiece ... grotesque" to "an unusual and magnificent performance ... a fresh wind has blown tinsel and cobwebs away". In 1929, Klemperer made his British début, conducting the London Symphony Orchestra in the first London performance of Bruckner's Eighth Symphony . The British music critics gave
22560-523: Was "temperamental and unstrung" but not dangerous, and he was released. The board of the Los Angeles Philharmonic terminated his contract, and his subsequent appearances were few, and seldom with prestigious ensembles, in Los Angeles or elsewhere. As her father struggled to support the family from his modest fees, Lotte worked in a factory to bring in some money. By 1946, Klemperer had recovered his health enough to return to Europe for
22720-514: Was a senior producer for Columbia , part of the EMI recording group in the UK. As EMI paid for the rehearsals for recordings, Legge's concerts tended to feature works he had recorded immediately beforehand, so that the orchestra was fully rehearsed at no cost to him. This suited Klemperer, who though he disliked making recordings enjoyed the luxury of "hav[ing] time to prepare a work properly". According to
22880-521: Was a strong supporter of the state of Israel. He visited his younger sister, who lived there, and while in Jerusalem in 1970 he accepted the offer of Israeli citizenship, though continuing to retain his German citizenship and permanent Swiss residency. As Klemperer aged, his concentration and control of the orchestra declined. At one recording session he dozed off while conducting, and he found his hearing and eyesight under strain from concentrating for
23040-468: Was at Barmen (1912–1913), after which he moved to the much larger Strasbourg Opera (1914–1917) as deputy to Pfitzner. From 1917 to 1924 he was chief conductor of the Cologne Opera . During his Cologne years he married Johanna Geisler , a singer in the opera company, in 1919. She was a Christian, and he had converted from Judaism. He remained a practising Roman Catholic until 1967, when he left
23200-575: Was changed to Klemperer in 1787 in response to a decree by the Austrian emperor Joseph II aimed at assimilating Jews into Christian society . Nathan Klemperer was originally from Josefov , the ghetto in the Bohemian city of Prague; Ida was from a more prosperous Jewish family in Hamburg , of Sephardic descent. Both parents were musical: Nathan sang and Ida played the piano. When Klemperer
23360-492: Was conductor of the San Francisco Symphony and he and Klemperer guest-conducted each other's orchestras. After a concert under Klemperer in 1936, the San Francisco Chronicle ' s music critic hailed him as one of the world's greatest conductors, along with Furtwängler, Walter and Toscanini. The governing board of the Pittsburgh Symphony approached Klemperer in early 1938, seeking his help in reconstituting
23520-630: Was demolished and a new west range in the Renaissance style was built to house new state rooms, including the royal library. The symmetrical composition of the west range suggested that a second tower at the south-west was planned, though this was never executed at the time. Around a series of lesser courts were ranged the Governor's Tower, the armoury, the mint, a forge, kitchens, and other service quarters. James V's first wife, Madeleine of Valois , died at Holyrood in 1537. The English armies of
23680-569: Was four the family moved from Breslau to Hamburg, where Nathan earned a modest living in commercial posts and his wife gave piano lessons. It was decided quite early in Klemperer's life that he would become a professional musician, and when he was about five he started piano lessons with his mother. At the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt he studied the piano with James Kwast and theory with Ivan Knorr. Kwast moved to Berlin, first to
23840-490: Was hampered by new committees at the Festival Hall and EMI, and his orchestra was less in demand in the studios. In March 1964, with no advance warning to the orchestra, he issued a press statement announcing that "after the fulfilment of its present commitments the activities of the Philharmonia Orchestra will be suspended for an indefinite period." Klemperer said that Legge had not warned him beforehand of
24000-528: Was heated with coal from Wallyford in East Lothian . The queen had archery butts erected in the south gardens to allow her to practise, and she hunted deer in Holyrood Park . There was also a flock of sheep in the park which were managed for the queen by the keeper, John Huntar . Some of her French servants formed relationships with women in the Canongate. The Kirk authorities disapproved and made five of these unmarried women stand with bared heads at
24160-418: Was later better known as a conductor of symphonic music . A protégé of the composer and conductor Gustav Mahler , from 1907 Klemperer was appointed to a succession of increasingly senior conductorships in opera houses in and around Germany. Between 1929 and 1931 he was director of the Kroll Opera in Berlin, where he presented new works and avant-garde productions of classics. He was from a Jewish family, and
24320-642: Was now King of England and Ireland . With James's accession to the English throne and his move south to reside in London , the palace was no longer the seat of a permanent royal court . James visited in 1617, and the Chapel Royal was redecorated for the occasion. The west front was remodelled in 1633 in preparation for the coronation of Charles I at Holyrood Abbey, and Charles resided at the palace again from August to November 1641. In 1646 he conferred on James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton and his descendants
24480-399: Was occupied by Mary, Queen of Scots from 1561 until 1567. Mary Queen of Scots' Outer Chamber was where Mary, Queen of Scots received her visitors and where her famous audiences with John Knox took place. It is also the room in which David Rizzio , Mary's private secretary, was stabbed and his alleged bloodstain can be seen in the place where his body was left. The room is now used to display
24640-488: Was originally the King's Guard Chamber, but was used as the King's Drawing Room from the visit of George IV in 1822, when a throne and canopy of state were erected at the west end of the room for the levees hosted there. Queen Victoria used the room as a dining room, before it became the Throne Room in 1871. The 1822 throne was replaced in 1911 by a pair of throne chairs made for George V and Queen Mary, which sit upon
24800-446: Was presented to George IV in 1822. The suite of rooms on the first floor of James V's Tower is accessed from the Queen's Lobby and comprises the Queen's Antechamber and the Queen's Bedchamber, leading from which are two turret rooms or closets. During the 1560s these rooms were occupied by Lord Darnley and, following the rebuilding of the palace in the 1670s, they became part of the Queen's Apartments. The Duke of Hamilton took over
24960-487: Was publicly staged, although the composer conducted a private concert performance of Das Ziel in Berlin in 1931. The "Merry Waltz" from the latter is the best-known of his compositions. Of his nine string quartets, eight survive. EMI recorded the Seventh in 1970. In 1919 he composed a Missa Sacra for soloists, chorus and orchestra, and also a setting of Psalm 23 . Klemperer gave the premiere of his First Symphony with
25120-555: Was replaced by the fountain in 1858), and in 1855–56 the King's Drawing Room (the present Throne Room) was refitted by Robert Matheson. Over the next few years, the lodgings of the various nobles were gradually repossessed and, in 1871, Victoria was able to take possession of the second-floor apartments formerly occupied by the Dukes of Argyll (by virtue of their position as Masters of the Household ) as her private apartments, freeing up
25280-503: Was successful, but left him lame and partly paralysed on his right side. Throughout his life he had bipolar disorder , and after the operation he went through an intense manic phase of the illness and then a long spell of severe depression. His career was seriously disrupted and did not fully recover until the mid-1940s. He served as the musical director of the Hungarian State Opera in Budapest from 1947 to 1950. Klemperer's later career centred on London. In 1951 he began an association with
25440-422: Was survived by their two children. He was buried in the Jewish cemetery at Friesenberg , Zürich, four days later. Klemperer said, "I am mainly a conductor who also composes. Naturally, I would be glad to be remembered as a conductor and as a composer." German conductors of his generation began their careers when it was rare for a conductor not to compose: composition was seen as part of the traditional training of
25600-412: Was that the rebuilding of the palace was paid for by the Privy Council. Following the failure of proposals for political union with England in 1669, the Council wanted to emphasise Edinburgh's position as a royal capital and seat of government. At the time, it seemed unlikely that Charles II would ever visit Edinburgh. In practice, the royal apartments would be occupied by the Lord High Commissioner , and
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