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48-412: The Second Carib War (1795–1797) took place on the island of Saint Vincent between 1795 and 1797. The conflict pitted large numbers of British military forces against a coalition of Black Carib , runaway slaves, and French forces for control of the island. The First Carib War (1769–1773) was fought over British attempts to extend colonial settlements into Black Carib territories, and resulted in

96-658: A revolt fomented by the radical Victor Hugues . The British deported more than 5,000 Black Caribs to Roatán , an island off the coast of Honduras . From 1763 until independence, St. Vincent passed through various stages of colonial status under the British. A representative assembly was authorized in 1776. The British abolished slavery in 1834. Like the French before them, the British made African slaves work plantations of sugar, coffee, indigo, tobacco, cotton and cocoa until full emancipation in 1838. The resulting labour shortages on

144-570: A series of wars and peace treaties, these islands were eventually ceded to the British. While the English were the first to lay claim to St. Vincent in 1627, the French, centred on the island of Martinique , became the first Europeans to invade the island, establishing their first colony at Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St. Vincent in 1719. African slaves were forced to cultivate coffee, tobacco, indigo, corn, and sugar on plantations operated by

192-642: A stalemate and an unsatisfactory peace agreement. France captured Saint Vincent in 1779 during the American War of Independence , but it was restored to Britain by the Treaty of Paris (1783) . Begun by the Caribs (who harboured long-standing grievances against the British colonial administration, and were supported by French Revolutionary advisors) in March 1795, the Caribs successfully gained control of most of

240-441: A total surface area of 344 square kilometres (133 sq mi), or about 88% of the total country area, 19 times that of the country's second largest island Bequia . The coastline measures about 84 kilometres (52 mi). The climate is tropical and humid, with an average temperature of between 18 and 31 °C (64 and 88 °F) depending on altitude. More than 95% of the beaches on the mainland have black sand, while most of

288-632: Is composed of partially submerged volcanic mountains. Its largest volcano and the country's highest peak, La Soufrière , is active, with the latest episode of volcanic activity having begun in December 2020 and intensifying in April 2021. There were major territory wars between the indigenous population of the Black Caribs , also called the Garifuna , and Great Britain in the 18th century, before

336-511: Is in the Lesser Antilles chain; it is 29 kilometres (18 mi) long and 18 kilometres (11 mi) wide and it is located 160 kilometres (99 mi) west of Barbados. It is very mountainous and heavily forested. It has a 1,234-metre (4,049 ft) active volcano, La Soufriere , which erupted violently in 1812 and 1902. The most recent eruption was on 9 April 2021, which resulted in the evacuation of 20,000 residents. The island has

384-475: Is primarily derived from Arawak and Carib , with English and French to a lesser degree. Several theories have been made to explain the arrival of Africans on the island of Saint Vincent and the mixture of many Africans with the Caribs. The best known explanation is that of English governor William Young in 1795. According to oral history noted by the English governor, the arrival of the African population on

432-508: The Treaty of Paris , France ceded control of Saint Vincent to Britain, who began a program of colonial plantation development that was resisted by the Caribs. Between 1783 and 1796, there was again conflict between the British and the Black Caribs, who were led by defiant Paramount Chief Joseph Chatoyer . In 1797 British General Sir Ralph Abercromby put an end to the open conflict by crushing an uprising which had been supported by

480-539: The Bight of Biafra (from where, apparently, more than 20,000 enslaved people came, some 40% of the enslaved people) and of the Gold Coast (from where came, apparently, more of 11,000 enslaved people, 22% of the enslaved people). At any rate, to be this well, these enslaved people lived with the enslaved people of the Caribs. So, the "Black Archers", i.e. the population of African origin that had adopted Carib customs and

528-521: The Black people of St. Vincent in the early eighteenth century wore loincloths, used the bow and arrow, sailed by canoe, used the tables for the infants cranial deformation, touched the snail and painted their bodies with red dye annatto or achiote (Bixa orellana). On the other hand, perhaps because of its numerical dominance, the Black community pushed the Yellow Caribs towards the leeward side of

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576-494: The British as soon as they were required. Actually, according to researchers such as the linguist specializing in the Garifuna language Itarala, most of the enslaved people arriving in Saint Vincent came from other Caribbean islands (as, he says, no boat came directly from Africa to the archipelago), and settled in Saint Vincent in order to escape enslavement. So coming to the island were Maroons from plantations on all

624-457: The British captured Saint Lucia to the north, cutting off a source of French supplies and influence. A major military expedition by General Ralph Abercromby eventually suppressed the Carib opposition in 1797. The Caribs were deported from Saint Vincent to the island of Roatán off the coast of present-day Honduras , where they became known as the Garifuna people . This Saint Vincent and

672-507: The British in 1796. The British considered the Garinagu enemies and deported them to Roatán , an island off the coast of Honduras . In the process, the British separated the more African-looking Caribs from the more Amerindian-looking ones. They decided that the former were enemies who had to be exiled, while the latter were merely "misled" and were allowed to remain. Five thousand Garinagu were exiled, but only about 2,500 of them survived

720-645: The British made several unsuccessful attempts to affiliate St. Vincent with other Windward Islands in order to govern the region through a unified administration. The most notable was the West Indies Federation , which collapsed in 1962. Life on the island was made even harder following two eruptions of the La Soufriere volcano in 1812 and 1902 when much of the island was destroyed and many people were killed. The volcano erupted again in 1979, with no fatalities, and in 2020–2021. St. Vincent and

768-441: The British under the Treaty of Versailles (1783) . Between 1793 and 1796, the Black Caribs, led by their chief, Joseph Chatoyer , fought a series of battles against the British. The combat ultimately ended in a treaty, after which 5,000 Garifuna were exiled to the smaller island of Baliceaux off the coast of Bequia . Conflict between the British and the indigenous peoples continued until 1796, when General Ralph Abercromby ended

816-686: The Caribs and his boss spoke "excellent French," in which he recalled to captain Braithwaith that he had rejected to Dutch and English before him, and to the French, their peace cost them many gifts. After which, backed by five hundred men armed with rifles, said he was doing a favor to let him go. Thus, the British returned to their ships then. Since then, during a long time, the Amerindian chiefs and black from Yurumein sold indigo, cotton and snuff produced by women and slaves, and in exchange for which they received arms, ammunition, tools, and wine from

864-505: The French colonizers. Under French dominion, Saint Vincent was known as Ile Saint Marcouf. St. Vincent was ceded to Britain by the Treaty of Paris (1763) , after which friction between the British and the natives led to the First Carib War . Upon taking control of the island in 1763, the British laid the foundations of Fort Charlotte which was completed in 1806. The island was reverted to French rule in 1779 , then regained by

912-443: The French islands. This was very normal, according to William V. Davidson, after 1750, when the Black Caribs of St. Vincent were quite prosperous and numerous. The black leaders were warriors living with several wives and traveled by canoe to the islands of Martinique, St. Lucia and Grenada to change snuff and cotton they produced, complementing the female agricultural labor with African slave labor, weapons and ammunition. In 1763 by

960-526: The French radical, Victor Hugues . More than 5,000 Black Caribs were eventually deported to Roatán , an island off the coast of Honduras . Slavery was abolished in Saint Vincent (as well as in the other British colonies) in 1834, and an apprenticeship period followed which ended in 1838. After its end, labour shortages on the plantations resulted, and this was initially addressed by the immigration of indentured servants (Indian and Portuguese people from Madeira ) . As of 2013, people of African descent are

1008-599: The Grenadines article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This United Kingdom military article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Saint Vincent (island) Saint Vincent is a volcanic island in the Caribbean . It is the largest island of the country Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and is located in the Caribbean Sea , between Saint Lucia and Grenada . It

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1056-561: The Grenadines was granted associate statehood status by Britain on 27 October 1969, giving it complete control over its internal affairs. Following a referendum in 1979, St. Vincent and the Grenadines became the last of the Windward Islands to gain independence, on 27 October 1979, though it remains a member of the Commonwealth of Nations . It celebrates Independence Day every year on 27 October. The island of Saint Vincent

1104-403: The beaches in the Grenadines have white sand. For many years, this sand was used in the building industry. During recent times, because of destruction to the coastal areas, the government has restricted the amount of sand that may be removed from beaches, as well as the specific beaches from which sand may be removed. The sand is still used in construction of metalled roads, as it blends in with

1152-411: The capital Kingstown , with the rest of the island divided into, five main coastal strip towns of; Layou , Barrouallie , Chateaubelair , Georgetown , and Calliaqua . The people of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are formally called Vincentians; colloquially they are known as "Vincies" or "Vincys". The majority of the island's population is of Afro-Vincentian descent. However, a sizable portion of

1200-490: The colour of the asphalt used for road construction. Saint Vincent is home to endemic birds including the lesser Antillean Tanager , the whistling warbler , and the Saint Vincent amazon . Some pockets of tropical rainforest are left on the volcanic hills. Two species of reptile which are native to Saint Vincent are named for the island, Chironius vincenti and Sphaerodactylus vincenti . On 9 April 2021,

1248-500: The economy stagnant until the turn of the 20th century. The Opobo king Jaja was exiled to St. Vincent after his 1887 arrest by the British for shipping cargoes of palm oil directly to Liverpool without the intermediation of the National African Company . A Crown Colony government was installed in 1877, a Legislative Council created in 1925, and universal adult suffrage granted in 1951. During this period,

1296-648: The enslaved people were "too free of spirit", the Caribs planned to kill all the African male children. When Africans learned of the Caribs' plan, they rebelled and killed as many Caribs as they could, then fled to the mountains, where they settled and lived with other enslaved people who had taken refuge there. However, some researchers, such as the Garifuna specialist linguist Itarala, are more inclined to think, based on documented evidence, that over time enslaved people were actually from other islands (mostly from Barbados, St. Lucia and Grenada), and probably many Africans from

1344-476: The feast day of the patron saint of Lisbon and Valencia, Vincent of Saragossa . The Spanish conquistadors embarked on slaving expeditions in and around St. Vincent following royal sanction in 1511, driving the inhabitants to the rugged interior, but the Spanish were not able to settle the island. In the 1500s Columbus and the conquistadors noted there was a significantly large African population living amongst

1392-399: The first 2021 eruption of La Soufrière occurred and another "explosive event" was reported two days later; eruptions were expected to continue for some time. Approximately 16,000 people were required to evacuate the area of their homes. Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves made this comment to the news media: "water supplies to most of the island had been cut off and its airspace closed because of

1440-498: The island and began cultivating coffee, tobacco, indigo, cotton, and sugar on plantations. These plantations were worked by enslaved Africans. In this same year, Blacks and Amerindians repelled a force of 500 French soldiers who, upon landing, burned the villages of the coast and destroyed the plantations. In 1725, the English tried to settle his time in Saint Vicent. By then, according to Bryan Edwards, Black people were leading

1488-608: The island began with the shipwreck of a ship that hailed from the Bight of Biafra in 1675. The survivors, members of the Mokko people of today's Nigeria (now known as the Ibibio people ) reached the small island of Bequia , where the Caribs brought them to Saint Vincent, and, over time, intermarried with them by supplying the African men with wives, since it was taboo in their society for men to go unwed. However, according to Young, because

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1536-408: The island except for the immediate area around Kingstown , which repelled direct assault on several occasions after the arrival of British reinforcements. British efforts to penetrate and control the interior and windward areas of the island were repeatedly frustrated by incompetence, disease, and effective Carib defences, which were eventually supplemented by the arrival of some French troops. In 1796

1584-721: The island was ceded to the British in 1763, and again in 1783. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gained independence from the United Kingdom on 27 October 1979, and became part of the British Commonwealth of Nations thereafter. Approximately 130,000 people currently live on the island, and the population saw significant migration to the UK in the early 1900s, and between the 1940s, and 1980s. There has also been significant migration to Canada, and other larger neighbouring Anglo-Caribbean islands. The main island consists of

1632-457: The island, staying them with the most flat and fertile part (but also more liable to be attacked from the sea) of windward. It also seems true that in 1700 the Yellows asked the intervention of the French against the Black Caribs, however, when visualized they should share their scarce land, preferred to give up the alliance. Beginning in 1719, French settlers from Martinique gained control of

1680-472: The island, they were received by the Caribs, who offered protection, enslaved them and, eventually, mixed with them. Addition of the African refugees, the Caribs captured people who were enslaved from neighboring islands (although also they had as slaves white people and his own people), while fighting against the British and French. Many of the captured enslaved people were integrated into their communities (this also occurred in islands such as Dominica ), while

1728-667: The island. Additional "explosive events" occurred on 11 April and on 12 April. On that latter day, the volcano "continued to erupt explosively" and was generating "pyroclastic flows" that were "destroying everything in its path". In 2002, Saint Vincent was one of the filming locations for the American adventure fantasy film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl . Filming took place from October 2002 through to March 2003, and several hundreds of

1776-542: The local inhabitants were hired as cast members. Saint Vincent is home to a number of international accrediting medical schools: In addition to the international schools, Saint Vincent is home to local educational schools . Afro-Vincentian In 1654, when the French tried to dominate the Caribs , they recorded the presence of 3,000 Black people and much fewer pure Caribs ("Yellow"), without making any reference to an individual's state of freedom or slavery. The number

1824-501: The majority ethnic group in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , accounting for 66% of the country's population. An additional 19% of the country is multiracial, with many mixed-race Vincentians having partial African descent. The Black Caribs are a distinct ethnic group in Saint Vincent, also found in the Caribbean coast of mainland Central America. They are mixture of Caribs , Arawaks and West African people. However, their language

1872-464: The mountains also down from the mountains to have sexual intercourse with women Amerindians or to steal food. Many intermarried with indigenous Africans, thus causing the Black Caribs. In 1763, the Treaty of Paris awarded Britain rule over Saint Vincent. After a series of Carib Wars, which were encouraged and supported by the French, and the death of their leader Satuye ( Chatoyer ), they surrendered to

1920-452: The native population, whom they assumed had come from shipwrecked slave ships or escaped from St. Lucia or Grenada to seek refuge in St. Vincent. They were called "Black Caribs", but are now known as Garifuna . The large population aggressively prevented European settlement on St. Vincent until the 18th century. The first Europeans to occupy St. Vincent were the French. However, following

1968-519: The others enslaved people were mixed only each other and with the rest of the population of the island. However, as opposed to Itarala, some authors indicated that many enslaved people of Saint Vincent hailed from human trafficking ports on all the coast of West and Central Africa: Senegambia , Sierra Leone , Windward Coast , Gold Coast , Bight of Benin , Bight of Biafra , Central Africa , and of others areas from Africa. All these places provided thousands of enslaved people to Saint Vincent, specially

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2016-427: The plantations attracted Portuguese immigrants, many of them of Jewish descent, in the 1840s, and East Indians in the 1860s as laborers. After emancipation, the economy began a period of decline, with many landowners abandoning their estates and leaving the land to be cultivated by liberated slaves. Conditions remained harsh for both former slaves and immigrant agricultural workers, as depressed world sugar prices kept

2064-580: The population consists of Black Carib descendants, white descendants of English colonists, Portuguese descendants of indentured servants and a significant number of Indo-Vincentians , descendants of indentured workers with Indian heritage . There is also a sizable mixed-race minority (19%). In 2012, the population of the island was approximately 130,000. The main religions are Anglican (47%), Methodist (10%), Roman Catholic (13%), other Protestant denominations such as Seventh-day Adventism and Spiritual baptism , as well as Hinduism . Adult literacy

2112-448: The smoke and thick plumes of volcanic ash moving through the atmosphere". An official added: "we are covered in ash and strong sulphur scents pervade the air ... take the necessary precautions to remain safe and healthy". Carnival Cruise Line and Royal Caribbean International sent five ships in total, with a capacity of 7,500, to assist with the evacuation. Barbados dispatched a "humanitarian assistance and disaster response" mission to

2160-434: The surrounding islands, but were diluted in the strong culture of Carib resistance. Although most of the enslaved people came from Barbados , enslaved people came also from such places as St. Lucia and Grenada . The Barbadians and Saint Lucians arrived on the island pre-1735. After 1775, most of the enslaved people who came from other islands to escape the slavery were Saint Lucians and Grenadians. After arriving at

2208-404: Was 88.1% in 2004. Infant mortality in 2006 was 17 per 1,000 live births and life expectancy for men stood at 69 years, 74 years for women. The active workforce in 2006 was 57,695 and unemployment in 2004 was 12%. Before 1498, the island was called Hairouna by its indigenous inhabitants. Christopher Columbus named the island Saint Vincent, since it is said to have been discovered on 22 January,

2256-424: Was accepted on an island where the indigenous resistance has not gone off, caused panic among Europeans. A warrior body of Amerindians and free blacks constituted a threat to the plantation slave system and a low blow to the colonial order, unwilling to accept miscegenation that they could not control it. In turn, to ingratiate with the Caribs or because they really felt "belonging to the same single nation", most of

2304-631: Was ratified 12 years later in a report by the English Colonel Philip Warner : "In Saint Vicent, a French possession, there are about 3000 black and none of the islands there are that amount of Indians." In 1668, the British broke the treaty signed between France and the Caribs in Basse Terre , and tried to impose, as a first measure of domain, that the Indians [sic] stopped harbouring the black fugitives and delivered them to

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