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69-522: [REDACTED] Look up sebi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Sebi may refer to: People [ edit ] Dr. Sebi or Alfredo Bowman , Honduran self-proclaimed herbalist and healer Sebi Tramontana (born 1960), jazz trombonist Places [ edit ] Sebi, Zaveh , Iran Other [ edit ] Sebi (song) Securities and Exchange Board of India Topics referred to by
138-521: A plant-based alkaline diet based on various pseudoscientific claims, and denied that HIV caused AIDS . He set up a treatment center in Honduras, then moved his practice to New York City and Los Angeles. Numerous entertainment and acting celebrities were among his clients, including Michael Jackson , Lisa 'Left Eye' Lopes , and John Travolta . Although he used the title and name Dr. Sebi, Bowman had not completed any formal medical training. He
207-581: A commercial flight from the United States to a private plane for another destination in Honduras. Bowman was released pending a court hearing on 6 June 2016, but he was re-arrested by the Public Ministerio on money laundering charges. He was held for several weeks in a Honduran prison, while his family was attempting to obtain his release. He fell ill and, after police officials realized the severity of his condition, they transported him to
276-593: A day, after giving advice and developing a wide range of celebrity clients such as Lisa Lopes , Steven Seagal , John Travolta , Eddie Murphy and Michael Jackson . He reportedly treated Jackson in 2004, before the latter went to trial . On 28 May 2016, Bowman and his associate Pablo Medina Gamboa were arrested on charges of money laundering at the Juan Manuel Gálvez de Roatan Airport , after they were found to be carrying $ 37,000 in cash and had no explanation for it. They were attempting to transfer from
345-532: A distinct ethnic group from the rest of the Honduran population, however, naturally feel today Hondurans and, in fact, a major instances by which have been "integrating" the Honduran has been through sport. Indeed, many black British have been in recent decades some major national athletes, especially in football clubs and the national team of Honduras, but also have excelled in other sports such as athletics, baseball, and basketball. Finally, many black British, before
414-553: A half-dozen entities, groups who were distinct by their language dialects, who were situated in the river basins. Miskito hut in Nicaragua The Spanish were unable to conquer this region during the sixteenth century. Much of the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua and northeastern Honduras was outside any Spanish authority. The region became a haven for northern Europeans, especially Dutch, English, and Welsh privateers during
483-423: A hospital. Bowman died of complications of pneumonia on 6 August 2016, en route to Hospital D'Antoni . The length of his time in custody and the poor condition of the jail may have contributed to his death. Some of his followers question the circumstances of his arrest and death. They claim that there was a conspiracy to silence him because his teachings differed from the medical establishment and threatened
552-473: A license . The jury acquitted him, saying the state had failed to prove he made a medical diagnosis. In the 1990s, he was sued in New York for making claims of therapeutic benefits for his products; as a result of the civil case, he was prohibited from making such claims. He relocated to Los Angeles , where he cultivated celebrities among his clients. He gradually earned considerable revenue, more than $ 3,000
621-736: A mix of African and indigenous as of Afro Latin Americans . Honduras has one of the largest African community in Latin America. One of the first African slaves who arrived in Honduras, Juan Bardales, participated in the Spanish conquest of the province, especially in Trujillo . Shortly thereafter, Berdales was awarded his freedom. In Honduras, slaves played an important role in the mining industry. Many of them came from Africa, from places like Angola or Senegambia , while others came from
690-502: A retreat in Aspen, Colorado . After Jackson's brother Randy paid Bowman $ 10,000, Bowman sued Michael Jackson for related costs, claiming that the singer owed him $ 380,000, and seeking an additional $ 600,000 in lost revenue for having deferred other clients and various speaking engagements. Raymone Bain , a publicist of Jackson, denied that her client received any "professional treatment" or that he had any painkiller addiction. The case
759-522: A series of raids attacking Spanish-held territories and the still independent indigenous groups in the area. Miskito raiders reached as far north as the Yucatán, and as far south as Costa Rica. Many of their captives were sold into slavery to European slave traders, and many of them ended up working on Jamaican sugar plantations. In addition, from 1720 onwards, the Jamaican colonial authorities commissioned
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#1732782759317828-406: A treatment that he called the "African Bio-Electric Cell Food Therapy", and claimed that it could cure a wide range of diseases, including cancer and AIDS, as well as a variety of chronic conditions and mental illnesses. He also developed related herbal products. Bowman set up a center in the 1980s near La Ceiba , Honduras, and marketed his herbal products in the United States. He called his center
897-437: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Alfredo Bowman Alfredo Darrington Bowman (26 November 1933 – 6 August 2016), also known as Dr. Sebi ( / s eɪ b iː / ), was a Honduran self-proclaimed herbalist healer, who also practiced in the United States in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Bowman falsely claimed to cure all disease with herbs and
966-651: The Bay Islands , especially the Roatan Island and Guanaja and some Caribbean coastal Honduran cities like Puerto Cortes , Tela and La Ceiba . In the 2000s, some Creoles migrated to the major cities of Tegucigalpa , San Pedro Sula , and other urban centers in the interior. Like the Garifuna, many work as sailors and emigrated to the United States or Grand Cayman Island with which there are strong trade and cultural relations. Over time, blacks brought by
1035-708: The Caribbean . In 1542, 165 slaves came via Portugal and 150 from Santo Domingo. In Honduras, were imported slaves Mandinka kangkurao of the Gambia River in Senegambia. By the mid-sixteenth century, between 1,000 and 1,500 enslaved blacks worked in the gold washings of Olancho ; these slaves likely hailed from Africa. In Honduras, 300 Africans arrived in Olancho and at Rio Guayape in 1590; they were sent to both areas for mining woo. A crew of Angolas worked in
1104-576: The Garifuna who descend from exiled zambo Maroons from Saint Vincent . The Creole people were originally from Jamaica and other Caribbean islands, while the Garifuna people were originally from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . Garifunas arrived in the late seventeen hundreds and the Creole peoples arrived during the eighteen hundreds. About 600,000 Hondurans are of Garífuna descent that are
1173-732: The Afro-Hondurans that descended from slaves imported by the Spanish, there are other Afro communities in Honduras, also present in Nicaragua y Guatemala: Miskito, Creoles, and Garifuna. The Miskito are an indigenous ethnic group in Central America, of whom many are mixed race. In the northern end of their territory, the people are primarily of African-Native American ancestry; others are of mixed African-Native American and English descent. Their territory extends from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Río Grande de Matagalpa, Nicaragua, along
1242-544: The American War of Independence by attacking Spanish colonies to draw off their forces. It gained several victories alongside the British. But, at the conclusion of the peace in 1783, Britain had to cede control over the coast to Spain. The British withdrawal was completed at the end of June 1787. To compensate their Miskito supporters, the British re-settled 537 Miskitos, together with their 1,677 slaves, from Mosquitia to
1311-520: The Americas at the time were mestizos and Afro-descendants), including possibilities such as "black ladino," "mulatto Ladin", etc. According to Barahona, Ladinos were the majority of the population in 1800 (60% of the population). Because these days, most African - Hondurans were mulatto, sambo, and browns. Although the seventeenth century had five categories in the census of Spanish America, "white", "Indians", "mestizos", "black" and "mulatto", already in
1380-583: The Bay settlement in British Honduras, present-day Belize. Despite their official withdrawal, Britain maintained an unofficial protectorate over the kingdom. They often intervened to protect Miskito's interests against Spanish encroachments. In addition to the area's geographic isolation, the Miskito military capacity and British support allowed the people to retain their independence when Spain controlled
1449-523: The Big Steppers . Afro-Hondurans African people : Afro-Hondurans or Black Hondurans are Hondurans of Sub-Saharan African descent. Research by Henry Louis Gates and other sources regards their population to be around 1-2%. They descended from: enslaved Africans by the Spanish, as well as those who were enslaved from the West Indies and identify as Creole peoples , and
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#17327827593171518-568: The British were learning the customs and the English language, which managed to keep up today. Like white citizens, long blacks were not considered Hondurans. Although the Bay Islands were eventually recognized as Honduran territory by the British in 1861, by the Treaty "Wike-Cross", in 1904, people still continued to believe that these lands were English possessions. Even in the 1930s, during
1587-551: The Central American mainland until Costa Rica (without reaching this place), especially by the persecutions to which they were subjected by the Spanish authorities. Some of them were involved in the civil wars of the time. In the late eighteenth century records tell of significant percentages of blacks and mulattoes in Tegucigalpa. But at the end of the colonial period, slaves were already mainly mulattoes. Between
1656-460: The Garifuna in Honduras struggling not to be deprived of their lands on the coast for tourism enterprises and try to keep their customs and culture at all costs. Garifuna music, Punta (tip), is a very rhythmic music, accompanied by a fast-paced sensual dance with a lot of hip movement. This music has been released recently by bands mostly Hondurans, including the most famous: Kazabe, Garifuna Kids, Banda Blanca , Silver Star, and Los Roland. Especially
1725-558: The Garifuna people were regarded as skillful for crops, so they went to work and prospered enough in Trujillo, some of these were recruited by the Spanish army where they served with distinction. Many Garifunas of Trujillo, especially due to the persecutions to which they were subjected by the Spanish authorities, emigrated and scattered were them along the coasts of all the Central American mainland until Costa Rica (without reaching this place), Later, because of great resentment against
1794-408: The Honduran "in banana cultivation, and who had previously worked in their respective nations that sector. Other black anglophone contingents arrived in Honduras with the arrival of black workers from Jamaica and other English-speaking islands arrived to work for the banana transnationals. In 1931, the intellectual, Alfonso Guillen Zelaya Honduran, raised the huge black presence on the north coast and
1863-436: The Honduran coast between the late eighteenth and mid-century. Over time, the black English originally came with the illusion of wealth and then return to their countries, they fell in Honduras and evidently were acquiring some Honduran customs, but in essence, they brought many manifestations of their lands, such as religion, music, traditions and language in many cases, are still preserved and that makes, therefore, constitute
1932-679: The Miskito face human rights violations over land rights disputes, as recognized by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Before the 1700s arrival of Europeans in the region, the area was divided into numerous small, egalitarian indigenous groups, possibly speaking languages related to the Sumo languages. The Spanish listed 30 "nations" in Taguzgalpa and Tologalpa, as the Spanish understood their geography. Karl Offen's analysis of this historic data suggests there were about
2001-471: The Miskito reserve, supported Nicaragua's takeover of power in the area. The American companies preferred Nicaraguan authority to the Miskito, especially as the Miskito elite was more prepared to protect the rights of small landholders than the Nicaraguan government. British blacks or Creoles arrived originally with the introduction of enslaved Africans to Jamaica, Cayman, and Belize by the British during
2070-673: The Miskito to capture Maroons in the Blue Mountains, as they were effective trackers. The Miskito king and the British concluded a formal Treaty of Friendship and Alliance in 1740. The British appointed John Hodgson as Superintendent of the Shore. The British established a protectorate over the Miskito Nation, often called the Mosquito Coast (related to the original Spanish name). The Miskito kingdom aided Britain during
2139-501: The Miskito. After Nicaragua declared independence in 1821, combined Miskito-Zambo raiders began to attack Honduran settlements. They sometimes rescued enslaved Miskito before they could be transported beyond their reach. They also enslaved women from other tribes for use as sexual partners. Their society allowed polygamy. The Miskito population boomed as the men had more children with their slave women. These raids continued for many years after animosity between Britain and Spain ended at
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2208-532: The Miskito. These English began to crown Miskito leaders as kings (or chiefs); their territory was called the Mosquito Kingdom (the English adopted the Spanish term for the indigenous people). A 1699 written account of the kingdom described it as spread out in various communities along the coast but not including all the territory. It probably did not include the settlements of English traders. The king did not have total power. The 1699 description noted that
2277-709: The Mosquito Coast, in the Western Caribbean Zone. Their population is estimated at 180,000 people as of 2016. The indigenous people speak a native Miskito language, but large groups also speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, which is the language of education and government, and other languages. Miskito Coast Creole, an English-based Creole language, came about through frequent contact with the British for trading, as they predominated along this coast. Many are Christians. A 1987 peace agreement afforded them land rights over traditional lands. However, despite significant political struggles throughout their history, today
2346-687: The Mosquito Coast. The treaty provided for a Miskitu reserve, a self-governing entity that enjoyed semi-sovereign rights. Nicaraguan forces occupied the area in 1894 and took over the state. The British restored the Miskito Reserve in July, but Nicaraguan forces reoccupied in August 1894 and ended its independence. Various major American fruit companies such as the United Fruit Company, which had begun large-scale production of bananas in
2415-568: The Pacific side of Central America. The Miskito Coast remained independent throughout much of the period of the Federal Republic of Central America, but Nicaragua finally absorbed the territory in 1894. Once the Central American republics became independent in the early to mid-nineteenth century, they had less power in relation to other nations than did Spain and struggled to protect their own territorial interests against filibusters and
2484-426: The Spanish, others many Garifuna fled to the coast of Belize where already lived other Garifunas. It is this migration that is celebrated annually on November 19 as Garifuna Settlement Day, and is the largest celebration of this community. Some of them were involved in the civil wars of the time. During the twentieth century, some Garifuna worked on American and British boats during World War II and traveled around
2553-493: The USHA Research Institute, as located in the village of Usha. According to McGill University , Bowman's diet and food therapy was based on the discredited alkaline diet and showed a fundamental misunderstanding of genetics. His beliefs on the origin of disease denied germ theory and factored in faux- afrocentric claims about the unique genetic characteristics of Africans and their diaspora , which
2622-644: The United States government, which took an increasing strategic interest in the area. Great Britain took an interest in the affairs on the Mosquito Coast, as it had trade positions in Belize/British Honduras and Jamaica. In addition, US trading interests began to develop in the region. British governors in Belize began issuing commissions and appointments to Miskito kings and other officials, such as King Robert Charles Frederick, crowned in Belize in 1825. British officials regularly officially recognized
2691-511: The category of " Ladino ". According to historian Marbin Barahona, the racial mixture enters blacks with whites and Amerindians occurred since the 1520s, due to the decline of the indigenous population, the Spanish immigration scanty, and the meager arrival of African slaves. The recovery of the hegemony of silver and indigo, the prohibition of non-indigenous groups living in Indian villages, and
2760-414: The context of the conflict that gave rise to the independence of Haiti . In 1797, the British exported between 2,000 and 4,000 Black Caribs - mixture of Carib Indians and African Blacks - to the island o Roatán in Honduras, because they rebelled against them on the island St. Vincent . After this, these Garifuna, as called themselves, migrated to Trujillo and from there, scattered along the coasts of all
2829-482: The day of Garifuna ethnic recalling his arrival in Honduras. In March 2014, members of the Garifuna community made a formal complaint to the public prosecutor's office concerning the use of the term Afro when relating to members of the Garifuna community by the state of Honduras, claiming the term “afrohondureño” (Afro-Honduran in English) is incorrect because black people in Honduras were born there and are citizens of
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2898-426: The decline of the banana industry and the emergence of other productive sectors, were emigrating from the 1950s to the United States and enrolled in marine commercial fishing fleets throughout the Caribbean. Currently, it is estimated that the number of black English or Creole is around 32,000 people. In 1797, the British exported between 2,000 and 4,000 Black Caribs - a mixture of Indigenous Caribs and Africans - to
2967-464: The dictatorship of Gen. Tiburcio Carias (1933–1949), many islanders be Honduran nationals refused, and still clinging to their English traditions, practicing the Protestant religion and speaking only English. As shown, this process represents the first contingent of blacks settled in British Honduras, which was a result of the transfer of slaves from the British to the Bay Islands and some places on
3036-488: The early nineteenth century when slavery was abolished in Honduras. After 1820, Afro-Hondurans were simply considered citizens and obtained the rights of any citizen to be excluded from the category of "free blacks". This was perhaps because the General Francisco Ferrera , Honduran politician who was part of the government of Honduras at the time, had ancestors who were mulattoes. Nonetheless, he decreed
3105-694: The early nineteenth century. So, in the late eighteenth century, the Spanish-origin population would have been a minority compared to the racially mixed populations ("Ladino"). The Spanish Crown considered Ladinos as those subjects of the Crown, originally non-Hispanics, and they learned the official languages of the empire or Vulgar Latin . In the Americas, the Ladinos were often identified as those groups of nonwhites who were Amerindian or Spanish - speaking (and most people who were not white or Amerindians in
3174-525: The early seventeenth century, for example, Henry Morgan, Daniel Montbars and William Dampier. A number of Africans reached the coast from shipwrecked slave ships, notably one in the mid-seventeenth century. The survivors of shipwrecks and escaped slaves from the Providence Island colony, settled around Cape Gracias a Dios. They intermarried with the indigenous people. The Spanish referred to their mixed-race descendants as "Mosquito Zambo" (Mosquito
3243-402: The eighteenth century, the last three categories alone in a bind: "Ladino". During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Spanish authorities considered Honduran even entire regions populated mostly as mulatto, sambo, or brown. Such is the case of places like Olancho, Yoro , Colon and Atlántida , regions that eventually could have remixed with whites, Amerindians, and mestizos. It was in
3312-442: The expulsion of the country's Garifuna (but ultimately this is not carried out). The Honduran historian Antonio Canelas Diaz says that by the year 1870, was organized in the city of La Ceiba - the point where, emerged on a large scale banana production in Honduras - a company called "New Orleans and Bay Island Company" whose executives, imported the first black Creoles hired by fruit, since they were labor" [...] more qualified than
3381-441: The fear that it increased what he called the "black import" Honduras ended up being a country of mulatto people, however, as the country was mostly mestizo and the indigenous population had been growing over the years. The African Cultural legacy is evident in some places of Honduras. Trujillo held certain dance parties, whose dancers carry specific masks. Both the dance and the masks are of Mandinka kangkurao origin. In addition to
3450-412: The international level. For a long time, the Miskito considered themselves superior to other indigenous tribes of the area, whom they referred to as "wild". The Miskito commonly adopted European dress and English names. From the middle of the nineteenth century, British interest in the region began to wane. At the Treaty of Managua in 1860, Great Britain allowed Nicaragua to have an uncontested claim over
3519-490: The island of Roatán in Honduras, because they rebelled against them on the island St. Vincent . While the British ships that carried to Black Caribes to the island addressed her, the Spanish captured one of the British ships, bringing it to Trujillo, Honduras where the Garifunas were released. In addition, the Spanish captured 1,700 Garifunas on the island of Roatan and they took them to Trujillo where they lacked manpower,
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#17327827593173588-472: The kings and governors had no power except in wartime, even in matters of justice. Otherwise, the people were all equal. Their superior leaders were named by the English as the king, a governor, a general, and, by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscure as many of the kings were semi-mythical. In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the Miskito Zambo began
3657-416: The late eighteenth and mid-nineteenth century who later arrived in Honduras. Creoles also arrived with the immigration of black workers from Jamaica, Cayman Island, Trinidad and Tobago and other English-speaking islands, who arrived in the early twentieth century to work in transnational banana companies, workers in the construction of railways, dockworkers and in some cases "scabs", are concentrated mainly in
3726-433: The late eighteenth and mid-nineteenth century, the British introduced black slaves from Jamaica , Cayman Island and Belize in Honduras. According to Luis Pedro Taracena, in these years, Tegucigalpa was populated by 80% mulattoes and this percentage was increasing over time, at least until 1815 (when they were 86% of the population). During the twentieth century, mulattoes and browns were progressively neutralized under
3795-620: The mines and businesses in San Miguel. Although many mulattoes and browns also worked in Tegucigalpa on the same dates. Between 1750 and 1779, a larger group of African slaves, Carabali and mondongos (a Kongo tribe) people, were taken to Honduras to build the military fort San Fernando de Omoa , the most important in the region. In 1796, approximately 300 "French black" from the French colony of Saint Domingue came to Trujillo, in
3864-557: The pharmaceutical industry. Bowman was known to have been married twice and, at the time of his death, had 17 living children. In 1987, the New York State Attorney General charged Bowman with two counts of practicing medicine without a license after he placed ads in local newspapers claiming to be able to cure AIDS. The Attorney General's Office sent undercover agents to his office to gain diagnoses and treatments for purported symptoms of disease. Bowman
3933-624: The population growth recorded in the same century, miscegenation, primarily among Amerindian and Spanish, not only increased significantly at this time but concentrated in certain regions, especially in the current Francisco Morazán Department , and Choluteca and Comayagua departments. These departments attracted many mixed-race people ( mestizo , mulatto, pardo , Ladino, etc.), unlike the indigenous concentration departments West. In 1775, lived in San Fernando de Omoa between 300 and 400 Africans and about 75 white families. They remained there until
4002-405: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sebi . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebi&oldid=1057578490 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
4071-424: The song Sopa de Caracol , of Kazabe has popularized this music internationally. Is difficult to determine the exact number of English-speaking black Garifunas because, in the last decades, the ethnic category has not been considered in national population censuses. The Garifunas have formed 47 communities in the departments of Cortes , Atlantida, Bay Islands Colon and Gracias a Dios . On April 12 of each year marks
4140-647: The various Miskito offices; it worked to protect Miskito's interests against the Central American republics and against the United States. The latter contested British influence as per the Monroe Doctrine. The United States' involvement in the war with Mexico prevented it from enforcing the doctrine. As Britain gradually became less interested in its commissioning of Miskito nobility, the Miskito effectively began to operate as an independent state. Due to British economic interest in Central America (particularly British Honduras, now Belize), they regularly traded with
4209-512: The world. As a result of these trips, there are now Garifuna small communities in Los Angeles , New Orleans , and New York City who send monthly remittances to Honduras worth $ 360,000. The Garifuna culture is very strong, with great emphasis on music, dance, and history. They have their own religion, the Dugu, consisting of a mixture of Catholicism and African and Caribbean beliefs. Today
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#17327827593174278-498: Was acquitted because jurors said the tape recorded by the agents failed to show that Bowman had made a medical diagnosis of their purported conditions. In an effort to stop Bowman's false claims, the New York Assistant Attorney General for consumer fraud filed a civil suit against Bowman, his Ogun Herbal Research Institute, and other named businesses. It resulted in a consent agreement by which he
4347-501: Was arrested in Honduras for money laundering, after being found carrying tens of thousands of dollars in cash with insufficient accounting for its origin. During several weeks' detention in jail, he contracted pneumonia . He died in police custody as he was being transported to a hospital. Bowman was born in 1933 in Ilanga, Honduras . He first learned of herbal healing and related traditional practices from his grandmother; his grandfather
4416-446: Was considered a quack by licensed doctors, attorneys, and consumer protection agencies in the United States. He was arrested and accused by New York state of practicing medicine without a license. After trial, Bowman was acquitted based on the legal definition of "medicine" for his herbs. He was later charged in a civil suit that resulted in him being prohibited from making therapeutic claims for his supplements. In May 2016, Bowman
4485-430: Was dismissed in 2015 for lack of prosecution. In 2018, African-American rapper Nipsey Hussle stated he was planning on creating a documentary about Bowman. Hussle was later murdered in 2019 by an acquaintance. Law enforcement have found no link between Hussle's death and Bowman. Rapper Kendrick Lamar references "Dr. Sebi" by name in the lyrics to the song "Worldwide Steppers" from his 2022 album Mr. Morale &
4554-531: Was originally from Haiti. Bowman who was a Honduran of African descent , identified himself as an "African in Honduras", not as an Afro-Honduran. Bowman became frustrated with Western medical practices in treating his own illnesses such as asthma , diabetes , impotency and visual impairment and visited an herbalist in Mexico named Alfredo Cortez who confirmed to him that he was dying. Bowman began his own healing practice in Honduras soon after. He developed
4623-446: Was prohibited from making therapeutic claims for his products. He was also fined $ 900. The suit had ruled that the claims were unsubstantiated. In 2004, Bowman reportedly treated Michael Jackson prior to his being tried on counts of child abuse. Bowman claimed to have helped the singer overcome addiction to painkillers Demerol and morphine with his African Bio-Electric Cell Food Therapy. He worked with Jackson for six months at
4692-444: Was referred to as "race pseudoscience" in a critical article published by McGill University. In the early 1980s, AIDS had newly been recognized as a disease as an epidemic started in the United States, with numerous cases in New York and other major cities. Bowman claimed that HIV is not the cause of AIDS and used herbal remedies to treat people. In 1987, Bowman was arrested and charged in New York with practicing medicine without
4761-509: Was their transliteration of Miskito). Those Miskito living in the southern (Nicaraguan) region were less racially mixed. Modern scholars have classified them as Tawira Miskito. Rivalries between these two groups and competition for territory often led to wars, which were divisive in the eighteenth century. British-Miskito alliance. English privateers working through the Providence Island Company made informal alliances with
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