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70-609: The Drachenkampf mytheme, the chief god in the role of the hero slaying a sea serpent, is widespread both in the ancient Near East and in Indo-European mythology , e.g. Lotan and Hadad , Leviathan and Yahweh , Tiamat and Marduk (see also Labbu , Bašmu , Mušḫuššu ), Illuyanka and Tarhunt , Yammu and Baal in the Baal Cycle etc. The Hebrew Bible also has mythological descriptions of large sea creatures as part of creation under Yahweh's command, such as

140-523: A culture hero deity with a chaos monster, often in the form of a sea serpent or dragon . The term was first used with respect to the destruction of the chaos dragon Tiamat in the Enūma Eliš , although it has been observed that the primeval state is one of a peaceful existence between Abzu and Tiamat and chaos only ensues when Tiamat enters combat with Marduk . Today, the Chaoskampf concept

210-470: A giant squid . On 6 July 1734 he wrote that his ship was off the Greenland coast when those on board "saw a most terrible creature, resembling nothing they saw before. The monster lifted its head so high that it seemed to be higher than the crow's nest on the mainmast . The head was small and the body short and wrinkled. The unknown creature was using giant fins which propelled it through the water. Later

280-747: A $ 300 annual grant from the Royal Mission College . The company was granted broad powers to govern the peninsula (as it was then considered to be), to raise its own army and navy, to collect taxes and to administer justice; the king and his council, however, refused to grant it monopoly rights to whaling and trade in Greenland out of a fear of antagonizing the Dutch . Haabet ("The Hope") and two smaller ships departed Bergen on 2 May 1721 bearing Egede, his wife and four children, and forty other colonists. On 3 July they reached Nuup Kangerlua and established Hope Colony ( Haabets Colonie ) with

350-681: A 35 m (115 ft) long skeleton claimed as belonging to an extinct sea serpent was put on a show in the New York City by Albert C. Koch. The claim was debunked by Prof. Jeffries Wyman, an anatomist who went to see the skeleton for himself. Wyman declared that the skull of the animal had to be mammalian in origin, and that the skeleton was composed of bones of several different animals, including an extinct species of whale. On 6 August 1848 Captain McQuhae of HMS  Daedalus and several of his officers and crew (en route to St Helena ) saw

420-513: A cock. In Plato 's Timaeus , the main work of Platonic cosmology, the concept of chaos finds its equivalent in the Greek expression chôra , which is interpreted, for instance, as shapeless space ( chôra ) in which material traces ( ichnê ) of the elements are in disordered motion (Timaeus 53a–b). However, the Platonic chôra is not a variation of the atomistic interpretation of the origin of

490-467: A column from the water. Norwegian Bishop Erik Pontoppidan (1698–1764) did not disbelieve the existence of sea serpents themselves, but doubted they would prey on ships and feed on humans, being more cautious-minded in that respect than Archbishop Olaus (of Upsala). Nevertheless, a number of reports were made by sailors at the time that sea serpents would destroy ships by wrapping the ship in coils of their body and pulling it underwater. Sailors threatened by

560-480: A cosmic battle in the context of a creation narrative), but not in the Baal Cycle or Psalm 74 where a theomachy ensues between Baal / Yahweh and the sea serpent Yam / Leviathan without being followed by creation. The notion of Chaoskampf may be further distinguished from a divine battle between a god and the enemy of his people. Parallel concepts appear in the Middle East and North Africa, such as

630-519: A man of my acquaintance I should have easily have recognized his features with the naked eye." According to seven members of the crew, it remained in view for around twenty minutes. Another officer wrote that the creature was more of a lizard than a serpent. Evolutionary biologist Gary J. Galbreath contends that what the crew of Daedalus saw was a sei whale . A report was published in the Illustrated London News on 14 April 1849 of

700-622: A new order emerges and a primordial state as a merging of opposites, such as heaven and earth, which must be separated by a creator deity in an act of cosmogony . In both cases, chaos referring to a notion of a primordial state contains the cosmos in potentia but needs to be formed by a demiurge before the world can begin its existence. The use of chaos in the derived sense of "complete disorder or confusion" first appears in Elizabethan Early Modern English , originally implying satirical exaggeration. " Chaos " in

770-433: A parish on the equally remote archipelago of Lofoten . Also in 1707 he married Gertrud Rasch (or Rask ), who was 13 years his senior. Four children were born to the marriage – two boys and two girls. At Lofoten, Egede heard stories about the old Norse settlements on Greenland , with which contact had been lost centuries before. Beginning in 1711, he sought permission from Frederick IV of Denmark-Norway to search for

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840-568: A sea serpent in Valldal in Norway, throwing its body onto the mountain Syltefjellet. Marks on the mountain are associated with the legend. An apparent eye-witness account is given by Aristotle in his work Historia Animalium on natural history . Strabo makes reference to an eyewitness account of a dead sea creature sighted by Poseidonius on the coast of the northern Levant. He reports

910-410: A sea serpent were said to have thrown large objects such as paddles or shovels overboard in the path of the serpent, hoping that the serpent would take the object and leave without destroying the ship. Rev. Hans Egede , a Dano-Norwegian clergyman who was an early explorer and surveyor of Greenland, gave an 18th-century description of a sea serpent witnessed by his party. In his journal he wrote: On

980-650: A sea serpent which was subsequently reported (and debated) in The Times . The vessel sighted what they named as an enormous serpent between the Cape of Good Hope and St Helena. The serpent was witnessed to have been swimming with 1.2 m (4 feet) of its head above the water and they believed that there was another 18 m (60 feet) of the creature in the sea. Captain McQuahoe also said that "[The creature] passed rapidly, but so close under our lee quarter, that had it been

1050-540: A sighting of a sea serpent off the Portuguese coast by HMS  Plumper . On the morning of the 31st December, 1848, in lat. 41° 13'N., and long. 12° 31'W., being nearly due west of Oporto, I saw a long black creature with a sharp head, moving slowly, I should think about two knots [3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph] ... its back was about twenty feet [6 m] if not more above water; and its head, as near as I could judge, from six to eight [1.8 to 2.4 m] ...There

1120-405: A similar imaginary creature called centipede cetacean in his work L'histoire entière des poissons . In Nordic mythology , Jörmungandr (or Midgarðsormr ) was a sea serpent or worm so long that it encircled the entire world, Midgard . Sea serpents also appear frequently in later Scandinavian folklore , particularly in that of Norway, such as an account that in 1028 AD, Saint Olaf killed

1190-493: A sketch in this otherwise well-illustrated book, but the missionary named Bing who was his comrade drew a sketch, which is reproduced in Henry Lee 's work. Bing further described this creature as having reddish eyes, almost burning with fire. This convinced Bishop Pontoppidan that this was different from the type of sea serpent seen by others. From Bing's drawing, Pontoppidan estimated the creature to be considerably shorter than

1260-430: Is apeiron (the unlimited), a divine and perpetual substance less definite than the common elements ( water , air , fire , and earth ) as they were understood to the early Greek philosophers. Everything is generated from apeiron , and must return there according to necessity. A conception of the nature of the world was that the earth below its surface stretches down indefinitely and has its roots on or above Tartarus ,

1330-572: Is credited with revitalizing Dano-Norwegian interest in the island after contact had been broken for about 300 years. He founded Greenland's capital Godthåb, now known as Nuuk . Hans Egede was born into the home of a Danish-born civil servant, the priest son Povel Hansen Egede, and the Norwegian-born Kirsten Jensdatter Hind, daughter of a local merchant, in Harstad , Norway, nearly 150 miles (240 km) north of

1400-1109: Is in silver and awarded 'preferably for geographical studies and researches in the Arctic countries'. A crater on the Moon is named after him: the Egede crater on the south edge of the Mare Frigoris (the Sea of Cold). The historical fiction novel " The Prophets of Eternal Fjord " narrates a tale of a missionary priest under Egede's instruction embarking upon Greenland to convert its indigenous peoples to Christianity. Statues of Hans Egede stand watch over Greenland's capital in Nuuk, outside of Vågan Church ( Lofotkatedralen ) in Kabelvåg and outside of Frederik's Church ( Marmorkirken ) in Copenhagen. Egede's statue at Frederick's Church in Copenhagen

1470-422: Is plagued by a lack of consistent definition and use of the term across many studies. Nicolas Wyatt defines the Chaoskampf category as follows: The Chaoskampf myth is a category of divine combat narratives with cosmogonic overtones, though at times turned secondarily to other purposes, in which the hero god vanquishes a power or powers opposed to him, which generally dwell in, or are identified with,

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1540-484: Is thus brought within the framework of an explicitly physical investigation. It has now outgrown the mythological understanding to a great extent and, in Aristotle's work, serves above all to challenge the atomists who assert the existence of empty space." For Ovid , (43 BC – 17/18 AD), in his Metamorphoses , Chaos was an unformed mass, where all the elements were jumbled up together in a "shapeless heap". Before

1610-523: Is used in it ecclesiastical languages in the sense of "wafer" and in North Greenland in the sense of "ship's custom". By the end of the first winter, many of the colonists had been stricken with scurvy and most returned home as soon as they could. Egede and his family remained with a few others and in 1722 welcomed two supply ships the king had funded with the imposition of a new tax. His (now ship-borne) explorations found no Norse survivors along

1680-654: The Arctic Circle . His paternal grandfather had been a vicar in Vester Egede on southern Zealand , Denmark. Hans was schooled by an uncle, a clergyman in a local Lutheran Church . In 1704 he travelled to Copenhagen to enter the University of Copenhagen , where he earned a Bachelor's degree in Theology . He returned to Hinnøya Island after graduation, and on 15 April 1707 he was ordained and assigned to

1750-606: The Eastern Settlement , but he considered them to be those of the Western. At the end of the year, he turned north and helped establish a whaling station on Nipisat Island . In 1724 he baptized his first child converts, two of whom would travel to Denmark and there inspire Count Zinzendorf to begin the Moravian missions . In 1728, a royal expedition under Major Claus Paarss arrived with four supply ships and moved

1820-513: The Paracelsian notion of chaos. The g in gas is due to the Dutch pronunciation of this letter as a spirant , also employed to pronounce Greek χ . The term chaos has been adopted in modern comparative mythology and religious studies as referring to the primordial state before creation, strictly combining two separate notions of primordial waters or a primordial darkness from which

1890-724: The Tanninim mentioned in Book of Genesis 1:21 and the "great serpent" of Amos 9:3. In the Aeneid , a pair of sea serpents killed Laocoön and his sons when Laocoön argued against bringing the Trojan Horse into Troy. Claudius Aelianus in his work On the Nature of Animals mentions a giant sea centipede, which has a tail that is similar to a crayfish and which moves using numerous feet on each side of its body. Guillaume Rondelet mentions

1960-533: The gnomi ", i.e., the element of the gnomes , through which these spirits move unobstructed as fish do through water, or birds through air. An alchemical treatise by Heinrich Khunrath , printed in Frankfurt in 1708, was entitled Chaos . The 1708 introduction states that the treatise was written in 1597 in Magdeburg, in the author's 23rd year of practicing alchemy. The treatise purports to quote Paracelsus on

2030-478: The light which first existed to come into being. Her desire appears as a likeness with incomprehensible greatness that covers the heavenly universe, diminishing its inner darkness while a shadow appears on the outside which causes Chaos to be formed. From Chaos, every deity including the Demiurge is born. The Greco-Roman tradition of prima materia , notably including the 5th- and 6th-century Orphic cosmogony,

2100-416: The 6th of July, 1734, there appeared a very large and frightful sea monster, which raised itself so high out of the water that its head reached above our main-top (top of the mainmast ). It had a long, sharp snout, and spouted water like a whale; and very broad flappers. The body seemed to be covered with scales, and the skin was uneven and wrinkled, and the lower part was formed like a snake. After some time

2170-543: The Earth on which Earth rests". Passages in Hesiod's Theogony suggest that Chaos was located below Earth but above Tartarus . Primal Chaos was sometimes said to be the true foundation of reality, particularly by philosophers such as Heraclitus . In Hesiod 's Theogony , Chaos was the first thing to exist: "at first Chaos came to be" (or was), but next (possibly out of Chaos) came Gaia , Tartarus , and Eros (elsewhere

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2240-600: The Kangeq colony to the mainland opposite, establishing a fort named Godt-Haab ("Good Hope"), the future Godthåb . The extra supplies also allowed Egede to build a proper chapel within the main house. More scurvy led to forty deaths and abandonment of the site not only by the Danes but by the Inuit as well. Egede's book The Old Greenland's New Perlustration ( Norwegian : Det gamle Grønlands nye Perlustration ) appeared in 1729 and

2310-577: The Old Testament, especially several Psalms , some passages in Isaiah and Jeremiah and the Book of Job are relevant. One locus of focus has been with respect to the term abyss / tohu wa-bohu in Genesis 1:2 . The term may refer to a state of non-being before creation or to a formless state. In the Book of Genesis , the spirit of God is moving upon the face of the waters, displacing

2380-578: The abstract conflict of ideas in the Egyptian duality of Maat and Isfet or the battle of Horus and Set , or the more concrete parallel of the battle of Ra with the chaos serpent Apophis . Hesiod and the Pre-Socratics use the Greek term in the context of cosmogony . Hesiod's Chaos has been interpreted as either "the gaping void above the Earth created when Earth and Sky are separated from their primordial unity" or "the gaping space below

2450-666: The colony and establish a mission there, presuming that it had either remained Catholic after the Danish–Norwegian Reformation or been lost to the Christian faith altogether. Frederick gave consent at least partially to re-establish a colonial claim to the island. Egede established the Bergen Greenland Company ( Det Bergen Grønlandske Compagnie ) with $ 9,000 in capital from Bergen merchants, $ 200 from Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway , and

2520-399: The cosmos constituted of nothing but undifferentiated and indistinguishable matter . Greek kháos ( χάος ) means ' emptiness , vast void, chasm , abyss ', related to the verbs kháskō ( χάσκω ) and khaínō ( χαίνω ) 'gape, be wide open', from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂n- , cognate to Old English geanian , 'to gape', whence English yawn . It may also mean space,

2590-551: The creature plunged backwards into the water, and then turned its tail up above the surface, a whole ship-length from the head. The following evening we had very bad weather" ―translated in Henry Lee (1883). Egede also wrote on the same sea-monster sighting in his book, noting that the beast was spotted at the 64th degree of latitude , and was as thick or "bulky as the Ship, and three or four times as long". Egede himself did not supply

2660-460: The dwellers in Olympus. We [birds] are the offspring of Eros; there are a thousand proofs to show it. We have wings and we lend assistance to lovers. How many handsome youths, who had sworn to remain insensible, have opened their thighs because of our power and have yielded themselves to their lovers when almost at the end of their youth, being led away by the gift of a quail, a waterfowl, a goose, or

2730-514: The earlier state of the universe that is likened to a "watery chaos" upon which there is choshek (which translated from the Hebrew is darkness/confusion). Some scholars, however, reject the association between biblical creation and notions of chaos from Babylonian and other (such as Chinese) myths. The basis is that the terms themselves in Genesis 1:2 are not semantically related to chaos, and that

2800-531: The entire cosmos exists in a state of chaos in Babylonian, Chinese, and other myths, whereas at most this can be said of the earth in Genesis. The presence of Chaoskampf in the biblical tradition is now contentious. The Septuagint makes no use of χάος in the context of creation, instead using the term for גיא , "cleft, gorge, chasm", in Micah 1:6 and Zachariah 14:4. The Vulgate , however, renders

2870-529: The erection of a portable house on Kangeq Island , which Egede christened the Island of Hope ( Haabets Ø ). Searching for months for descendants of the old Norse colonists , he found only the local Kalaallit people and began studying their language . A common myth states that, as the Inuit had no bread nor any idea of it, Egede adapted the Lord's Prayer as "Give us this day our daily seal ". Egede at first tried

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2940-420: The expanse of air, the nether abyss, or infinite darkness . Pherecydes of Syros (fl. 6th century BC) interprets chaos as water, like something formless that can be differentiated. Chaoskampf ( German: [ˈkaːɔsˌkampf] ; lit.   ' the battle against chaos ' ), also described as a "combat myth", is generally used to refer to a widespread mythological motif involving battle between

3010-457: The face of the waters" (Gen. 1:2), Chaos was further identified with the classical element of Water . Ramon Llull (1232–1315) wrote a Liber Chaos , in which he identifies Chaos as the primal form or matter created by God. Swiss alchemist Paracelsus (1493–1541) uses chaos synonymously with "classical element" (because the primeval chaos is imagined as a formless congestion of all elements). Paracelsus thus identifies Earth as "the chaos of

3080-469: The following: "As for the plains, the first, beginning at the sea, is called Macras, or Macra-Plain. Here, as reported by Poseidonius, was seen the fallen dragon, the corpse of which was about a plethrum [30 m or 100 feet] in length, and so bulky that horsemen standing by it on either side could not see one another, and its jaws were large enough to admit a man on horseback, and each flake of its horny scales exceeded an oblong shield in length." The creature

3150-492: The length of a cable rope, or 100 fathoms (200 m (220 yd)) attested by multiple witnesses, and the pair of fins which were attached "below the waist ( Danish : liv )" in Pontoppidan's view, was another unusual feature. Lee proposed a rational explanation that this sea-serpent was a misapprehended sighting of what was actually the exposed head and one tentacle of a giant squid (Cf. figure above left). In 1845,

3220-433: The lower part of the underworld. In a phrase of Xenophanes , "The upper limit of the earth borders on air, near our feet. The lower limit reaches down to the "apeiron" (i.e. the unlimited)." The sources and limits of the earth, the sea, the sky, Tartarus , and all things are located in a great windy-gap, which seems to be infinite, and is a later specification of "chaos". In Aristophanes 's comedy Birds , first there

3290-464: The name Eros is used for a son of Aphrodite ). Unambiguously "born" from Chaos were Erebus and Nyx . For Hesiod, Chaos, like Tartarus, though personified enough to have borne children, was also a place, far away, underground and "gloomy", beyond which lived the Titans ; and, like the earth, the ocean, and the upper air, it was also capable of being affected by Zeus's thunderbolts. The notion of

3360-699: The next year, leaving his son Poul to carry on his work. In Copenhagen, he was named Superintendent of the Greenland Mission Seminary ( Seminarium Groenlandicum ) and in 1741 the Lutheran Bishop of Greenland . A catechism for use in Greenland was completed by 1747. He died on 5 November 1758 at the age of 72 in Stubbekøbing at Falster , Denmark. Egede holds the legacy of a national "saint" of Greenland. The town of Egedesminde ( lit. "Memory of Egede") commemorates him. It

3430-525: The ocean and the earth appeared—before the skies had overspread them all— the face of Nature in a vast expanse was naught but Chaos uniformly waste. It was a rude and undeveloped mass, that nothing made except a ponderous weight; and all discordant elements confused, were there congested in a shapeless heap. According to Hyginus : "From Mist ( Caligo ) came Chaos. From Chaos and Mist, came Night ( Nox ), Day ( Dies ), Darkness ( Erebus ), and Aether ." An Orphic tradition apparently had Chaos as

3500-650: The point that "[t]he light of the soul, by the will of the Triune God, made all earthly things appear from the primal Chaos". Martin Ruland the Younger , in his 1612 Lexicon Alchemiae , states, "A crude mixture of matter or another name for Materia Prima is Chaos , as it is in the Beginning." The term gas in chemistry was coined by Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont in the 17th century directly based on

3570-519: The remarkable story of how a serpent of fearsome size, from 200 feet [60 m] to 400 feet [120 m] long, and 20 feet [6 m] wide, resides in rifts and caves outside Bergen . On bright summer nights this serpent leaves the caves to eat calves, lambs and pigs, or it fares out to the sea and feeds on sea nettles, crabs and similar marine animals. It has ell -long hair hanging from its neck, sharp black scales and flaming red eyes. It attacks vessels, grabs and swallows people, as it lifts itself up like

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3640-474: The sea, and are presented as chaotic, dissolutory forces. It may also be used to refer to a dualistic battle between two gods; in that context, an alternative term that has been proposed is theomachy whereas Chaoskampf may be restrained to refer to cosmic battles in the context of creation. For example, a Chaoskampf may be found in the Enuma Elish (the only ancient near eastern text to place

3710-470: The son of Chronus and Ananke . Since the classic 1895 German work Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit by Hermann Gunkel , various historians in the field of modern biblical studies have associated the theme of chaos in the earlier Babylonian cosmology (and now other cognate narratives from ancient near eastern cosmologies ) with the Genesis creation narrative . Besides Genesis, other books of

3780-399: The temporal infinity was familiar to the Greek mind from remote antiquity in the religious conception of immortality . The main object of the first efforts to explain the world remained the description of its growth, from a beginning. They believed that the world arose out from a primal unity, and that this substance was the permanent base of all its being. Anaximander claims that the origin

3850-596: The time of night, darkness, Chaos". They eventually broke the surrounding Po ("night"), and light entered the universe. Next the group created three heavens for dwelling areas together with the Earth, Sun, Moon, stars, and assistant spirits. According to the Gnostic On the Origin of the World , Chaos was not the first thing to exist. When the nature of the immortal aeons was completed, Sophia desired something like

3920-518: The well-defined sense of chaotic complex system is in turn derived from this usage. Hans Egede Bible Translators Theologians Hans Poulsen Egede (31 January 1686 – 5 November 1758) was a Dano-Norwegian Lutheran missionary who launched mission efforts to Greenland , which led him to be styled the Apostle of Greenland . He established a successful mission among the Inuit and

3990-411: The western shore and future work was misled by the two mistaken beliefs – both prevalent at the time – that the Eastern Settlement would be located on Greenland's east coast (it was later established it had been among the fjords of the island's extreme southwest) and that a strait existed nearby communicating with the western half of the island. In fact, his 1723 expedition found the churches and ruins of

4060-479: The whirlwinds of the tempest. He mated in deep Tartarus with dark Chaos, winged like himself, and thus hatched forth our race, which was the first to see the light. That of the Immortals did not exist until Eros had brought together all the ingredients of the world, and from their marriage Heaven, Ocean, Earth, and the imperishable race of blessed gods sprang into being. Thus our origin is very much older than that of

4130-405: The word "mamaq" but it does not mean "food", as Hans Egede thought, but "how delicious!" This first attempt stems from 1724, when he had only been in the country for three years and he has probably often heard someone say "mamaq!" It was not long before he came up with the word "neqissat", "food". When Egede's son Poul published the four Gospels in print in 1744, he used the word "timiusaq". This word

4200-573: The world, as is made clear by Plato's statement that the most appropriate definition of the chôra is "a receptacle of all becoming – its wetnurse, as it were" (Timaeus 49a), notabene a receptacle for the creative act of the demiurge, the world-maker. Aristotle , in the context of his investigation of the concept of space in physics, "problematizes the interpretation of Hesiod's chaos as 'void' or 'place without anything in it'. Aristotle understands chaos as something that exists independently of bodies and without which no perceptible bodies can exist. 'Chaos'

4270-672: The χάσμα μέγα or "great gulf" between heaven and hell in Luke 16:26 as chaos magnum . This model of a primordial state of matter has been opposed by the Church Fathers from the 2nd century, who posited a creation ex nihilo by an omnipotent God . In Hawaiian folklore , a triad of deities known as the "Ku-Kaua-Kahi" (a.k.a. "Fundamental Supreme Unity") were said to have existed before and during Chaos ever since eternity, or put in Hawaiian terms, mai ka po mai , meaning "from

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4340-436: Was Christian David ) were allowed to establish a station at Neu-Herrnhut (which became the nucleus of modern Nuuk , Greenland's capital) and in time a string of missions along the island's west coast. The ship also returned one of Egede's convert children with a case of smallpox . By the next year, the epidemic was raging among the Inuit and in 1735 it claimed Gertrud Egede. Hans carried her body back to Denmark for burial

4410-444: Was Chaos, Night, Erebus, and Tartarus, from Night came Eros, and from Eros and Chaos came the race of birds. At the beginning there was only Chaos, Night, dark Erebus, and deep Tartarus. Earth, the air and heaven had no existence. Firstly, blackwinged Night laid a germless egg in the bosom of the infinite deeps of Erebus, and from this, after the revolution of long ages, sprang the graceful Eros with his glittering golden wings, swift as

4480-409: Was already written down by Hans in 1725 and is used by Greenlanders as an explanation of how bread looks. The old dictionaries suggest that at that time one could use the word “timia” in the sense of “bone marrow” or, as Samuel Kleinschmidt wrote in his dictionary in 1871, “the inner, porous part of the leg or Horn". “Timiusaq” therefore originally means “it which resembles bone marrow ”. Today, this word

4550-547: Was established by Hans's second son, Niels, in 1759 on the Eqalussuit peninsula. It was moved to the island of Aasiaat in 1763, which had been the site of a pre-Viking Inuit settlement. His grandson and namesake Hans Egede Saabye also became a missionary to Greenland and published a celebrated diary of his time there. The Royal Danish Geographical Society established the Egede Medal in his honour in 1916. The medal

4620-556: Was merged with biblical notions ( Tehom ) in Christianity and inherited by alchemy and Renaissance magic . The cosmic egg of Orphism was taken as the raw material for the alchemical magnum opus in early Greek alchemy. The first stage of the process of producing the philosopher's stone , i.e., nigredo , was identified with chaos. Because of association with the Genesis creation narrative , where "the Spirit of God moved upon

4690-522: Was seen sometime between 130 and 51 BC. Swedish ecclesiastic and writer Olaus Magnus included illustrations of sea serpents and other various marine monsters on his illustrated map, the Carta marina . In his 1555 work History of the Northern Peoples , Olaus gives the following description of a Norwegian sea serpent: Those who sail up along the coast of Norway to trade or to fish, all tell

4760-454: Was something on its back that appeared like a mane, and, as it moved through the water, kept washing about; but before I could examine it more closely, it was too far astern Chaoskampf Chaos ( Ancient Greek : χάος , romanized :  Kháos ) is the mythological void state preceding the creation of the universe (the cosmos) in ancient near eastern cosmology and early Greek cosmology . It can also refer to an early state of

4830-438: Was translated into several languages, but King Frederick had lost patience and recalled Paarss's military garrison from Greenland the next year. Egede, encouraged by his wife Gertrud, remained with his family and ten sailors. A supply ship in 1733 brought three missionaries and news that the king had granted 2,000 rixdollars a year to establish a new company for the colony under Jacob Severin . The Moravians (their leader

4900-410: Was vandalized with the word "decolonize" spray-painted on its base on June 20, 2020, during worldwide protests against memorials of colonial figures . Another Egede statue in Nuuk, Greenland was likewise vandalized ten days later. In a subsequent vote, 921 voted to keep the statue while 600 wanted it removed. Hans Egede gave one of the oldest descriptions of a sea serpent , now believed to have been

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