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35-665: The ancestral homes of many Setos can be found to the south of Lake Peipus , in the Setomaa region. After 1991 however, this territory was divided between the newly independent Estonia ( Põlva and Võro counties) and the north-western sections of the Russian Federation ( Pechorsky District of Pskov Oblast ). The definitive origin of the Seto people is unknown to researchers, only that they first emerged in Setomaa around

70-412: A connection with peipo or peippu 'chaffinch' (or other songbird) or Votic põippõ 'chicken', Lauri Kettunen suggested derivation from a personal name, and Rufʹ Aleksandrovna Ageeva  [ ru ] suggested a Baltic etymology, comparing it to Latvian piepe and Lithuanian pepis 'moisture, mold'. The Russian name Chudskoye ozero (Чудское озеро) means 'Chud Lake' (i.e., 'Estonian Lake');

105-811: A length of 930 metres (3,050 ft) and a maximum height of 8 metres (26 ft), as well as several caves and one of the largest colonies of swallows in Estonia. Mikitam%C3%A4e Parish Mikitamäe Parish ( Estonian : Mikitamäe vald ) was a rural municipality of Estonia , in Põlva County . It had a population of 998 (as of 1 January 2009) and an area of 104.41 km². Audjassaare - Beresje - Igrise - Järvepää - Kahkva - Karisilla - Laossina - Lüübnitsa - Mikitamäe - Niitsiku - Puugnitsa - Rääsolaane - Rõsna - Selise - Toomasmäe - Usinitsa - Varesmäe - Võõpsu The Estonian stage actress and singer Olli Ungvere (1906–1991)

140-476: Is home to perch , pike-perch , bream , roaches , whitefishes , smelt and other species of fish. The wetlands of the coastal strip of the lake are important resting and feeding grounds for swans, geese and ducks migrating between the White Sea and Baltic Sea and western Europe. Lake Peipus is one of the main stopovers for Bewick's swan ( Cygnus columbianus ). The swans leave their breeding grounds in

175-765: Is remarkable in that it was mostly fought on the frozen surface of the lake and is therefore called the Battle on the Ice . The largest city on the lake, Pskov , is also one of the oldest cities in Russia, known from at least 903 AD from a record in the Primary Chronicle of the Laurentian Codex . The city had a certain measure of independence even though it was dominated by its neighbours - Novgorod , Lithuania and Muscovy - and eventually incorporated in

210-715: Is the fifth-largest in Europe after Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega (in Russia), Lake Vänern (in Sweden ), and Lake Saimaa (in Finland ). The lake is a remnant of water regularly collecting at the foot of large, perennial arctic ice sheets during recent ice ages . It covers 3,555 km (1,373 sq mi), and it has an average depth of 7.1 m (23 ft), the deepest point being 15 m (49 ft). The lake has several islands and consists of three parts: The lake

245-634: Is used for fishing and recreation, but suffered from environmental degradation from Soviet -era agriculture. Some 30 rivers and streams discharge into Lake Peipus, the two largest of which are the Velikaya and Emajõgi . The lake drains into the Gulf of Finland via the Narva River. On 5 April 1242, the frozen lake was the site of the Battle on the Ice (also known as the Battle of Lake Peipus) between

280-765: The Piusa River . This was an area that was an intersection between the Finnic peoples and the Balts . During the 13th century, the majority of Estonians along the coasts were converted to Catholicism during the Livonian Crusade led by the Teutonic Order . During this time, the majority of Setos lived under the Novgorod Republic and remained followers of their native Finnic religion . Over

315-739: The Republic of Estonia was restored in the borders of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991, and a national border was established soon afterwards. In 2009, the Setos' polyphonic style of folk singing, called leelo , was added to the UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage . Seto leelo is usually performed by women, dressed in traditional clothing. During the Seto Kingdom Day celebration,

350-479: The Russian Arctic 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) away and the lake is the first stop for many. Bewick's rarely fly more than 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi) without fueling so they are near to the limits of their endurance when they reach the lake. The ecological condition of the lake basin is, in general, satisfactory – water is mostly of grades I and II (clean), and is of grade III in some rivers due to

385-488: The Russian state. Several historical buildings remain in the city, including Mirozhsky Monastery (1156, which contains famous frescoes of 14–17th centuries), Pskov Kremlin (14–17th centuries) with the five-domed Trinity Cathedral (1682–1699), churches of Ivanovo (until 1243), Snetogorsky Monastery (13th century), Church of Basil (1413), Church of Cosmas and Damian (1462), Church of St. George (1494) and others. Gdov

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420-491: The Seto peoples. Since medieval times the monastery has owned much of the land and the Seto Churches in the region leading many Seto peasants to view the monastery as the economic and theological center of their community. In 1920 with the independence of the Republic of Estonia from Soviet Russia , the border was drawn to include the monastery on the Estonia side. This prevented it from being desecrated or demolished by

455-476: The Setos blossomed in the early 20th century when many national societies were organized. In 1905, the number of Setos reached its peak. After the proclamation of independence of Estonia, the authorities adopted a policy of Estonification of its population, which eventually led to decline of the Setos as a distinctive community within Estonia. In Russia, due to the influence of Estonian language schools, high rates of inter-community marriages, and emigration to Estonia,

490-695: The Soviet forces during the anti-religious campaign from 1921-1928. Following the occupation by the German and Soviet forces from 1940-1991, the restoration of Estonian independence led the border to be moved, dividing the ancestral Seto lands and placing the monastery on side of the Russian Federation. With the revival of Seto culture following the fall of the Soviet Union, elements of the pre-Christian religion that were preserved in private during

525-421: The armies of the Novgorod Republic and the Teutonic Order . The origin of the name Peipus ( Estonian : Peipsi ) is uncertain, although it may be paralleled by Lake Peipiä ( Russian : Копанское озеро ) and the village of Peipiä ( Russian : Пейпия ) along its shore, and by Peipozero ( Russian : Пейпозеро ) near Onega Bay . Paul Ariste suggested a pre-Finnic origin of the name, Julius Mägiste suggested

560-553: The bigger Seto villages. The office is largely ceremonial and has been held by local activists, politicians, entrepreneurs and scholars. The tradition was initiated by Paul Hagu  [ Wikidata ] , an ethnic Seto and a researcher of Seto folk songs and traditional vocal polyphony ( leelo ) at the University of Tartu . The Pskovo-Pechersky Monastery in Petseri has been an important religious and communal center for

595-426: The center of Pihkva Lake there is a group of Talabski Islands (Talabsk, Talabenets and Verkhniy). The lake hosts 54 species of coastal aquatic flora, including cane , calamus ( Acorus calamus ), bulrush , grass rush , lesser bulrush ( Typha angustifolia ) and water parsnip ( Sium latifolium ). Floating plants are rare and are of only three types: arrowhead , yellow water-lily and water knotweed . The lake

630-612: The communes of Mikitämäe , Värska , Meremäe and Misso ) publishes the newspaper Setomaa , partly in the Seto language , partly in Estonian . Also, every year, the Seto choose a steward of King Peko ( sootska or ülebtsootska ) for the so-called Kingdom of Setomaa at the annual celebration of the Day of the Kingdom ( Seto Kuningriigi päiv ), a local festival that rotates among

665-478: The delta of the Velikaya River. The islands are low wetlands, elevated above the lake surface on average by only 1–2 metres (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) (maximum 4.5 metres (15 ft)) and therefore suffer from floods. The largest islands are Kolpina (area 11 km ) in the south, Piirissaar (area 7.39 km (2.85 sq mi) in the center, and Kamenka (area 6 km ). In

700-484: The ethnonym Chud ( чудь ) referred to various Finnic peoples in what is now Estonia, Karelia, and northwestern Russia. The lake is a remnant of a larger body of water that existed in this area during a former ice age . In the Paleozoic Era, 300 to 400 million years ago, the entire territory of the modern Gulf of Finland was covered by a sea. Its modern relief was formed as a result of glacier activities,

735-433: The high content of phosphorus . The water condition of the rivers has improved since 2001–2007, but there is an increase in population of blue-green algae . The main problem of Lake Peipus is its eutrophication . The towns standing on the banks are relatively small and include Mustvee (population 1,610), Kallaste (population 1,260) and Gdov (population 4,400). The largest city, Pskov (population 202,000) stands on

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770-422: The historically Seto regions. This resulted in two distinct communities of Setos to emerge according to research conducted by Pille Runnel, the first being the Seto who had migrated away from Setomaa and had to recreate a communal and religious identity. The second group being the Seto people who continued to live in older communities in Setomaa. In 1920, with the peace treaty of Tartu , the area Setomaa (Setoland)

805-552: The lake. The largest are Velikaya and Emajõgi ; smaller rivers include Zadubka, Cherma, Gdovka , Kuna, Torokhovka, Remda, Rovya, Zhelcha , Chernaya, Lipenka, Startseva, Borovka, Abija, Obdeh, Piusa , Võhandu , Kodza, Kargaya, Omedu, Tagajõgi and Alajõgi. The lake is drained by only one river, the Narva , into the Baltic Sea . The lake contains 29 islands, with a total area of 25.8 km , with 40 more islands located within

840-505: The last of which, the Weichselian glaciation , ended about 12,000 years ago. The banks of Lake Peipus have smooth contours and form only one large bay: Raskopelsky Bay. The low shores of the lake mostly consist of peat and are bordered by vast lowland and marshes , which are flooded in the spring, with the flooding area reaching up to 1,000 km (390 sq mi). There are sand dunes and hills covered with pine forests. Along

875-506: The local community. Based on 56 samples, the most common mtDNA haplogroup for Setos is H , as 42.9 percent of them belong to it. 33.9 percent of Setos have the haplogroup U , and its most frequently found subclade is U5 . Less common mtDNA haplogroups include J , T and V . Lake Peipus Lake Peipus is the largest trans-boundary lake in Europe , lying on the international border between Estonia and Russia . The lake

910-436: The next two hundred years, the Setos were converted to Orthodox Christianity due to the influence from the neighboring Slavic states, but incorporated elements of their earlier pre-Christian religion. An early prevailing belief of the origin of the Seto community was that they were ethnic Estonians who had migrated east and adopted Orthodox Christianity under the influence of the Novgorod Republic . The cultural development of

945-491: The number of self-identifying Setos decreased as well. Setos are an officially protected ethnic minority in the Russian Pskov Oblast , and a linguistic minority within Estonia. In 2002, at the sixth Seto Congress the Setos declared their intent to identify as a separate people group. In a 2011 census, it was discovered that nearly two-thirds of the nearly 12,500 Seto speaking population in Estonia lived outside

980-480: The periods of Christianization and Sovietization began to reemerge. Since 2007, Jumalamägi, God's Hill, an ancient sacred grove that was dedicated to the God-King Peko , who would carry spirits to the afterlife in his horse wagon, has again become a center of communal activity. Recently, a sculpture by local sculptor R. Veeber was erected on the hill and has become an important location for offers to Peko by

1015-483: The river Velikaya , 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the lake. Ship navigation is well developed and serves fishery, transport of goods and passengers and tourist tours. The picturesque shores of the lake are a popular destination for tourism and recreation at several tourist camps and sanatoriums. In 1242, the southern part of Lake Peipus hosted a major historical battle where Teutonic Knights were defeated by Novgorod troops led by Alexander Nevsky . The battle

1050-493: The sandy shores, there is a 200–300 metres (660–980 ft) wide stretch of shallow waters. The relief of the bottom is uniform and flat, gradually rising near the shores and covered with silt , and in some places with sand. The deepest point of 15.3 metres (50 ft) is located in the Teploe Lake, 300 metres (980 ft) from the coast. The lake is well-flowing, with the annual inflow of water equal to about half of

1085-529: The shallow depth, the lake quickly warms and cools. Water temperature reaches 25–26 °C (77–79 °F) in July. The lakes freeze in late November – early December and thaw in late April – early May, first lakes Teploe and Pihkva and then lake Peipus. However, due to recent climatic changes, Lake Peipus has now commonly started to freeze later into December and thaw much earlier in April. About 30 rivers flow into

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1120-403: The total water volume. The lake water is fresh, with a low transparency of about 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) due to plankton and suspended sediments caused by the river flow. Water currents are weak 5–9 cm/s (2.0–3.5 in/s); generally induced by wind, so stop when it ceases. However, during the spring flood, there is a constant surface current from north to south. Because of

1155-507: The winning lead singer of a leelo group is awarded the title Mother of Song. The Seto Congress, a body comprising representatives of Seto villages and organizations, is regularly convened every three years and elects a permanent Council of Elders. The Society for Seto Congress was a member of the European Bureau for Lesser-Used Languages . The Setomaa federation of municipalities in Estonia ( Setomaa Valdade Liit , comprising

1190-665: Was ceded to the newly created Republic of Estonia and it was included into Petseri County . As a result of World War II , the Republic of Estonia was forcibly annexed by the Soviet Union . And on August 15, 1944, the border between the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic was revised by Moscow authorities to what it is now. The issue became topical as

1225-525: Was founded in 1431 as a fortress and became a city in 1780; the only remains of the historical Gdov Kremlin are three fortress walls. Kallaste was founded in the 18th century by the Old Believers who had fled from the Novgorod area, and there is still a functional Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church in the town. Near Kallaste, there is one of the largest surfacings of Devonian sandstone with

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