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24-520: "Scred" originates from a track by collective member Koma in his first maxi Époque de fous and is verlan for discret (meaning discreet). The collective released six musical projects with each member keeping his independence and solo projects they worked on concurrently. The collective addressed many issues in French society becoming a militant band for social justice and change distinguishing itself with quality of text and being critical of superficial rappers and favoring more fundamental content, promoting

48-468: A French rapper of Algerian origin, is signed with Only Music. Verlan Verlan ( pronounced [vɛʁlɑ̃] ) is a type of argot in the French language , featuring inversion of syllables in a word, and is common in slang and youth language. It rests on a long French tradition of transposing syllables of individual words to create slang words. The word verlan itself

72-417: A verlan word on the fly; rather, their ability to use and understand words from an accepted set of known verlan terms allows them to be identified as part of a verlan-speaking group. Lefkowitz claims that the best speakers of the language are often the worst students, those most needing to hide from authority. Some verlan words have gained mainstream currency. Examples of verlan in cultural mainstream include

96-565: Is a verlan phonological inversion of nique , a profane slang term for sex, aloud, it sounds like "Lui sait juste ken," meaning "he only knows how to fuck." Warner Bros. refused to confirm or deny whether the profane double entendre was intentional but appreciated the added publicity that the poster generated. In the 2007 animated film Ratatouille , the character chef Auguste Gusteau's first name and last name are verlans of each other. Auguste Le Breton Auguste Le Breton (born Auguste Monfort 18 February 1913 – 31 May 1999)

120-528: Is an example of verlan (making it an autological word ). It is derived from inverting the sounds of the syllables in l'envers ( [lɑ̃vɛʁ] , "the inverse", frequently used in the sense of "back-to-front"). The first documented use of verlan dates back to the 19th century, among robbers. Words in verlan are formed by switching the order in which syllables from the original word are pronounced. For example, français [fʁɑ̃sɛ] becomes céfran [sefʁɑ̃] . Verlan generally retains

144-797: Is difficult as it is primarily passed down orally, without standardized spelling. While some still argue that the letters should be held over from the original word, in the case of verlan, most experts agree that words should be spelled as to best approximate pronunciation . For example, verlan is preferred to versl'en . The French author Auguste Le Breton uses numerous examples of verlan, for instance in Du rififi chez les hommes . Different rules apply for one-syllable words, and words with more than two syllables may be verlan-ised in more than one way. For example, cigarette may yield garetsi or retsiga . Some verlan words, such as meuf , have become so commonplace that they have been included in

168-465: Is generally limited to one or two key words per sentence. Verlan words and expressions are mixed within a more general argotique language. Verlan is used by people to mark their membership in, or exclusion from, a particular group (generally young people in the cities and banlieues , although some French upper-class youth have also started using it as their slang); it is a tool for marking and delineating group identity. Speakers rarely create

192-413: Is no such thing as a verlan grammar, so generally verbs are used in the infinitive, past participle or progressive form. For example: Here are some examples of French words that have been made into a verlan and their English meanings: Creating verlans often brings up words that are verlan of a verlan. This is sometimes called double verlan or veul . One can find the order of the consonants of

216-402: Is verlan for maestro . One hypothesis holds that Voltaire , the nom-de-plume of François-Marie Arouet, is a verlan word for Airvault . The French language movie poster for the 2023 American film Barbie contains a line that has been interpreted as verlan: "Elle peut tout faire. Lui, c'est juste Ken", "She can do everything. He’s just Ken". By referring to the character Ken, which

240-535: The Petit Larousse . The purpose of verlan is to create a somewhat secret language that only its speakers can understand. Words becoming mainstream is counterproductive. As a result, such newly common words may be reversed a second time (see § Double verlan ) . Some verlan words, which are now well incorporated in common French language, have taken on their own significance, or at least certain connotations that have changed their meaning. For example,

264-528: The First World War . His mother then disappeared. Being an orphan, Le Breton acquired the status of ward of the nation and so was housed in state institutions. Growing up in these institutions wasn't easy. He got into trouble regularly. He had to be put in remand homes frequently. When he lived in Paris , his haunts were disreputable places of the capital, bars and gambling dens. He even spent time with

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288-475: The 18th arrondissement; he too grew up in Barbès. He started MCing in 1996 before joining Scred Connexion. In 2012, Mokless got involved in a musical project with Guizmo and rapper Congolese-French Despo Rutti from that has resulted in the issue of the joint EP Jamais 2 sans 3 followed by the joint studio album Jamais 203 . The three acts are touring France in promotion of the releases. Morad (born in 1977),

312-518: The 1984 comedy Les Ripoux ( My New Partner ) ( ripou is verlan for pourri , or rotten, and refers to a corrupt policeman); and the 1977 hit " Laisse béton " by singer Renaud ( béton is verlan for tomber and the phrase means "drop it"). Verlan is popular as a form of expression in French hip-hop . Artists claim that it fits well with the musical medium because "form ranks way over substance". The stage name of Belgian pop artist and songwriter Stromae (real name Paul Van Haver)

336-820: The book was successful. It was a poignant book, filled with anecdotal episodes from Le Breton's time in the orphanages, remand homes and prisons. Le Breton described in detail his friends and acquaintances from the bars, brothels and gangs of Paris. Le Breton's works are known for their directness of style and story. His other strength was his mastery of language, especially of French slang. This gave his works, most of which were about criminals, an authenticity and accuracy. Le Breton wrote 77 novels, many of which were adapted into films. His books were mostly about low life. Although his tales lack plot expertise, his characters and unique language made them hugely popular. They were made into successful films like Du rififi chez les hommes ( Rififi means 'fisticuffs' or 'fight'). The film

360-537: The gangs of Montmartre , acquainting himself with the crime world. He himself, however, was never involved in any serious crime. There can be no doubt that this semi-criminal life of his had a vast influence on his writings, enlivening them with the accuracy that only experience can bring. For uncertain reasons, Le Breton joined the Resistance during the Second World War. It has been speculated that it

384-437: The original word, but the vowels have been modified. For example, meuf (verlan of femme ) becomes feumeu . The verlan word beur , derived from arabe , has been made into rebeu . Verlan is less a language than a way to set apart certain words. Many verlan words refer either to sex or drugs , related to the original purpose of keeping communication secret from institutions of social control. Verlan

408-547: The pronunciation of the original syllables. However, French words that end in a ⟨e⟩ muet (such as femme [fam] ) and words that end in a pronounced consonant (such as flic [flik] ) gain the sound [œ] once reversed. In addition, verlan often drops the final vowel sound after the word is inverted, so femme and flic become meuf ( [mœf] – meufa in full form) and keuf ( [kœf] – keufli in full form), respectively. The study of written verlan

432-509: The second half of the 20th century, beur and beurette (from arabe ) refer to people of northern African descent who live in France. The word rebeu (a double verlan) is much more recent, and evolved to refer more generally to people of Arab descent who live in France. In theory, any word can be made into a verlan, but only a few expressions are used in everyday speech. Verbs translated into verlan cannot be conjugated easily. There

456-460: The slogan "Jamais dans la tendance mais toujours dans la bonne direction", after a member of the formation, Fabe, launched it in his piece "Impertinent". The song Monnaie Monnaie is part of the Carbone's movie soundtrack in 2017. On November 19, 2023 it was announced that Morad died of heart attack. Fabe (born in 1971 Paris, France) is a French rapper from Barbès , a neighborhood of Paris. He

480-450: The war, he began to write. A few years later he married, another pivotal point in his life. Le Breton stated that he would write books for children, if he had any. He planned to write a memoir of his life as an orphan, his rootless childhood, the life of penury and visiting disreputable places like bars and brothels. When Le Breton's daughter Mary-Yvonne was born, he lived up to his words and wrote his autobiography. Entitled Les Hauts Murs ,

504-400: The word meuf , which can still be used to refer to any woman, also refers to the speaker's girlfriend when used in the possessive form ( ma meuf → my girl); while the original word femme would refer to the speaker's wife when used in the same way ( ma femme → my wife). Such words retain a cultural significance from the time at which they appeared in common language. Widespread in

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528-539: Was a Breton novelist who wrote primarily about the criminal underworld . His novels were adapted into several notable films of the 1950s, such as Rififi , Razzia sur la chnouf , Le rouge est mis and Le clan des siciliens . He wrote the dialogue for the noir film Bob le flambeur . Auguste Le Breton was born in Lesneven , Finistère , Brittany . His childhood name was Auguste Monfort. Tragedy struck early in his life. Before his birth, his father had died in

552-470: Was one of the most established of the members who already had a long list of releases. Fabe decided to quit his rapping career in 2000 and left the collective. He also had a charting single "Ça fait partie de mon passé" that reached #45 in France. Koma is a rapper of Algerian origin from the 18th arrondissement of Paris . He grew up in Barbès . Mokless (born in 1977) is a rapper of Tunisian origin from

576-675: Was the Vichy 's anti-gambling laws that made Le Breton turn against the regime. It is certain that he aided others involved in the Resistance to elude Vichy and the Germans. It was for such contributions that he was awarded the Croix de Guerre and the Resistance medal . Involvement in the Resistance marked a metamorphosis in Le Breton's life. Perhaps spurred on by his selfless actions during

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