" Dirty, dangerous and demeaning " (often " dirty, dangerous and demanding " or " dirty, dangerous and difficult "), also known as the 3Ds , is an American neologism derived from the Asian concept, and refers to certain kinds of labor often performed by unionized blue-collar workers .
60-470: Sebastian Junger (born January 17, 1962) is an American journalist, author and filmmaker who has reported in-the-field on dirty, dangerous and demanding occupations and the experience of infantry combat. He is the author of The Perfect Storm: A True Story of Men Against the Sea (1997) which was adapted into a major motion picture and led to a resurgence in adventure creative nonfiction writing. He covered
120-491: A chainsaw injury, he was inspired to write about dangerous jobs. He planned to start with commercial fishing in Gloucester, Massachusetts. He developed this project as The Perfect Storm , as he became more involved with learning about the crew members and the conditions and decisions that contributed to their deaths. Junger established The Perfect Storm Foundation to provide cultural and educational grants to children across
180-857: A chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss ' book Tools of Titans . His latest work Freedom , on the American ideal of the same name, was published by Simon & Schuster in 2021. While much of Junger's writing is subjective and participatory , he strives to maintain a neutral point of view and avoids contemporary political discussion, especially around frequent subjects like economic inequality and war. In 2021, he cited his "favorite quote" in an interview with The Guardian : "Journalists don't tell people what to think. They tell them what to think about." Junger lives in New York City and Cape Cod with his wife and their two children. His first daughter
240-418: A film, he waved a light on the screen. When a majority of flashlights had voted, the film was switched off. Hoop Dreams was stopped after 15 minutes." The academy's executive director, Bruce Davis, took the unprecedented step of asking accounting firm Price Waterhouse to turn over the complete results of that year's voting, in which members of the committee had rated each of the 63 eligible documentaries on
300-490: A fractious society splintered into various competing factions, often hostile to one another. This 2021 travel memoir is an extended meditation on "what it means to be free." In the book, which recounts the experiences of two Afghanistan combat vets, a photojournalist and war reporter, and a black dog named Daisy walking 400 miles along railway lines in south-central Pennsylvania, Junger argues that modern civilization has not made people feel safer or contented in their lives, and
360-480: A freelance writer, often trying to publish articles on topics that interested him. He often took other jobs for temporary periods of time to support himself. Researching dangerous occupations as a topic, he became deeply engaged in learning about commercial fishing and its hazards. In 1997, with the success of his non-fiction book, The Perfect Storm , Junger was touted as a new Hemingway . His work stimulated renewed interest in adventure non-fiction. The book received
420-480: A higher risk of injury. As immigrants make up an increasing share of the labor market in countries such as the United States it will become increasingly important for employers to find ways of effectively promoting occupational safety and health among immigrant workers. These workers are susceptible to exploitation , and without representation can have a difficult time maintaining fair living wages. Since
480-671: A large pre-publication deal for movie rights, was on the New York Times bestseller list for a year in the hardback edition, and for two years in paperback. In 2000 Junger published an article "The Forensics of War," in Vanity Fair . He received a National Magazine Award for this. He continues to work there as a contributing editor. In early 2007, he reported from Nigeria on the subject of blood oil . With British photographer Tim Hetherington , Junger created The Other War: Afghanistan, produced with ABC News and Vanity Fair . It
540-410: A scale of six to ten. "What I found," said Davis, "is that a small group of members gave zeros (actually low scores) to every single film except the five they wanted to see nominated. And they gave tens to those five, which completely skewed the voting. There was one film that received more scores of ten than any other, but it wasn't nominated. It also got zeros (low scores) from those few voters, and that
600-556: A year with one platoon in the Korengal Valley , which is billed as the deadliest valley in Afghanistan. They recorded video to document their experience, and this footage went on to form the basis for Restrepo . The title refers to the outpost where Junger was embedded, which was named after a combat medic, Pfc. Juan Restrepo, killed in action. As Junger explained, "It's a completely apolitical film. We wanted to give viewers
660-510: Is a jumping-off point for the book's exploration of near-death experiences and the idea of an afterlife. Dirty, dangerous and demeaning The term originated from the Japanese expression 3K: kitanai , kiken , kitsui (respectively 汚い "dirty", 危険 "dangerous", きつい "demanding"), and has subsequently gained widespread use, particularly regarding labor done by migrant workers and burakumin . Any task fitting
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#1732772928840720-673: Is complete. Finalists for Best Documentary Feature are selected by the Documentary Branch based on a preliminary ballot. A second preferential ballot determines the five nominees. Prior to the 78th Academy Awards , there were twelve films shortlisted. These are the additional films that were shortlisted. For this Academy Award category, the following superlatives emerge: Arthur Cohn – 3 awards (resulting from 4 nominations) ; Simon Chinn – 2 awards ; Jacques-Yves Cousteau – 2 awards ; Walt Disney – 2 awards (resulting from 7 nominations; Disney has an additional 2 wins in
780-789: Is meaningful to them. The film opened in June 2013 in theaters. It also played at the Pritzker Military Library and Museum, The Pentagon, Army Heritage and Education Foundation Center, Capitol Hill, United States Military Academy, The National Infantry Museum, Little Rock Film Festival, Key West Film Festival, and the DocuWest Film Festival. The last of the trilogy about war and its effects on soldiers, this documentary explores "what it means for combat soldiers to reintegrate into daily American life." Junger recruited former US Army Sgt. Brendan O'Byrne, who appeared in
840-416: Is one such mechanism which reinforces the social vulnerability of immigrant workers and can increase their risk for occupational injury and limit their access to institutional resources that protect worker health. In the worst case the concentration is exploitation and can become slavery in its various forms. Historically, the 3D occupations have at times been widely satisfied through forced employment due to
900-496: The 3rd Academy Awards , prior to the introduction of a documentary category, With Byrd at the South Pole won the award for Best Cinematography , becoming the first documentary both to be nominated for and win an Oscar. 1952's Navajo would become the first film nominated for both Best Documentary and Best Cinematography. Woodstock was the first documentary to be nominated for Best Film Editing while Hoop Dreams
960-543: The Middle East to work in the construction industry. Migration for 3D wages is not new. In the United States, 3D occupations once filled by Irish and German immigrants, are today held by many Latin Americans . The highest paying work available to these often unskilled and uneducated (or their foreign certificates of skills and education are not recognized) immigrants is work that is of lower social status, and has
1020-545: The War in Afghanistan for more than a decade, often embedded in dangerous and remote military outposts . The book War (2010) was drawn from his field reporting for Vanity Fair , that also served as the background for the documentary film Restrepo (2010) which received the Grand Jury Prize for best documentary at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival . Junger's works explore themes such as brotherhood , trauma , and
1080-517: The Academy, is it? It's 5% of the Academy." The awards process has also been criticized for emphasizing a documentary's subject matter over its style or quality. In 2009, Entertainment Weekly 's Owen Gleiberman wrote about the documentary branch members' penchant for choosing "movies that the selection committee deemed good because they're good for you... a kind of self-defeating aesthetic of granola documentary correctness." In 2014, following
1140-712: The Belmont neighborhood, which he learned was the territory of the Boston Strangler . He was later inspired to write A Death in Belmont (2006). Junger graduated from Concord Academy in 1980 and received a bachelor of arts degree from Wesleyan University in cultural anthropology in 1984. As an accomplished long-distance runner , he spent a summer training on the Navajo Nation reservation and wrote his thesis on Navajo long-distance running and its traditional, pre-Columbian roots. Junger began working as
1200-719: The Documentary Short Subject category) ; Rob Epstein – 2 awards ; Marvin Hier – 2 awards ; Barbara Kopple – 2 awards Mark Jonathan Harris – 2 awards Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11 , at the time the highest-grossing documentary film in movie history, was ruled ineligible because Moore had opted to have it played on television prior to the 2004 election. Previously, the 1982 winner Just Another Missing Kid had already been broadcast in Canada and won that country's ACTRA award for excellence in television at
1260-569: The Oscar documentary shortlist exclusions that year, The Hollywood Reporter 's Scott Feinberg reacted to Red Army 's omission: "...no matter which 15 titles the doc branch selected, plenty of other great ones would be left on the outside. That is the case, most egregiously, with Gabe Polsky 's Red Army (Sony Classics), a masterful look at the role of sports in society and Russian-American relations ". ( Icarus , another documentary related to sports and Russian-American relations, later won
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#17327729288401320-644: The Oscar.) In 2017, following the win of the eight-hour O.J.: Made in America in this category, the academy announced that multi-part and limited series would be ineligible for the award in the future, even if they are not broadcast after their Oscar-qualifying release (as was O.J.: Made in America ). Various other acclaimed documentaries have not been nominated. Though Academy rules do not expressly preclude documentaries from being nominated in other competitive categories, documentaries are typically considered ineligible for nominations in categories that presume
1380-510: The Savannah Film Festival, and at Seattle International Film Festival . In Tribe (2016) Junger studies war veterans from an anthropological perspective and asks "How do you make veterans feel that they are returning to a cohesive society that was worth fighting for in the first place?" Junger's premise is that "Soldiers ignore differences of race, religion and politics within their platoon..." and upon return to America, find
1440-607: The Sea (1997) became an international bestseller. It recounts a storm in October 1991 that resulted in the Gloucester fishing boat Andrea Gail going down off the coast of Nova Scotia , and the loss of all six crew members: Billy Tyne, Bobby Shatford, Alfred Pierre, David Sullivan, Michael Moran and Dale Murphy. In 2000, the book was adapted by Warner Brothers as a film of the same name , starring George Clooney and Mark Wahlberg . Junger said that while recovering from
1500-481: The announcement of the shortlist of eligible feature documentary nominees, Sony Pictures Classics co-president Tom Bernard publicly criticized Academy documentary voters after they excluded SPC's Red Army from the shortlist. "It's a sign of some really old people in the documentary area of the Academy. There's a lot of people who are really up in their years. It's shocking to me that that film ( Red Army ) didn't get in," Bernard said. Additionally, in his reporting of
1560-459: The beginning of the labor movement, immigrant workers in 3D jobs have formed the backbone of many labor unions. When there are concentrations of low paid workers in 3D occupations, this is artificially created when there are either 'pull' mechanisms that create migrant worker flows or through mechanisms that create subclasses of indigenous populations, through a selective application or an absence of labor protections. Undocumented immigration status
1620-420: The book: It "must be read with the appropriate caution that should surround any work of nonfiction in which the author is seeking a literary or dramatic payoff." He noted that Junger did not include endnotes or footnotes, and suggested he may have had too much interest in "playing down coincidences and emphasizing connections." Fire is a collection of articles about dangerous regions or dangerous occupations. In
1680-582: The business unsustainable, and the Half King closed in 2019 after 19 years of operation. In June 2020, Junger had a near-death experience when his pancreatic artery ruptured while he was at home in Truro, Massachusetts . He has written a book about the experience, titled In My Time of Dying : How I Came Face to Face with the Idea of an Afterlife. Junger's book The Perfect Storm: A True Story of Men Against
1740-900: The chapter "Lion in Winter", Junger interviews Ahmad Shah Massoud , leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance and known as the Lion of the Panjshir. He was a famed resistance fighter against the Soviets and the Taliban . Junger was one of the last Western journalists to interview Massoud in depth. Much of this was first published in March 2001 for National Geographic Adventure , along with photographs by Iranian photographer Reza Deghati and video by cinematographer Stephen Cocklin. Massoud
1800-481: The constant physical and mental injury to coworkers or even death, the stress can cause mental fatigue and post-traumatic stress disorder . Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature The Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film is an award for documentary films . In 1941, the first awards for feature-length documentaries were bestowed as Special Awards to Kukan and Target for Tonight . They have since been bestowed competitively each year, with
1860-514: The country whose parents make their living in the commercial fishing industry. A Death in Belmont centers on the 1963 rape and murder of Bessie Goldberg. This was during the period from 1962 to 1964 of the infamous Boston Strangler crimes. Junger received the 2007 PEN/Winship award for the book. Junger raises the possibility in his book that the real Strangler was Albert DeSalvo . He eventually confessed to committing several Strangler murders, but not Goldberg's. Roy Smith, an African-American man,
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1920-461: The criteria of a 3D job can qualify, regardless of industry. These jobs can bring higher wages due to a shortage of willing qualified individuals and in many world regions are filled by migrant workers looking for higher wages. Traditionally, workers in 3D professions are better paid in relation to comparable employment available, due to the undesirability of the work, and the resulting need to pay higher wages to attract workers. This has allowed
1980-526: The exception of 1946. Copies of every winning film (along with copies of most nominees) are held by the Academy Film Archive . Following the academy's practice, films are listed below by the award year (that is, the year they were released under the academy's rules for eligibility). In practice, due to the limited nature of documentary distribution, a film may be released in different years in different venues, sometimes years after production
2040-494: The experience of being in combat with soldiers, and so our cameras never leave their side. There are no interviews with generals; there is no moral or political analysis. It is a purely experiential film." Restrepo, which premiered on the opening night of the 2010 Sundance Film Festival , won the grand jury prize for a domestic documentary. The actor David Hyde Pierce presented the award in Park City, Utah. Junger self-financed
2100-608: The film Restrepo , US Army soldier David Roels, and Spanish photo-journalist Guillermo Cervera to walk the rail corridor between Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh. The journey was planned as a tribute to deceased photographer Tim Hetherington. The film premiered at the Margaret Mead Film Festival and aired on HBO in November. The film played in theaters in New York and Los Angeles, as well as at
2160-624: The film. Restrepo was nominated for the 2011 Academy Award for Best Documentary. The visits from June 2007 to June 2008 to eastern Afghanistan to the Korengal Valley with Tim Hetherington resulted not only in their reports and pictures published in Vanity Fair in 2008 and the film Restrepo (2010), but also in Junger's best-selling book War (2010), which rewrites and expands upon his Vanity Fair dispatches. Junger in War , tells
2220-568: The first documentary and first animated film nominated for Best International Feature Film, although it was not nominated for Best Documentary Feature. The Danish-language animated documentary Flee was later nominated for Best International Feature, Best Documentary Feature, and Best Animated Feature, the first film to accomplish this feat. Nine documentaries have received nominations for Best Original Song : Mondo Cane (for Riz Ortolani and Nino Oliviero 's " More "), An Inconvenient Truth (for Melissa Etheridge 's " I Need to Wake Up ",
2280-463: The five films (including eventual winner Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt ) selected that year as nominees for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. They noted that Michael Moore 's Roger & Me (distributed by Warner Brothers ) was omitted from the nominees, although it had been highly praised by numerous critics and was ranked by many critics as one of the top ten films of
2340-475: The hazards, engaging in high risk, low status work can be a way to escape poverty - captured by a line in the Irish folk song Finnegan's Wake , "to rise in the world he carried a hod ." As the name indicates, dirty, dangerous and demeaning work can impose severe physical and mental costs on workers. There is often a risk of early retirement due to injury, general joint depletion or mental fatigue. After witnessing
2400-440: The lack of available applicants, a supply of exploitable labor, and either legalization of forced employment or a disregard for the labor laws. People who find themselves working a 3D occupation will be well paid if they have the protection of the law, poorly paid if they have poor protection of the law or unfair laws, and unpaid if they exist under no protection of the law, no law, or in a society with legal slavery. Regardless of
2460-598: The late 19th century and early 20th century has provided a pool of migrants willing to undertake employment for lower wages than native residents. Higher wages in developed countries are a strong 'pull' factor in international migration, and thus while a migrant worker is willing to accept a comparatively low-wage for a 3D job in a developed country it may mean a significant increase in wages compared to their originating country. Prominent current examples of migration for 3D wages include Filipino entertainment workers who migrate to Japan , and of Indians and Pakistanis going to
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2520-543: The life of Hetherington, who was killed in 2011 in Libya. The 2014 film Korengal continues to follow the soldiers in Battle Company 2/503 during and after their service in the Korengal Valley. The film takes a deeper look into the psychology of the men, who are deployed in the rugged mountains of the Korengal Valley. Junger sought to find out what combat did to, and for them, and seek a deeper understanding of why war
2580-593: The only nominee from a documentary to win), Chasing Ice (for J. Ralph 's "Before My Time"), Racing Extinction (for Ralph and Anhoni 's " Manta Ray "), Jim: The James Foley Story (for Ralph and Sting 's " The Empty Chair "), Glen Campbell: I'll Be Me (for Glen Campbell and Julian Raymond 's " I'm Not Gonna Miss You "), The Hunting Ground (for Lady Gaga and Diane Warren 's " Til It Happens To You "), RBG (for Warren's "I'll Fight") and American Symphony (for Batiste's "It Never Went Away"). Documentaries nominated for their scores include This
2640-601: The relationship of the individual to society as told from the far reaches of human experience. Junger was born in Belmont, Massachusetts , the son of Ellen Sinclair, a painter, and Miguel Chapero Junger, a physicist . Born in Dresden, Germany , and of Russian, Austrian, Spanish, Italian, and Jewish descent, his father immigrated to the United States during World War II to escape persecution because of paternal Jewish ancestry, and to study engineering at MIT . Junger grew up in
2700-415: The shortlist." Among other rule changes taking effect in 2013, the academy began requiring a documentary to have been reviewed by either The New York Times or Los Angeles Times , and be commercially released for at least one week in both of those cities. Advocating the rule change, Michael Moore said "When people get the award for best documentary and they go on stage and thank the Academy, it's not really
2760-735: The story of Staff Sergent Sal Giunta . His actions during the fighting in the Korengal Valley made him the first soldier to still be alive when receiving the Medal of Honor since the Vietnam War . Time magazine named War a "Top Ten Non-fiction Book" of 2010. In April 2013, Junger's film Which Way Is the Front Line from Here? The Life and Time of Tim Hetherington , debuted at the LBJ Presidential Library . Produced in conjunction with HBO Documentary Films, it documents
2820-555: The time of its nomination. In 1990, a group of 45 filmmakers filed a protest to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences over a potential conflict of interest involving Mitchell Block . They noted that Block was a member of the Documentary Steering Committee, which selects films as nominees, but he had a conflict of interest because his company Direct Cinema owned the distribution rights to three of
2880-816: The uneducated and unskilled to earn a living wage by foregoing comfort, personal safety and social status . This concept proves itself in the economic theory of quantity supplied and quantity demanded (see Quantity adjustment ). The wages paid to these workers is higher due to the undesirable nature of their professions. However, in regions where certain classes of workers are restricted to this type of work or there are contributing regional conditions - for example, high unemployment , adjacency to regions with high poverty , or those that are recipient of driven labor migration - there will be workers willing to accept lower than equilibrium wages and then these jobs are not well paid by any definition. Large scale international labor migration , from developing to developed countries since
2940-407: The voting pool and improved his odds. Following protests by many documentarians, the nominating system subsequently was changed. Hoop Dreams director Steve James said "With so few people looking at any given film, it only takes one to dislike a film and its chances for making the short list are diminished greatly. So they've got to do something, I think, to make the process more sane for deciding
3000-498: The weakening of interpersonal bonds has contributed to a rise of anxiety, depression, and suicide, especially among the wealthiest societies. The main theme from Junger's earlier books, "extolling the superiority, both moral and psychological, of life in small nomadic groups (or small embattled platoons) over modernity under capitalism – appears repeatedly." The 2024 book In My Time of Dying recounts Junger's near-death experience due to an abdominal hemorrhage. That personal experience
3060-423: The work is fictitious, including Best Production Design , Best Costume Design , and acting. To date, no documentaries have been nominated for Best Picture , or Best Director . The Quiet One was nominated for Best Story and Screenplay . No documentary feature has yet been nominated for Best Picture, although Chang was nominated in the "Unique and Artistic Production" category at the 1927/28 awards. At
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#17327729288403120-494: The year. The controversy over Hoop Dreams ' exclusion was enough to have the Academy Awards begin the process to change its documentary voting system. Roger Ebert, who had declared it to be the best 1994 movie of any kind, looked into its failure to receive a nomination: "We learned, through very reliable sources, that the members of the committee had a system. They carried little flashlights. When one gave up on
3180-664: Was assassinated on September 9, 2001. Junger's portrait of Massoud suggests a different future for the country if he had been able to continue his work. Fire also details the conflict diamond trade in Sierra Leone, genocide in Kosovo , and the hazards of fire-fighting in the state of Idaho in the United States. In 2009, Junger made his first film, the documentary feature Restrepo , as director with photographer Tim Hetherington . The two worked together in Afghanistan on assignment for Vanity Fair . Junger and Hetherington spent
3240-513: Was attacked and left a receipt (for his work) with his name on her kitchen counter. No physical evidence, such as bruises or blood, linked Smith to the crime. In 1976, he was granted commutation of his life sentence. Before he gained release, Smith died of lung cancer. Junger draws no conclusions about the guilt or innocence of either Smith or DeSalvo. Goldberg's daughter has vigorously disputed Junger's suggestion that Smith may have been innocent. Defense attorney Alan Dershowitz said in his review of
3300-504: Was born in 2016 when he was age 55. Previously, Junger was married to writer Daniela Petrova . They divorced in 2014. He is an atheist. Junger co-owned a bar in New York City called the Half King. Named after a Seneca warrior that played colonial forces against each other in the Seven Years War , the bar hosted in-house readings and photo exhibits and was favored by war correspondents and conflict photographers. Rising rents made
3360-403: Was convicted in her death based on circumstantial evidence. Junger suggests that Smith's conviction for Goldberg's death was influenced by racism. The prosecution called witnesses who remembered seeing Smith chiefly because he was a black man walking in a predominately white neighborhood. (Eyewitness testimony has been shown to be notoriously flawed.) Smith had cleaned Goldberg's house the day she
3420-487: Was enough to push it to sixth place." In 2000, Arthur Cohn, the producer of the winning One Day in September boasted "I won this without showing it in a single theater!" Cohn had hit upon the tactic of showing his Oscar entries at invitation-only screenings, and to as few other people as possible. Oscar bylaws at the time required voters to have seen all five nominated documentaries; by limiting his audience, Cohn shrank
3480-633: Was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and won the Grand Jury Prize for a domestic documentary at the Sundance Film Festival in 2010. On April 27, 2011, Junger was presented with the "Leadership in Entertainment Award" by Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America (IAVA) for his work on Restrepo . Junger's book, Tribe: On Homecoming and Belonging , was published in 2016. Junger has
3540-608: Was shown on Nightline in September 2008 and the two men shared the DuPont-Columbia Award for broadcast journalism for the work. His book War (2010) revolves around a platoon of the US Army 173rd Airborne stationed in Afghanistan . Junger, along with Hetherington, used material gathered in the Korengal Valley of Afghanistan for the book and to create a related documentary feature Restrepo . The film
3600-442: Was the second (although it was, controversially, not nominated for Best Documentary Feature). Woodstock is also the only documentary to receive a nomination for Best Sound . Honeyland became the first documentary to be nominated for both Best International Feature Film and Best Documentary Feature. The following year, Collective would accomplish the same double nomination. Prior to this, Waltz with Bashir became
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