59-471: Screensport was a pan-European cable and satellite sports television network that was on air from 1984 until 1993 before merging with Eurosport . Screensport was founded in 1981 by Bob Kennedy — who had started up BBC Radio Leicester , Sky Channel (operators of the UK's first satellite television network which later became known as Sky One ) and several independent commercial radio stations, backers included
118-462: A "European identity" has been called into question. Pan-Europeanism, as it emerged in the wake of World War I , derived a sense of European identity from the idea of a shared history , which was taken to be the source of a set of fundamental "European values". Typically, the "common history" includes a combination of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome ; the feudalism of the Middle Ages ;
177-477: A 'European citizen'. The Eurobarometer surveys show that European and national identities tend to add rather than rule themselves out. In 2009, 3 French out of 5 felt French and European, a feeling that dominated in every socio-political group except the National Front supporters. Yet this tendency is not geographically homogeneous: 63% of Britons favoured their sole nationalities (which has been one of
236-462: A European identity is a very complex process. From outside, "Europeanness" would be a thing for a Chinese or an American, but on the internal plan geography is not sufficient to define Europe in the eyes of Europeans. According to Jean-Baptiste Duroselle , "there has been, since men think, an immense variety of Europes". Paul Valéry cites three major heritages to define the European identity :
295-432: A policy in the 70s with the directive "Television without Frontiers", which allowed free trade of TV programs and guaranteed more than half of the air time to European operas. The culture programme finances other cultural activities in order to strengthen the European common identity. The European Union also bet on symbols : the flag , the anthem (" Ode to Joy " from the final movement of Beethoven's 9th Symphony ),
354-752: A political neologism in the 1980s in the context of the project of European integration and the future formation of the European Union . The phrase was popularised by the European Values Study , a long-term research program started in 1981, aiming to document the outlook on "basic human values" in European populations. The project had grown out of a study group on "values and social change in Europe" initiated by Jan Kerkhofs , and Ruud de Moor ( Catholic University in Tilburg ). The claim that
413-544: Is Europe in people's minds?) and identity formation (what makes people feel European?). The .eu domain name extension was introduced in 2005 as a new symbol of the European Union identity on the World Wide Web. The .eu domain's introduction campaign specifically uses the tagline "Your European Identity" . Registrants must be located within the European Union. On the cultural plan, the European Union began
472-667: Is associated with political values derived from the Age of Enlightenment and the Republicanism growing out of the French Revolution and the Revolutions of 1848 rather than with personal or individual identity formed by culture or ethnicity (let alone a "pan-European" construct including those areas of the continent never affected by 18th-century rationalism or Republicanism). The phrase "European values" arises as
531-645: Is for example The development of European Identity/Identities : Unfinished Business Aspects of an emerging "European identity" in popular culture may be seen in the introduction of "pan-European" competitions such as the Eurovision Song Contest (since 1956), the UEFA European Championship (since 1958) or, more recently, the European Games (2015). In these competitions, it is still teams or representatives of
590-504: Is necessary: the Treaty of Lisbon mentions, for example, "cultural, religious and humanist inheritance". Moreover, it would be illusory to impose a principle of cultural homogeneity to states with various national identities. Jean-Marc Ferry considers that the European construction developed new differentiation, between citizenship and nationality for example, with the birth of post national citizenship in 1992. According to Raymond Aron ,
649-612: Is the Carolingian Empire , which first defined "Europe" as a cultural entity as the areas ruled by the Roman Catholic Church , later known as "Medieval Western Christendom" (which extended its scope further eastwards to the shores of the Baltic Sea during the course of the Middle Ages ). The original proposal for a Paneuropean Union was made in 1922 by Count Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi , who defined
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#1732772612427708-451: Is the sense of personal identification with Europe , in a cultural or political sense. The concept is discussed in the context of European integration , historically in connection with hypothetical proposals , but since the formation of the European Union (EU) in the 1990s increasingly with regard to the project of ever-increasing federalisation of the EU . The model of a "pan-European" union
767-536: The BBC were the eventual winners of the contract. ETN chief executive Rick Spinner began selling off assets of the parent company upon taking the post in July 1992. On 14 January 1993, Eurosport and Screensport proposed a merger to provide a single channel as both were operating at a loss, hoping that a merged channel would become financially profitable. The merger finally took place on 1 March and that same day, Screensport
826-509: The Big League Soccer . On 7 December 1988, ESPN increased its stake in the channel from 3.5% to 25.5% after purchasing shares from WHSmith for £4.4 million. By then, Screensport had increased its sports content, allowing the channel to broadcast for 18.5 hours each day within the schedule included ice hockey , skiing , golf , tennis , and yachting . By 1989, Screensport adopted the sub-title The European Sports Network , while
885-643: The European Broadcasting Union , violated the competition ( antitrust ) law rules of the Treaty of Rome . After provisions were made for non-member access to the programming, the Commission granted the EBU in a five-year conditional exemption from the requirements of the competition rules. On 28 February 1992, Screensport forged an alliance with ITV Sport to bid for rights to coverage of the newly formed English Premier League . Sky Sports and
944-636: The European Union came to the fore with the eastern enlargement of the EU in the aftermath of the Cold War . The Treaty of Lisbon (2007) in article 2 lists a number of "values of the Union", including "respect for freedom , democracy , equality , the rule of law and respect for human rights including the rights of persons belonging to minorities ", invoking "a society in which pluralism , non-discrimination , tolerance , justice , solidarity and equality between women and men prevail". Defining
1003-701: The Freight Rover Trophy , a competition for lower division clubs. In addition, the channel both sponsored and broadcast the Football League Super Cup in the 1985–86 season. The competition was designed to compensate clubs who were banned from European competition due to the Heysel Stadium disaster , but it was scrapped after the first edition. On 1 December 1986, the WHSmith Television Group took over
1062-797: The Greek democracy , the Roman Law , and the Judeo-Christian tradition. Yet Emmanuel Berl criticizes this thesis as reductive, since it supposes a level of "Europeanness", decreasing for West to East. According to him, Europe is shape-shifting, and no culture historically prevails over another, and European Islam , which concerns around 8% of the population, is one of the many sides of European identity. Five languages have more than 50 million native speakers in Europe: Russian , German , French , Italian and English . While Russian has
1121-850: The Hanseatic League , the Renaissance ; the Age of Enlightenment ; 19th-century liberalism and different forms of socialism , Christianity and secularism ; colonialism ; and the World Wars . The oldest European unification movement is the Paneuropean Union , which was founded in 1923 with the publishment of Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi 's book Paneuropa . He also became its first president (1926–1972), followed by Otto von Habsburg (1973–2004) and Alain Terrenoire (from 2004). The movement initiated and supported
1180-494: The euro are the most cited. There are divergences between generations: those who knew war directly or through their parents' narrations mention peace, while the younger evoke market economy. The idea that identity is built through opposition to other groups is also confirmed since 60% of Europeans state they rather or fully agree with the idea that "compared with other continents, it is distinctly easier to see what Europeans have in common in terms of values" A recent study shows that
1239-445: The " integration process " pursued after World War II, which eventually led to the formation of the European Union . Notable "Paneuropeans" include Konrad Adenauer , Robert Schuman and Alcide De Gasperi . It has been for long a matter of discussions to know whether or not this feeling of belonging was shared by a majority of Europeans, geographically speaking, and the strength of this feeling. There are discussions as well about
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#17327726124271298-578: The 500 million citizens, in 24 languages, has also been addressed: in 2004, the first Vice-President of the Commission has the Communication Strategy portfolio. The common values are reasserted through the judicial action of the European Court of Human Rights . Linked to this, the European Union funds many surveys (such as Eurobarometer ) and scientific studies, to improve its identity-building policies. A collection of such studies
1357-549: The AS-4000 Ku-band satellite design was used for the spacecraft bus, propulsion, thermal protection and solar array, the thermal protection made to protect Astra 1A's 16 transponder payload on board from the Sun 's solar wind and cosmic rays . While never confirmed by SES , Astra 1A is believed to have experienced a number of technical problems throughout its lifetime, including overheating and power system anomalies. After
1416-603: The American networks ABC and ESPN (which then-recently its majority 80% share was acquired by ABC). A programming deal with Trans World International allowed access to events taking place around the world. The channel began broadcasting on 29 March 1984, with Media Communications controlled the studios and transmission facilities in Knutsford , while its administration office was based in London . Apart from American sports,
1475-648: The Astra satellite in 1989, but these plans failed to materialize. The transponders intended for these channels, were used for Eurosport and the Dutch RTL Veronique (which would later become RTL4), respectively. The first German language programmes, RTL plus, Sat.1 and Pro 7 all launched on 8 December 1989. With the launch of 3sat in March 1990 and Teleclub in June 1990 all transponders were occupied. Lifestyle
1534-458: The Dutch RTL 4 as well as FilmNet , Screensport , MTV Europe , The Children's Channel and Lifestyle . Astra 1A began television broadcasts on 5 February 1989. Until 1998 all of SES ' satellites were co-located with Astra 1A at 19.2° East, leading that position to be known mostly as Astra 1 (later, Astra 19.2°E ). The satellite came into its position on 7 January 1989. FilmNet became
1593-422: The EU has been enlarged from 12 to 27 member states, far beyond the area originally envisaged for the "pan-European" state by Coudenhove-Kalergi (with the exception of Switzerland ), its member states accounting for a population of some 447 million, or three-fifths of the population of the entire continent. In the 1990s to 2000s, there was an active movement towards further consolidation of the European Union, with
1652-601: The Soviet Union, "Asia", Great Britain and the United States (as such explicitly excluding both the British Isles and the areas that were influenced by Byzantine Christendom , which are usually considered a part of geographical Europe, from his notion of "pan-European"). After 1948, an accelerating process of European integration culminated in the formation of the EU in 1993. In the period from 1995–2020,
1711-832: The WHSTV unit, later known as the European Television Network, from WHSmith for £50 million in 1990. Shareholders in ETN now included the American Capital Cities/ABC , Groupe Canal+ of France, and a subsidiary of Generale des Eaux . On 15 May 1991, Screensport filed with the Commission of the European Communities , alleging that the joint purchasing scheme for sporting events by Eurosport 's former owners, Sky Television and
1770-585: The WHSmith Television Group later renamed itself as WHSTV. The channel also began broadcasting on the Astra 1A satellite in February of that year, following a move of its operations from the north of England to central London , after taking full control of Molinare later that year on 17 May, which helped to operate as one channel under four different names: A consortium known as TESN bought
1829-591: The channels carried in the early years after launch were the entire four channel Sky Television (later British Sky Broadcasting , after the merger with rival British Satellite Broadcasting on the Marcopolo satellite), the services consisted of Sky Channel , Sky News , Sky Movies and Eurosport , the Scandinavian TV3 and TV1000 , the German Pro7 , Sat.1 , RTL plus , 3sat and Teleclub ,
Screensport (TV channel) - Misplaced Pages Continue
1888-425: The construction can predate the European sentiment, but the last is essential to avoid a fictional Europe, a Europe that would only be a meaningless word in which the people do not recognize themselves. This idea is backed by Jacques Delors , who wrote in 1992 that it is needed to "give Europe a soul, [...] a spirituality, a meaning" beyond the simple economic and administrative realities. Astra 1A Astra 1A
1947-489: The end of 2001, the satellite was moved from 19.2° East to serve few years at 5.2° East. On 19.2° East, the satellite was replaced by Astra 1F . Many channels, including RTL II, RTL, Eurosport, VOX, Sat.1, Kabel Eins, Super RTL and ProSieben were still broadcasting in analogue on the same frequencies in 2009. In December 2004, Astra 1A was moved into a " graveyard orbit " after some time at 5.2° East providing data services. As with all GE Astro Space manufactured satellites,
2006-405: The existing organisation through National Olympic Committees . In 2007, European Commission President Romano Prodi suggested that EU teams should carry the European flag, alongside the national flag, at the 2008 Summer Olympics – a proposal which angered eurosceptics . According to Eurobarometer surveys, only 5% of respondents think that a European Olympic team would make them feel more of
2065-457: The extent of the division over European identity are greater than that of national identity and even comparable to the magnitude of religious divide in most of countries included in the study. Moreover, it shows that outgroup derogation dominates ingroup favoritism in 22 out of 25 countries. The risk, defining a European identity, is to close up from other cultures that would not correspond to pre-defined criteria. To face this difficulty, vagueness
2124-617: The first channel on the satellite when it launched on transponder 11 on 1 February 1989. Other channels such as Sky Channel, Eurosport, Sky News and Sky Movies from Sky Television , as well as the Scandinavian TV3 (Sweden) and MTV Europe all launched in February 1989. The Children's Channel/Lifestyle and Screensport followed in March 1989. The Scandinavian pay channel TV1000 launched in August 1989. Sky Television had originally planned to launch The Disney Channel and Sky Arts on
2183-571: The individual nations of Europe that are competing against one another, but a "European identity" many argued to arise from the definition the "European" participants (often loosely defined, e.g. including Morocco, Israel and Australia in the case of the Eurovision Song Contest), and the emergence of "cultural rites" associated with these events. In the 1990s and 2000s, participation in the Eurovision Song Contest
2242-480: The introduction of symbols and institutions usually reserved for sovereign states, such as citizenship , a common currency (used by 20 out of 27 members), a flag , an anthem and a motto ( In Varietate Concordia , "United in Diversity"). An attempt to introduce a European Constitution was made in 2004, but it failed to be ratified; instead, the Treaty of Lisbon was signed in 2007 in order to salvage some of
2301-538: The largest number of native speakers (more than 100 million in Europe), English has the largest number of speakers in total, including some 200 million speakers of English as a second language . There is no final account of all European languages , but the sole EU recognizes 24 official languages. For some, the linguistic diversity is constituent of European identity. The European institutions made several concrete attempts to reinforce two things: identity contents (what
2360-477: The launch of Astra 1C in 1993, two transponders (4 and 15) were moved from Astra 1A to Astra 1C. Transponder 1 was also moved to Astra 1F after its launch, leaving 13 operational transponders on Astra 1A in the late 1990s. Between February and April 1999, transponder 10 was also moved to Astra 1F. In mid-1999, the satellite experienced a loss of power which reduced its usable payload to 6 transponders. Transponders 3, 7, 8, 11, 12 and 16 remained on Astra 1A while
2419-503: The main explanations of the Brexit vote), against 27% Luxembourgian. The 2012 Eurobarometer survey reported that 49% of those surveyed described the EU member states as "close" in terms of "shared values" (down from 54% in 2008), 42% described them as "different" (up from 34% in 2008). During these surveys, the respondents are asked which notions they spontaneously associate with the EU. Democracy , Human Rights , Freedom of movement and
Screensport (TV channel) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2478-583: The most important is the Film of the year. They are restricted to European cinema and European producers, directors, and actors. The Ryder Cup golf competition is a biennial event, originally between a British and an American team, but since 1979 admitting continental European players to form a "Team Europe". The flag of Europe was used to represent "Team Europe" since 1991, but reportedly most European participants preferred to use their own national flags. There have also been attempts to use popular culture for
2537-594: The motto " In varietate concordia ", the two Europe days . Great cultural unifying events are organised, such as the European heritage days , or the election of the Capital of Culture. The youth mobility has been encouraged since the launching of the Erasmus programme in 1987, which has permitted students to go to 33 European countries. The challenge of communication, to make the European project more understandable to
2596-542: The operation and management of the network when Bob Kennedy and ABC pulled out. By the end of that year, the station had lost £700,000 and no longer broadcast in Sweden, which resulted in a loss of 100,000 customers. On 9 April 1987, as the channel had acquired rights to cover some major events, Screensport broadcast live coverage of the US Masters golf from Augusta , and many other PGA Tour events. Grand Slam tennis
2655-604: The pension fund of the National Coal Board . Former BBC executive Aubrey Singer was a prominent board member. On 28 August 1985, the station started to expand its broadcasting area to include the Netherlands and Sweden , introducing new programmes and sports including ice speedway, Dutch ice hockey and motor sport. Coverage of English football began in the same year, screening the Area and National finals from
2714-737: The people of Europe have a distinctive set of political, economic and social norms and values that are gradually replacing national values has also been named "Europeanism" by McCormick (2010). "European values" were contrasted to non-European values in international relations, especially in the East–West dichotomy , "European values" encompassing individualism and the idea of human rights in contrast to Eastern tendencies of collectivism. However, "European values" were also viewed critically, their "darker" side not necessarily leading to more peaceful outcomes in international relations. The association of "European values" with European integration as pursued by
2773-613: The propagation of "identification with the EU" on the behalf of the EU itself. These attempts have proven controversial. In 1997, the European Commission distributed a comic strip titled The Raspberry Ice Cream War , aimed at children in schools. The EU office in London declined to distribute this in the UK, due to an expected unsympathetic reception for such views. Captain Euro , a cartoon character superhero mascot of Europe,
2832-484: The question of the objective factors or "Europeanness". An approach underlines how, for being European, a person would at least have to: Usually, four steps are considered as conditions in the building of cultural and political identity: One of the clearly stated political objectives of the European Union is the deepening of the European identity feeling. Especially in France, "the European idea" ( l'idée d'Europe )
2891-417: The reforms that had been envisaged in the constitution. A debate on the feasibility and desirability of a "pan-European identity" or "European identity" has taken place in parallel to this process of political integration. A possible future "European identity" is seen at best as one aspect of a "multifaceted identity" still involving national or regional loyalties. Two authors writing in 1998 concluded that "In
2950-413: The short term, it seems that the influence of this project [of European integration] will only influence European identity in certain limited niches and in a very modest way. It is doubtful if this will do to ensure a smooth process of ongoing European integration and successfully address the challenges of the multicultural European societies." Even at that time, the development of a common European identity
3009-490: The station aired regular and weekly British sports including speedways and stock cars . Screensport aired only recorded programming until 31 August of that year, when they showed live greyhound racing from Wembley Stadium – including the St Leger . By late 1984, WHSmith Television Group had purchased a 15% stake in the company, RCA also acquired a 10% share in the business, within other investors included Ladbrokes and
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#17327726124273068-512: The term "pan-European" as referring to this historical sense of the western and central parts of continental Europe encompassing the cultures that evolved from medieval Western Christendom (i.e. Catholic and Protestant Europe, with the exception of the British Isles) instead of the modern geographic definition of the continent of Europe . Coudenhove-Kalergi saw the pan-European state as a future "fifth great power", in explicit opposition to
3127-703: Was also covered in the shape of the US Open . NHL ice hockey, NBA and NASCAR racing were common items on the schedule during this period. During the 1987–88 football season, Screensport was the only source of weekly extended English Football League highlights for viewers in the United Kingdom. The channel signed a deal with Thames Television , who were the Football League's agent for international distribution, to transmit 34 recorded matches via cable and satellite. Thames produced its programme, called
3186-607: Was developed in the 1990s by branding strategist Nicolas De Santis to support the launch of the Euro currency. In 2014, London branding think tank, Gold Mercury International, launched the Brand EU Centre, with the purpose of solving Europe's identity crisis and creating a strong brand of Europe. In 2005, the Institut Aspen France proposed the creation of a European Olympic Team, which would break with
3245-646: Was replaced by VOX in January 1993. Soon thereafter, Screensport merged with Eurosport and its transponder was replaced by RTL2 . RTL 4 moved to Astra 1D in 1995 and was replaced by Super RTL . Teleclub was replaced by Kabel 1 during the same year. TV3 and TV1000 left Astra in 1996 and their transponders were taken over by BSkyB who used them for Fox Kids / Sky Two and Granada Plus / Granada Men & Motors . Filmnet also left in 1996, to be replaced by Bloomberg Germany in 1997. BSkyB ended their analogue service in 2001, which meant that its services closed down. By
3304-476: Was shut down permanently. It ended with a credit screen listing all the network's staff (akin to its sister channel Lifestyle 's close on 24 January of that year), before cutting to Eurosport's feed surrounded by a notice telling viewers to watch any of its frequencies. Finally on 6 March 1993 at 6.09am, Screensport's signal was shut down permanently as RTL Zwei was launched in its transponder place. Pan-European identity Pan-European identity
3363-428: Was the first satellite launched and operated by SES (Société Européenne des Satellites), launched in December 1988. During its early days, it was often referred to as the Astra Satellite , as SES only operated one satellite originally. The satellite provided 16 transponders(+6 as rescue) and television coverage to Western Europe from 1989 to 2004. Astra 1A was retired and became derelict in December 2004. Among
3422-442: Was to some extent perceived as a politically significant confirmation of nationhood and of "belonging to Europe" by the then-recently independent nations of Eastern Europe. Pan-European events not organised along national lines include the European Film Awards , presented annually since 1988 by the European Film Academy to recognize excellence in European cinematic achievements. The awards are given in over ten categories, of which
3481-411: Was viewed as rather a by-product than the main goal of the European integration process, even though it was actively promoted by both EU bodies and non-governmental initiatives, such as the Directorate-General for Education and Culture of the European Commission . With the rise of EU-scepticism and opposition to continued European integration by the early 2010s, the feasibility and desirability of such
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