75-841: The Scripps Howard Awards , formerly the National Journalism Awards , are $ 10,000 awards in American journalism given by the Scripps Howard Foundation . Awardees receive "cash prizes, citations and plaques." As of 2023, the categories are: What became the National Journalism Awards were launched in 1954 with the Ernie Pyle Award (originally supported by the Ernie Pyle Memorial Fund). The award
150-697: A broader view: The concept of multiliteracies has gained currency, particularly in English Language Arts curricula, on the grounds that reading "is interactive and informative, and occurs in ever-increasingly technological settings where information is part of spatial, audio, and visual patterns (Rhodes & Robnolt, 2009)". Objections have been raised that this concept downplays the importance of reading instruction that focuses on "alphabetic representations". However, these are not mutually exclusive , as children can become proficient in word-reading while engaging with multiliteracies. Word reading
225-476: A newspaper division and a broadcast division. Restructured to recognize newspapers only, and divided into two categories — under 100,000 and over 100,000 circulation. Circulation divisions eliminated; award discontinued after 2016. Reporter and Scripps Howard columnist Raymond Clapper died in 1944 during World War II while covering the U.S. invasion of the Marshall Islands . Following his death,
300-795: A number of awards, including those for Public Service Broadcasting (2009), Web Reporting (2009), the Raymond Clapper Award (2012), the two cartooning awards (2011 and 2012, respectively), and Commentary (2014). In 2010, the National Journalism Awards were renamed the Scripps Howard Awards . In addition, two new prizes joined the roster: Coverage of Breaking News and the Jack R. Howard Award for In-Depth Radio Coverage , later amended to "Excellence in Radio/ Podcast Coverage, honoring Jack R. Howard." In 2022,
375-729: A particular social context (even if that context is "school"), and, after print acquisition, every instance of reading or writing will be for a specific purpose and occasion with particular readers and writers in mind. Reading and writing, therefore, are never separable from social and cultural elements. A corollary point made by David Barton and Rosalind Ivanić , among others, is that the cognitive and societal effects of acquiring literacy are not easily predictable, since, as Brian Street has argued, "the ways in which people address reading and writing are themselves rooted in conceptions of knowledge, identity, and being." Consequently, as Jack Goody has documented, historically, literacy has included
450-407: A precursor to early cuneiform writing once people began recording information on clay tablets. Proto-Cuneiform texts exhibit not only numerical signs but also ideograms depicting objects being counted. Though the traditional view had been that cuneiform literacy was restricted to a class of scribes, assyriologists including Claus Wilcke and Dominique Charpin have argued that functional literacy
525-632: A resurgence as a result, and by the 15th century, paper was widespread. The Reformation stressed the importance of literacy and being able to read the Bible. The Protestant countries were the first to attain full literacy. In a more secular context, inspired by the Enlightenment , Sweden implemented programs in 1723 aimed at making the population fully literate. Other countries implemented similar measures at this time. These included Denmark in 1739, Poland in 1783, and France in 1794/5. Literacy
600-473: A wider concept and process, including the social and cultural aspects of reading and writing and functional literacy . The range of definitions of literacy used by NGOs , think tanks , and advocacy groups since the 1990s suggests that this shift in understanding from "discrete skill" to "social practice" is both ongoing and uneven. Some definitions remain fairly closely aligned with the traditional "ability to read and write" connotation, whereas others take
675-629: Is "creating informed and engaged communities through journalism education, childhood literacy, and local causes." The It is located in Cincinnati, Ohio , home to the Scripps Company. The Scripps Howard Foundation, a sister organization of the Scripps Howard Fund, supports Scripps’ charitable efforts through its endowment, key assets, and major donations. The foundation, established in 1962, started small but has grown to be
750-410: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Illiteracy Literacy is the ability to read and write. Some researchers suggest that the study of "literacy" as a concept can be divided into two periods: the period before 1950, when literacy was understood solely as alphabetical literacy (word and letter recognition); and the period after 1950, when literacy slowly began to be considered as
825-453: Is also gaining momentum. The traditional concept of literacy widened as a consensus emerged among researchers in composition studies , education research , and anthropological linguistics that it makes little sense to speak of reading or writing outside of a specific context, with linguist James Paul Gee describing it as "simply incoherent." For example, even the extremely early stages of acquiring mastery over symbol shapes take place in
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#1732793471717900-489: Is concentrated among younger people," along with increased rates among rural populations and women. This evidence indicates that illiteracy is a complex phenomenon with multiple factors impacting rates of illiteracy and the type of illiteracy one may experience. Literacy has rapidly spread in several regions in the last twenty-five years, and the United Nations's global initiative with Sustainable Development Goal 4
975-771: Is currently awarded as "Visual Human-Interest Storytelling." In 1999, a new award debuted: the Business/Economics Reporting William Brewster Styles Award , recognizing "the long-time business editor for The Cincinnati Post ." The award is currently called "Excellence in Business/Financial Reporting." The year 2000 saw two new awards join the list: Editorial Cartooning and Web Reporting ; both of which have since been discontinued. Editorial Cartooning lasted from 2000 to 2011, while Web Reporting lasted from 2000 to 2008. The period 2004–2008 saw
1050-526: Is fundamental for multiple forms of communication. Beginning in the 1940s, the term literacy has often been used to mean having knowledge or skill in a particular field, such as: Functional illiteracy relates to adults and has been defined in different ways: Functional illiteracy is distinguished from primary illiteracy (i.e., the inability to read and write a short, simple statement concerning one's own everyday life) and learning difficulties (e.g., dyslexia ). These categories have been contested—as has
1125-603: Is given annually to reporters who "most nearly exemplify the style and craftsmanship for which Ernie Pyle was known". The award was administered by the E. W. Scripps Company until the 1962 formation of the Scripps Howard Foundation . The Ernie Pyle award was later named the "Human Interest Writing Ernie Pyle Award" and is now presented as "Excellence in Narrative Human-Interest Storytelling, Honoring Ernie Pyle." In 1966, Scripps-Howard Newspapers conservation editor Edward J. Meeman died, and
1200-597: Is more consistent with an early form of Canaanite that was used c. 1100 BCE . While the earliest Greek inscriptions are dated circa 8th century BCE, epigraphical comparisons to Proto-Canaanite suggest that the Greeks may have adopted the consonantal alphabet as early as 1100 BCE and later "added in five characters to represent vowels". Phoenician, which is considered to contain the first linear alphabet, rapidly spread to Mediterranean port cities in northern Canaan. Some archeologists believe that Phoenician influenced
1275-901: The Business/Economics Reporting William Brewster Styles Award and the William Brewster Styles Award for Business/Economics Reporting . Formerly known as the Environmental Reporting Edward J. Meeman Awards . Formerly known as the First Amendment Edward Willis Scripps Award . Formerly known as Digital Innovation . Formerly known as the Jack R. Howard Award for Television/Cable In-Depth Local Coverage and then (until 2022) Excellence in Broadcast Local Coverage . In partnership with Google News Lab . From 2015 to 2019, known as
1350-631: The First Amendment Edward Willis Scripps Award was inaugurated. "Given to the editor of the winning newspaper for distribution to the individual or individuals on the staff who contributed most significantly to the cause of the First Amendment guarantee of a free press," the award is now known as "Distinguished Service to the First Amendment, honoring Edward Willis Scripps." By the end of
1425-522: The Harappa culture. Existing evidence suggests that most early acts of literacy were, in some areas (such as Egypt), closely tied to power and chiefly used for management practices, and probably less than 1% of the population was literate, as it was confined to a very small group. Scholarship by others, such as Dominique Charpin and a project from the European Union , however, suggest that this
1500-814: The Investigative Reporting Ursula and Gilbert Farfel Prize . Officially known as the Walker Stone Award for Opinion Writing ; formerly known as the Editorial Writing Walker Stone Award . "The visual documenting of some of the year’s most complex issues and events." From 1997 to 2016 known as the award for Excellence in Photojournalism , and from 2017 to 2022 as Excellence in Visual Journalism . From 2015 to 2019, known as
1575-612: The Jack R. Howard Award for Television/Cable In-Depth National and International Coverage (currently known as the award for "National/International Video Storytelling, honoring Jack R. Howard"). Also debuting in 2016 (in partnership with the Google News Lab ) was the Scripps Howard Award for Community Journalism (now known as the award for "Local/Regional Investigative Reporting"). The final new award to debut in 2016
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#17327934717171650-453: The National Journalism Awards , are $ 10,000 awards (in 17 categories in 2022) in American journalism given by the foundation. From 1980 to 2010, the foundation annually awarded the "College Cartoonist Charles M. Schulz Award" to a student drawing cartoons for their college newspaper. In 1997 the Award was for $ 2,000. In the 2000s it was for $ 10,000. This journalism -related article
1725-878: The Roy W. Howard Archive at the Indiana University School of Journalism in 1983. Additionally, it established the Scripps Howard School of Journalism and Communications at Hampton University in Virginia. In 2018, the foundation established the Howard Center for Investigative Journalism at the University of Maryland Philip Merrill College of Journalism and Arizona State University Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication . The Scripps Howard Awards, formerly
1800-694: The Scripps Howard Award for Community Journalism . Formerly known as the Jack R. Howard Award for Television/Cable In-Depth National and International Coverage and then (until 2022) Excellence in Broadcast National/International Coverage . Formerly known as the Human Interest Writing Ernie Pyle Award and (until 2022) Excellence in Human Interest Storytelling, honoring Ernie Pyle . Formerly known as
1875-890: The Topic of the Year Award . Officially known as the Charles E. Scripps Journalism and Mass Communication Teacher of the Year Award ; formerly known as the Journalism Teacher of the Year Charles E. Scripps Award . Awarded in partnership with the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC). Officially known as the Charles E. Scripps Journalism and Mass Communication Administrator of
1950-441: The ancient Semitic-speaking peoples of northern Canaan invented the consonantal alphabet as early as 1500 BCE. Much of this theory's development is credited to English archeologist Flinders Petrie , who, in 1905, came across a series of Canaanite inscriptions in the turquoise mines of Serabit el-Khadem . Ten years later, English Egyptologist Alan Gardiner reasoned that these letters contain an alphabet as well as references to
2025-574: The 1970s, the Scripps Howard Foundation was presenting a total of five annual journalism awards. In 1980, Scripps Howard added the College Cartoonist Charles M. Schulz Award , which was "funded by United Features Syndicate ... to honor Charles M. Schulz on the 30th anniversary of his comic strip, Peanuts ;" Schulz himself served as a judge in the award's early years. After being presented for 30 years,
2100-578: The 4th and 5th centuries, the Church made efforts to ensure a better clergy, especially the bishops, who were expected to have a classical education—the hallmark of a socially acceptable person in higher society. Even after the remnants of the Western Roman Empire fell in the 470s, literacy continued to be a distinguishing mark of the elite, as communication skills were still important in political and church life (bishops were largely drawn from
2175-468: The Apostles' epistles or some other part of Scripture. And if he is illiterate he shall go at the first, third and sixth hours to someone who can teach and has been appointed for him. He shall stand before him and learn very studiously and with all gratitude. The fundamentals of a syllable, the verbs and nouns shall all be written for him and even if he does not want to he shall be compelled to read. During
2250-551: The Broadcast Awards did away with the market categories, reducing the prizes awarded each year to two. After 2008, the public service programming award was restructured/eliminated. In 1987, the Scripps Howard Foundation , in commemoration of its 25th anniversary, officially dubbed the awards the National Journalism Awards and distributed them at a banquet held in April. The total amount of cash prizes and plaques given out
2325-467: The Canaanite goddess Asherah . In 1948, William F. Albright deciphered the text using new evidence, including a series of inscriptions from Ugarit . Discovered in 1929 by French archaeologist Claude F. A. Schaeffer , some of these inscriptions were mythological texts (written in an early Canaanite dialect) that consisted of a 30-letter cuneiform consonantal alphabet. Another significant discovery
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2400-604: The Hebrew and Aramaic alphabets, as these languages evolved during the same time period, share similar features, and are commonly categorized into the same language group. When the Israelites migrated to Canaan between 1200 and 1000 BCE, they adopted a variation of the Canaanite alphabet. Baruch ben Neriah , Jeremiah's scribe, used this alphabet to create the later scripts of the Old Testament . The early Hebrew alphabet
2475-763: The Kingdom of Nabataea, then to the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas, eventually making its way to Africa; and east, where it later influenced the development of the Brahmi script in India. Over the next few centuries, Imperial Aramaic script in Persia evolved into Pahlavi , "as well as for a range of alphabets used by early Turkish and Mongol tribes in Siberia , Mongolia and Turkestan ". During this period, literacy spread among
2550-731: The Late Bronze Age , successor alphabets appeared throughout the Mediterranean region and were used in Phoenician , Hebrew , and Aramaic . According to Goody, these cuneiform scripts may have influenced the development of the Greek alphabet several centuries later. Historically, the Greeks contended that their writing system was modeled after the Phoenicians. However, many Semitic scholars now believe that Ancient Greek
2625-625: The National Journalism Awards. Under Scripps Howard, the Washington Reporting Raymond Clapper Award was presented from 2004 to 2011, at which point it was discontinued. Discontinued after 2008. Scripps Howard Foundation The Scripps Howard Fund is a public charity that supports philanthropic causes important to the E. W. Scripps Company , an American media conglomerate which owns television stations, cable television networks, and other media outlets. The Fund's mission, according to its website,
2700-787: The Pacific , as well as Latin America and the Caribbean , have adult literacy rates over 90%. In other regions, illiteracy persists at higher rates; as of 2013, the adult literacy rate in South Asia and North Africa was 67.55% and 59.76% in Sub-Saharan Africa . In much of the world, high youth literacy rates suggest that illiteracy will become less common as more educated younger generations replace less educated older ones. However, in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where
2775-768: The Raymond Clapper Memorial Association was incorporated on March 10, 1944, in Washington, D.C. "to perpetuate the memory of Clapper" through the Raymond Clapper Memorial Award , which was presented annually "to a journalist or team for distinguished Washington reporting." The White House Correspondents' Association , and sometimes the American Society of Newspaper Editors , distributed the Raymond Clapper Award from 1944 to 2003, at which point it passed to
2850-456: The Ursula and Gilbert Farfel Prize"). In 2005, Scripps-Howard took over the administration of the Raymond Clapper Memorial Award , which had previously been given at the annual White House Correspondents' Association dinner. Renaming it the Washington Reporting Raymond Clapper Award , the prize was presented through 2011, when it was discontinued. The period 2009–2012 saw the elimination of
2925-688: The Year Award ; formerly known as the Journalism Administrator of the Year Charles E. Scripps Award . Awarded in partnership with the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC). In 1997 the Award included a $ 2,000 prize. In the 2000s, the prize was $ 10,000. Discontinued after 2011. Restructured in 2009. Became known as Electronic Media — Television/Cable in 1991. Restructured in 2009. Originally separated into Broadcast and Newspaper divisions. Reorganized in 1997 to honor an individual and an organization (not necessarily related). Originally divided into
3000-468: The actions and judgments of government officials. Indus script is largely pictorial and has not yet been deciphered; as such, it is unknown whether it includes abstract signs. It is thought that they wrote from right to left and that the script is logographic . Because it has not been deciphered, linguists disagree on whether it is a complete and independent writing system; however, it is generally thought to be an independent writing system that emerged in
3075-566: The addition of five new categories of awards (and the retirement of one, the Literacy Award). In 2004, in partnership with the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication , two new categories joined the roster: Teacher of the Year and Administrator of the Year . Also joining the list in 2004 was the Investigative Reporting Ursula and Gilbert Farfel Prize (now given as the "National/International Investigative Reporting,
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3150-429: The ancient Sumerians invented writing . During this era, literacy was "a largely functional matter, propelled by the need to manage the new quantities of information and the new type of governance created by trade and large scale production". Early writing systems first emerged as a recording system in which people used tokens with impressed markings to manage trade and agricultural production. The token system served as
3225-473: The award was discontinued in 2011 "due to the lack of entries to merit its continuance." In 1985, the Jack R. Howard Broadcast Awards for Public Service Programming began being represented. A broadcasting award, it was divided into radio and television , with each format broken into two sub-categories — large market and small market; so, four new awards. In 1991, the TV division was renamed "TV/Cable" and in 2004,
3300-684: The award was renamed "Excellence in Audio Storytelling, honoring Jack R. Howard". In the period 2013–2017, eight new prizes joined the Scripps Howard Awards roster. First was the Digital Innovation award, now known as "Innovation, honoring Roy W. Howard." 2016 saw four new awards, including two for video storytelling: the Jack R. Howard Award for Television/Cable In-Depth Local Coverage (currently known as "Local Video Storytelling, honoring Jack. R. Howard") and
3375-567: The award was renamed as "Excellence in Environmental Reporting, honoring Edward W. 'Ted' Scripps II." In the 1970s, three more awards became part of the roster of journalism prizes. First, in 1972, was the Public Service Reporting Award , honoring long-time Scripps executive Roy W. Howard . The public service award was originally divided into a newspaper division and a broadcast division. In 1986,
3450-481: The award was restructured to recognize newspapers only, and divided into two categories — under 100,000 and over 100,000 circulation. In 2004, the circulation divisions were eliminated altogether; the award was discontinued after 2016. In 1974, the Editorial Writing Walker Stone Award , joined the list. Currently known as the "Walker Stone Award for Opinion Writing," it was named in honor of Walker Stone (1905–1973), editor-in-chief of Scripps-Howard Newspapers. In 1977,
3525-648: The benefits of literacy, some recent literature in economics, starting with the work of Kaushik Basu and James Foster, distinguishes between a "proximate illiterate" and an "isolated illiterate". A "proximate illiterate" lives in a household with literate members, while an "isolated illiterate" lives in a household where everyone is illiterate. Isolated illiteracy is more common among older populations in wealthier nations, where people are less likely to live in multigenerational households with potentially literate relatives. A 2018/2019 UNESCO report noted that "conversely, in low and lower middle income countries, isolated illiteracy
3600-508: The book and the register" and that "no one, either free or slave, could afford to be illiterate". Similarly, Dupont points out, "The written word was all around them, in both public and private life: laws, calendars, regulations at shrines, and funeral epitaphs were engraved in stone or bronze. The Republic amassed huge archives of reports on every aspect of public life." The imperial civilian administration produced masses of documentation used in judicial, fiscal, and administrative matters, as did
3675-717: The common people, both in town and country, are equally intense in their admiration. Frequently, have we seen the butcher-boy, with his tray on his shoulder, reading with the greatest avidity the last "Pickwick"; the footman (whose fopperies are so inimitably laid bare), the maidservant, the chimney sweep, all classes, in fact, read "Boz". From the mid-19th century onward, the Second Industrial Revolution saw technological improvements in paper production. The new distribution networks, enabled by improved roads and rail, resulted in an increased capacity to supply printed material. Social and educational changes increased
3750-416: The company created the Edward J. Meeman Foundation to support journalism and conservation through grants and awards. Beginning in 1968, the Edward J. Meeman Environmental Reporting Award became the second annual award given by Scripps-Howard. Previous winners of the environmental reporting award include Ken Ward Jr. , Sam Roe , Bruce Ingersoll , James V. Risser , Larry Tye , and Craig Flournoy . In 2022,
3825-466: The competition of the world. In the late 19th century, gas and electric lighting were becoming more common in private homes, replacing candlelight and oil lamps, enabling reading after dark and increasing the appeal of literacy. Data published by UNESCO shows that the worldwide literacy rate among adults has increased, on average, by 5 percentage points every decade since 1950, from 55.7% in 1950 to 86.2% in 2015. Due to rapid population growth , while
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#17327934717173900-455: The concept of "illiteracy" itself—for being predicated on narrow assumptions, primarily derived from school-based contexts, about what counts as reading and writing (e.g., comprehending and following instructions). Script is thought to have developed independently at least five times in human history: in Mesopotamia , Egypt , the Indus civilization , lowland Mesoamerica , and China . Between 3500 BCE and 3000 BCE, in southern Mesopotamia,
3975-468: The demand for reading matter, as rising literacy rates, particularly among the middle and working classes, created a new mass market for printed material. Wider schooling helped increase literacy rates, which in turn helped lower the cost of publication. Unskilled labor forces were common in Western Europe, and, as British industry improved, more engineers and skilled workers who could handle technical instructions and complex situations were needed. Literacy
4050-527: The elite. These oracle-bone inscriptions were the early ancestors of modern Chinese script and contained logosyllabic script and numerals. By the time of the consolidation of the Chinese Empire during the Qin and Han dynasties ( c. 200 BCE ), written documents were central to the formation and policing of a hierarchical bureaucratic governance structure reinforced through law. Within this legal order, written records kept track of and controlled citizen movements, created records of misdeeds, and documented
4125-406: The first alphabetic system ( c. 750 BCE ) that used distinctive signs for consonants and vowels. Goody contests: The importance of Greek culture of the subsequent history of Western Europe has led to an over-emphasis, by classicists and others, on the addition of specific vowel signs to the set of consonantal ones that had been developed earlier in Western Asia. Many scholars argue that
4200-434: The lack of a suitable writing medium, as when the Western Roman Empire collapsed, the import of papyrus to Europe ceased. Since papyrus perishes easily and does not last well in the wetter European climate, parchment was used, which was expensive and accessible only by the church and the wealthy. Paper was introduced into Europe via Spain in the 11th century and spread north slowly over the next four centuries. Literacy saw
4275-700: The largest corporate foundation in the Greater Cincinnati area. Its annual budget has grown from $ 100,000 in 1971 to more than $ 100 million. It also manages the Greater Cincinnati Fund and presents the annual Scripps Howard Awards , awarding $ 160,000 for 17 prizes for the 2020 awards given in 2021. Between the Fund and the Foundation, in 2021, Scripps gave away more than $ 6 million: "$ 1 million ... to childhood literacy , $ 3.1 million ... to journalism and First Amendment causes, and ... $ 2 million ... to nonprofits nationwide that were recommended by Scripps television stations and their audiences." The Scripps Howard Foundation, along with Roy Howard's children, established
4350-420: The merchant classes, and 15-20% of the total population may have been literate. The Aramaic language declined with the spread of Islam , which was accompanied by the spread of Arabic . Until recently, it was thought that the majority of people were illiterate in the classical world, though recent work challenges this perception. Anthony DiRenzo asserts that Roman society was "a civilization based on
4425-423: The municipalities. The army kept extensive records relating to supply and duty rosters and submitted reports. Merchants, shippers, and landowners (and their personal staffs), especially of the larger enterprises, must have been literate. In the late fourth century, the Desert Father Pachomius would expect the literacy of a candidate for admission to his monasteries: They shall give him twenty Psalms or two of
4500-696: The percentage of adults who were illiterate decreased, the actual number of illiterate adults increased from 700 million in 1950 to 878 million in 1990, before starting to decrease and falling to 745 million by 2015. The number of illiterate adults remains higher than in 1950, "despite decades of universal education policies, literacy interventions and the spread of print material and information and communications technology (ICT)". Available global data indicates significant variations in literacy rates between world regions. North America, Europe, West Asia , and Central Asia have almost achieved full literacy for men and women aged 15 or older. Most countries in East Asia and
4575-427: The senatorial class) in a new cultural synthesis that made "Christianity the Roman religion". However, these skills were less needed in the absence of a large imperial administrative apparatus whose middle and top echelons were dominated by the elite. Even so, in pre-modern times, it is unlikely that literacy was found in more than about 30–40% of the population. During the Dark Ages , the highest percentage of literacy
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#17327934717174650-476: The seventh century BCE. In the Near East , it was common to record events on clay using the cuneiform script; however, writing Aramaic on leather parchments became common during the Neo-Assyrian empire. With the rise of the Persians in the 5th century BCE, Achaemenid rulers adopted Aramaic as the "diplomatic language". Darius the Great standardized Aramaic, which became the Imperial Aramaic script. This Imperial Aramaic alphabet rapidly spread: west, to
4725-413: The transformation of social systems that rely on literacy and the changing uses of literacy within those evolving systems. According to 2015 data collected by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics , about two-thirds (63%) of the world's illiterate adults are women. This disparity was even starker in previous decades, and from 1970 to 2000, the global gender gap in literacy decreased significantly. Around
4800-418: The vast majority of the world's illiterate youth live, lower school enrollment implies that illiteracy will persist to a greater degree. According to 2013 data, the youth literacy rate (ages 15 to 24) is 84% in South Asia and North Africa and 70% in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the distinction between literacy and illiteracy is not clear-cut. Given that having a literate person in the household confers many of
4875-453: Was discontinued after 2003. In 1998–1999, Scripps Howard added five new categories to the National Journalism Awards (three of which have since been discontinued). First, the Commentary award lasted from 1998 to 2014; while the award for Excellence in Photojournalism , also launched in 1998, was renamed in 2017 as "Excellence in Visual Journalism" ("the visual documenting of some of the year’s most complex issues and events"). As of 2022, it
4950-522: Was essential to be hired. A senior government official told Parliament in 1870: Upon the speedy provision of elementary education depends our industrial prosperity. It is of no use trying to give technical teaching to our citizens without elementary education; uneducated labourers—and many of our labourers are utterly uneducated—are, for the most part, unskilled labourers, and if we leave our work–folk any longer unskilled, notwithstanding their strong sinews and determined energy, they will become overmatched in
5025-450: Was first used by the Olmec and Zapotec civilizations in 900–400 BCE. These civilizations used glyphic writing and bar-and-dot numerical notation systems for purposes related to royal iconography and calendar systems. The earliest written notations in China date back to the Shang dynasty in 1200 BCE. These systematic notations, inscribed on bones, recorded sacrifices made, tributes received, and animals hunted, which were activities of
5100-415: Was found among the clergy and monks, as they made up much of the staff needed to administer the states of western Europe. An abundance of graffiti written in the Nabataean script dating back to the beginning of the first millennium CE has been taken to imply a relatively high degree of literacy among the general population in the ancient Arabic-speaking world. Post-Antiquity illiteracy was made worse by
5175-542: Was made in 1953 when three arrowheads were uncovered, each containing identical Canaanite inscriptions from 12th century BCE. According to Frank Moore Cross , these inscriptions consisted of alphabetic signs that originated during the transitional development from pictographic script to a linear alphabet. Moreover, he asserts, "These inscriptions also provided clues to extend the decipherment of earlier and later alphabetic texts". The Canaanite script's consonantal system inspired alphabetical developments in later systems. During
5250-416: Was not the case in all ancient societies: both Charpin and the EU's emerging scholarship suggest that writing and literacy were far more widespread in Mesopotamia than scholars previously thought. According to social anthropologist Jack Goody , there are two interpretations regarding the origin of the alphabet. Many classical scholars, such as historian Ignace Gelb , credit the Ancient Greeks for creating
5325-416: Was prominent in the Mediterranean region until Neo-Babylonian rulers exiled the Jews to Babylon in the 6th century BCE. It was then that the new script ( Square Hebrew ) emerged, and the older one rapidly died out. The Aramaic alphabet also emerged sometime between 1200 and 1000 BCE. Although early examples are scarce, archeologists have uncovered a wide range of later Aramaic texts, written as early as
5400-581: Was somewhat widespread by the Old Babylonian period. Nonetheless, professional scribes became central to law, finances, accounting, government, administration, medicine, magic, divination, literature, and prayers. Egyptian hieroglyphs emerged between 3300 BCE and 3100 BCE; the iconography emphasized power among royals and other elites. The Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system was the first notation system to have phonetic values; these symbols are called phonograms . Writing in lowland Mesoamerica
5475-491: Was the Topic of the Year Award ; now known as the "Impact Award", the "winner is deemed to have had the greatest impact from the list." The newest award category in the Scripps Howard Awards is Multimedia Journalism , which debuted in 2018. Formerly known as the Jack R. Howard Award for In-Depth Radio Coverage and then Excellence in Radio/Podcast Coverage, honoring Jack R. Howard . Formerly known as
5550-676: Was well established in early 18th century England, when books geared towards children became far more common. Near the end of the century, as many as 50 were printed every year in major cities around England. In the 19th century, reading would become even more common in the United Kingdom. Public notes, broadsides, handbills, catchpennies and printed songs would have been usual street literature before newspapers became common. Other forms of popular reading material included advertising for events, theaters, and goods for sale. In his 1836/1837 Pickwick Papers Charles Dickens's said that: even
5625-481: Was worth $ 41,000. That same year, the Literacy Charles E. Scripps Award , began being presented, given "to any daily broadcast and/or newspaper or local cable system in the U.S. or its territories for most outstanding effort ... to overcome illiteracy in its community." The separate awards for broadcast and newspaper outlets were abandoned in 1997 (reducing two prizes to one), and the literacy award itself
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