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42-431: At the start of the game, balls one through seven are racked in a hexagonal configuration, with the 1-ball placed at the rack's apex , centered over the table's foot spot , the 7-ball placed at the rack's center, and all other balls placed clockwise (see photo top right) . Immediately following the break shot , the opponent must elect three pockets along one of the table's long rails , and

84-466: A foul , added one point to the opponent's total; the shooter conceded two points if their own ball went into a pocket after striking the opponent's ball; and the player conceded three points if the cue ball was pocketed without even hitting the opponent's ball. These rules continued to exist in English billiards until 1983, when a standard of two points for all fouls was introduced. By contrast, in

126-407: A lag , where both simultaneously hit a cue ball up the table, bouncing it off the top cushion so that it returns to baulk (the first quarter-length of the table). The player who gets their ball closer to the baulk cushion can now choose which cue ball they want to use during the game and to break or let the opponent break. The red ball is placed on the spot at the top of

168-404: A ball at one end of the table and get the ball to come to rest nearest the opposite cushion without lying against it earned the right to shoot for points first. This is the origin of the modern custom of " stringing " (or " lagging "). A player who pocketed the opponent's ball scored two points, as is still the case in modern billiards. A player missing the opponent's ball, considered

210-584: A ball other than one from their set from the snookered position (although the black may not be potted), with the loss of the first shot. In addition, some variations of the game allow the player to pot one of the opposition's balls, on the first visit only, without the loss of a "free shot". Also (rarely) high-run , hi-run , highrun , etc. Also littles , little ones , little balls . Main article: Cue sports techniques § Massé shot Also matchplay , match-play . English billiards English billiards , called simply billiards in

252-400: A game popular in various countries of western Continental Europe , especially France, and in many parts of Asia and South America. In the 1700s, the carom game added a red object ball to the two white cue balls, and dispensed with the pockets. This ball was adopted into the English game, which retained the pockets, and the goal was to cannon off both the red and the opponent's ball on

294-431: A host of games played on a table with six pockets; and snooker , played on a large pocket table, and which has a sport culture unto itself distinct from pool. There are also games such as English billiards that include aspects of multiple disciplines. The term billiards is sometimes used to refer to all of the cue sports, to a specific class of them, or to specific ones such as English billiards; this article uses

336-422: A particular game's rules for which a set penalty is imposed. In many pool games the penalty for a foul is ball-in-hand anywhere on the table for the opponent. In some games such as straight pool, a foul results in a loss of one or more points. In one-pocket, in which a set number of balls must be made in a specific pocket, upon a foul the player must return a ball to the table. In some games, three successive fouls in

378-449: A row is a loss of game. In straight pool, a third successive foul results in a loss of 16 points (15 plus one for the foul). Possible foul situations (non-exhaustive): Also free shot . A situation where a player has fouled , leaving the opponent snookered . In UK eight-ball this would normally give the opponent the option of one of two plays: (1) ball-in-hand with two shots ; (2) being allowed to contact, or even pot ,

420-464: A single shot, earning 2 points. This influence on the English game appears to have come about through the popularity of French tables in English coffee houses; London alone had over two thousand such establishments in the early 18th century. One period advertisement read: "A very good French Billiard Table, little the worse for wearing, full size, with all the materials fit for French or English play". The three ancestral games had their British heyday in

462-409: Is not made with any ball, this is a miss; 2 points are awarded to the opponent, who must play from where the balls have come to rest. If an opponent's cue ball is potted, it remains off the table until it is that opponent's turn to play, when it is returned to that player, who may play it in-hand from the "D". There is one exception to this rule: if the non-striker's ball is off the table as a result of

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504-413: The stripe of the 9-ball with the color of the solid black 8-ball , the " money balls " of their respective namesake games. No special equipment is required for play; a regular set of pool balls and a nine-ball diamond rack turned sidewise are adequate. The original informal incarnation of seven-ball led to a variant professional ruleset that enjoyed a brief heyday in

546-477: The United Kingdom and in many former British colonies , is a cue sport that combines the aspects of carom billiards and pool . Two cue balls (one white and one yellow) and a red object ball are used. Each player or team uses a different cue ball. It is played on a billiards table with the same dimensions as one used for snooker and points are scored for cannons and pocketing

588-657: The World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA); meanwhile, its ancestor, eight-ball pool, is largely a folk game, like North American bar pool , and to the extent that its rules have been codified, they have been done so by competing authorities with different rulesets. (For the same reason, the glossary's information on eight-ball, nine-ball , and ten-ball draws principally on the stable WPA rules, because there are many competing amateur leagues and even professional tours with divergent rules for these games.) Foreign-language terms are generally not within

630-404: The 1770s, but had combined into English billiards, with a 16-point score total, by approximately 1800. The skill required in playing these games helped retire the billiard mace in favour of the cue stick . There are a number of pocket billiard games directly descended from English billiards, including bull dog, scratch pool, thirty-one pool and thirty-eight. The last of these gave rise to

672-665: The British sporting world. By the mid-20th century, the principal sanctioning body was the Billiards Association and Control Council (later the Billiards and Snooker Control Council), formed in 1919 by an amalgamation of the Billiards Association and the Billiards Control Club (founded in 1908). In the 19th century and up through the mid-1950s, a common way for championship titles to change hands

714-417: The balls must be respotted: red on its spot and opponent's ball in the centre spot, with the striker to play from in-hand. Matches held under professional regulations include a rule forcing the player to execute a shot in a way to have his cue ball cross the baulk line, heading towards the baulk cushion, once between 80 and 99 points in every 100 in a running break. If a foul occurs, two points are awarded to

756-455: The balls. English billiards originated in England, and was originally called the winning and losing carambole game , folding in the names of three predecessor games, the winning game , the losing game , and an early form of carom billiards that combined to form it. The winning game was played with two white balls, and was a 12- point contest. To start, the player who could strike

798-477: The baulk-line spot , etc. Also bigs , big balls , big ones . Also billiard shot . Also pool spectacles , snooker specs , etc. Also the black . Also the blue(s) . Also shake bottle , pea bottle , pill bottle , tally bottle , kelly bottle . Also bottomspin , bottom-spin , bottom . Also called-safe Also called-shot ; call-pocket or called-pocket . Also carambola . Not to be confused with

840-425: The continuation of a break , and are re-spotted until the reds run out, after which the colours must be potted in their order: Also point of contact . Also counting rack , counter ball rack , etc. Also dog it . Also double elimination . Sometimes interchangeable with scratch , though the latter is often used only to refer to the foul of pocketing the cue ball. A violation of

882-431: The disk-flicking traditional board game carrom , which is sometimes played with a small cue stick. Main article: Carom billiards Not to be confused with carom billiards . Also century break . Also coloured ball(s) , colour(s) ; American spelling color sometimes also used. 1.  In snooker , any of the object balls that are not reds . A colour ball must be potted after each red in

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924-513: The final stroke of the non-striker’s last turn. If the striker then makes 15 consecutive hazards, the non-striker's ball is spotted, after the fifteenth hazard, in the Middle of the Baulk-line or, if that spot is occupied, on the right-hand corner of the “D”, as viewed from baulk. It becomes a "line ball" and may not be played directly from baulk. If the cue ball is touching an object ball, then

966-558: The game's longest-running champion was an Australian, Walter Lindrum , who held the World Professional Billiards Championship from 1933 until his retirement in 1950. The game remains popular in the UK, although it has been eclipsed by snooker . The first governing body of the game, the Billiards Association , was formed in the UK in 1885, a period that saw a number of sporting bodies founded across

1008-1016: The game. See the Seven-ball main article for the game. See the Eight-ball and Eight-ball pool (British variation) main articles for the games. See the Nine-ball main article for the game See the Ten-ball main article for the game Also apex ball , apex of the triangle , apex of the diamond or apex of the rack . Also backspin , back-spin , backward spin . Same as draw . See illustration at spin . Also balk space . Also balk line . Not always hyphenated. Plural: balls-on . Also on[-]ball . Also bar rules , pub pool , tavern pool . Also bar box , pub table , tavern table , coin-operated table , coin-op table . Also middle spot in baulk , baulk line spot , middle of

1050-539: The losing game a player could only score two points by pocketing the cue ball through a carom off the opponent's ball. " Winning hazard " and " losing hazard " are terms still mentioned in the official rules for these two fundamental shot types, although " pot " and " in-off " have become the usual terms for them in British English . The final element was the cannon (or carom ) shot, which came from carom billiards ,

1092-409: The middle and pyramid spots are occupied, it goes back on the spot. When potted from the middle or pyramid spot, it returns to the spot at the top of the table. After a losing hazard, play continues in-hand from the "D". When playing from in-hand, a striker must touch a ball or cushion out of baulk before striking a ball in baulk. If playing in-hand and all balls on the table are in baulk, and contact

1134-580: The more well-known game cowboy pool . English Billiards was virtually unknown in the United States until 1913, when Melbourn Inman visited the US and played the game against Willie Hoppe . By 1915 the game had become rather popular, prompting American billiard hall proprietors of the period to increase the number of English-style tables in their establishments. It also became favored in British colonies ;

1176-405: The opponent ball-in-hand, but the sunk ball remains potted. Scratching on the 7-ball is a loss. Pocketing the 7-ball in any other pocket than one on the called side is a loss. A special 7-ball was designed for television matches by Charles Ursitti ( billiards historian, referee and Willie Mosconi 's one time manager) to more easily distinguish the 7-ball from the 3 on television. The ball adopts

1218-410: The player who broke is automatically assigned the three pockets situated along the opposite long rail. Once that selection is made, balls 1–6 may be pocketed in any pocket in rotation, starting with the one, as the object ball. Balls pocketed via combinations off of the object ball are legal. The 7-ball must be pocketed in player's assigned side to be a legal win. Scratches on any object ball allow

1260-414: The players' nationalities. The term "blackball" is used in this glossary to refer to both blackball and eight-ball pool as played in the UK, as a shorthand. Blackball was chosen because it is less ambiguous ("eight-ball pool" is too easily confused with the international standardized " eight-ball "), and blackball is globally standardized by an International Olympic Committee -recognized governing body ,

1302-413: The predominance of US-originating terminology in most internationally competitive pool (as opposed to snooker ), US terms are also common in the pool context in other countries in which English is at least a minority language, and US (and borrowed French) terms predominate in carom billiards . Similarly, British terms predominate in the world of snooker, English billiards , and blackball , regardless of

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1344-444: The same equipment for both games and play the game to practise ball control. There are three balls. They are the same size as snooker balls (52.5 mm or 2 + 1 ⁄ 16  in with a tolerance of 0.05 mm) and they must weigh the same to a tolerance of 0.5  g within a set. The balls are designated as: The billiard table used has the same dimensions as in snooker, and in many venues, both games are played on

1386-433: The same equipment. The playing area of a standard tournament table measures 11 feet 8 inches by 5 ft 10 in (3.569 m by 1.778 m) with a tolerance of 1 ⁄ 2 inch (1.26 cm) in both directions, though smaller ones, down to half size, are often found in snooker halls , pubs and home billiard rooms . To see who will be the starting player, players perform

1428-584: The scope of this list, unless they have become an integral part of billiards terminology in English (e.g. massé ), or they are crucial to meaningful discussion of a game not widely known in the English-speaking world. See the Three-ball main article for the game. See the Four-ball billiards main article for the game. See the Nine-ball § Derived games section for

1470-466: The series Sudden Death Seven-ball , broadcast on the American cable TV network ESPN from 2000 to 2005. Glossary of cue sports terms#rack The following is a glossary of traditional English-language terms used in the three overarching cue sports disciplines: carom billiards referring to the various carom games played on a billiard table without pockets ; pool , which denotes

1512-429: The start of the game, or by which player is leading at the end of a timed game. If the red is potted it is respotted on the spot at the top of the table (the black spot). After the red has been potted twice off the spot in a row (i.e. without a cannon or losing hazard), it is respotted on the middle spot . If the middle spot is occupied, it goes on the pyramid spot (the pink spot in snooker). If both

1554-437: The table (same as the black spot in snooker) and the first player begins by playing in-hand from the "D" behind the baulk line. The other cue ball remains off the table until the opponent's first turn, when they play in hand from the "D". The idea is to leave the balls safe by creating either a double baulk (both object balls in baulk), or the red in baulk with the cue-ball tight ( frozen ) to

1596-584: The term in its most generic sense unless otherwise noted. The labels " British " and " UK " as applied to entries in this glossary refer to terms originating in the UK and also used in countries that were fairly recently part of the British Empire and/or are part of the Commonwealth of Nations , as opposed to US (and, often, Canadian ) terminology. The terms "American" or "US" as applied here refer generally to North American usage. However, due to

1638-429: The top-side cushion. Points are awarded as follows: Combinations of the above may all be scored on the same shot. The most that can be scored in a single shot is therefore 10 – the red and the other cue ball are both potted via a cannon (the red must be struck first), and the cue ball is also potted, making a losing hazard off the red. The winner is determined by a player reaching a fixed number of points set at

1680-616: Was also the first in which an English billiards challenge match was held in the United States. From 1870 to 1983 the champions were: William Cook , (1870, 1871–74); John Roberts Jr. , (1870, 1871, 1875–77, 1885); Joseph Bennett , (1870, 1880–81); Charles Dawson , (1899–1900, 1901, 1903); H. W. Stevenson , (1901, 1909–11); Melbourne Inman , (1908–09, 1912–19); Willie Smith , (1920, 1923); Tom Newman , (1921–22, 1924–27); Joe Davis , (1928–32); Walter Lindrum , (1933–50); Clark McConachy , (1951-68); Rex Williams , (1968–76, 1982–83); and Fred Davis , (1980). A "Women's Billiard Association"

1722-495: Was by a challenge match . A challenge was issued to a championship title holder accompanied by stake money held by a third party. Up until the first organised professional tournament in 1870, all English billiards champions were decided by challenge. The first champion was Jonathan Kentfield, who held the title from 1820 to 1849, losing it to John Roberts Sr. after Kentfield refused his challenge. Roberts's 21-year reign lasted until he lost to William Cook in 1870. That year

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1764-553: Was formed in Britain in 1931. One of the founders was Teresa Billington-Greig who had been a leading suffragette and was then married to a billiard ball manufacturer. Over the course of the 20th century, English billiards was largely superseded as the favoured cue sport in the United Kingdom by snooker and the rise of English-style eight-ball pool . The game does retain some popularity amongst snooker players, who can use

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