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70-564: On 28 May, Krasnov and Denikin met at Manychskaia to decide between attacking Tsaritsyn , favored by Krasnov, or Ekaterinodar , favored by Denikin. Krasnov favored Tsaritsyn for is munition factories and railway junction. Denikin favored Ekaterinodar, according to Peter Kenez , because "He had promised the Kuban Cossacks that he would liberate their native district. Denikin made the correct decision because he understood that in May 1918 there

140-528: A light rail service known as the Volgograd Metrotram . Local public transport is provided by buses, trolleybuses and trams. The Volga River still is a very important communication channel. At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (999,785) was: A memorial complex commemorating the battle of Stalingrad, dominated by an immense allegorical sculpture The Motherland Calls ,

210-526: A Soviet pilot and cosmonaut and the first human to venture into outer space. On the second floor, there are large stained glass windows, featuring images related to Soviet space exploration. The planetarium was outfitted with a Zeiss projector , the first produced by the Carl Zeiss Company in their Jena plant after the end of World War 2. The projector supplied was the UPP-23/1s model, which

280-563: A campaign was launched by the Regional Executive Council to close down the synagogue in Stalingrad. Due to local resistance, they were not successful until 1929, when the council convened a Special Commission. The Commission convinced local municipal authorities that the building was in need of major repairs, was unsafe and much too small for the over 800 worshippers who regularly attended for high holidays. In 1931,

350-489: A diverse place. An 1897 survey reveals 893 Jews (512 men and 381 women), 1,729 Muslims (938 men and 791 women), and 193 Catholics (116 men and 77 women). Land for the Holy Spirit Monastery was originally allocated in 1904, but construction did not begin until 1909 and was not complete until 1911. Sergei Trufanov , also known as the 'mad monk' of Tsaritsyn, was the driving force behind fundraising and getting

420-567: A floating church. The boat chapel sports three shining domes and was decorated with icons and religious motifs by a local Volgograd artist. On its maiden voyage, the Saint Vladimir reached Astrakhan in the south and Saratov in the north; traveling an 800 kilometer (~500 mile) span of the Volga River. Volgograd Oblast Volgograd Oblast (Russian: Волгоградская область , IPA: [vəɫɡɐˈgratskəjə ˈobɫəsʲtʲ] )

490-637: A petition to Vladimir Putin , asking that the city's name be permanently changed to Stalingrad. President Putin has replied that such a move should be preceded by a local referendum and that the Russian authorities will look into how to bring about such a referendum. In 2011, the City Duma canceled direct election of the mayor and confirmed the position of City Manager. This was short-lived, as in March 2012, Volgograd residents voted for relevant amendments to

560-571: A provincial and district town. From 1779 it belonged to the Saratov Viceroyalty . In 1780 the city came under the newly established Saratov Governorate . In the nineteenth century, Tsaritsyn became an important river-port and commercial center. As a result, it also became a hub for migrant workers; in 1895 alone, over 50,000 peasant migrants came to Tsaritsyn in search of work. The population expanded rapidly, increasing from fewer than 3,000 people in 1807 to about 84,000 in 1900. By 1914,

630-471: A rifle of the famous sniper Vasily Zaytsev ), uniforms, personal belongings of generals and soldiers involved in the battle and detailed maps and timelines of the battle. The Volgograd Planetarium was a gift from East Germany in honor of what would have been Stalin's 70th birthday. Neoclassical in style, the building facade is designed like a Roman temple, with six Tuscan columns topped by capitals decorated with stars. Designed by Vera Ignatyevna Mukhina ,

700-549: A self-propelled floating church. Volgograd was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Tsaritsyn was established in 1555 and was named after the Tsaritsa river  [ d ] . The name of Tsaritsyn was written as Царицынъ , with the hard sign . When Vladimir Lenin died in 1924, Joseph Stalin took charge as the General Secretary ; Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad in honour of his role in

770-544: A strong degree of local support for a reversion, but the Russian Soviet government did not accept such proposals. On May 21, 2007, Roman Grebennikov of Communist Party was elected as mayor with 32.47% of the vote, a plurality. Grebennikov became Russia's youngest mayor of a federal subject administrative center at the time. In 2010, Russian monarchists and leaders of the Orthodox organizations demanded that

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840-554: A wave of alternately Red and White terror swept over the Kuban. General Viktor Pokrovsky , dispatched three months earlier by Denikin to organize the insurgents of the Laba region, captured Maykop and Armavir. The Terek Cossacks also revolted and took Mozdok , cutting Red communications between Stavropol and Vladikavkaz, and besieging Grozny. The Reds did not manage anymore to organize the defense of Ekaterinodar, their troops fleeing before

910-425: Is a federal subject (an oblast ) of Russia , located in the lower Volga region of Southern Russia . Its administrative center is Volgograd . The population of the oblast was 2,500,781 in the 2021 Census . Formerly known as Stalingrad Oblast, it was given its present name in 1961, when the city of Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd as part of de-Stalinization . Volgograd Oblast borders Rostov Oblast in

980-706: Is a short distance to the north of Volgograd. Volgograd is a major railway junction served by the Privolzhskaya Railway . Rail links from the Volgograd railway station include Moscow; Saratov; Astrakhan; the Donbas region of Ukraine ; the Caucasus and Siberia . It stands at the east end of the Volga–Don Canal , opened in 1952 to link the two great rivers of Southern Russia . European route E40 ,

1050-574: Is located in the Pontic–Caspian steppe . The Yergeni hills are located to the southeast. Forests cover 4% of the territory. The major rivers are: Since the Middle Ages , the territory was ruled by Khazars , Cumania , the Golden Horde and Russia. Stalingrad Oblast ( Сталинградская область ) was established on December 5, 1936 on the territory of former Stalingrad Krai . It was

1120-502: Is no surprise that the lower Volga region was a hotbed of revolutionary activity and civil unrest. The inability of the Tsarist government to provide basic protections from cholera on the one hand and subjecting the populace to strict but ineffective health measures on the other, caused multiple riots in 1829 , in the 1890s and throughout the first decade of the 1900s , setting the stage for multiple Russian revolutions and adding fuel to

1190-503: Is sometimes referred to by the title of the most famous of these sculptures, called "Having withstood, we conquered death". The Panorama Museum of the Battle of Stalingrad is a large cultural complex that sits on the shore of the Volga river . It is located on the site of the "Penza Defense Junction", a group of buildings along Penzenskaya Street (now Sovetskaya Street), which was defended by

1260-551: Is the largest city and the administrative centre of Volgograd Oblast , Russia . The city lies on the western bank of the Volga , covering an area of 859.4 square kilometres (331.8 square miles), with a population of slightly over one million residents. Volgograd is the 16th-largest city by population size in Russia, the second-largest city of the Southern Federal District , and the fourth-largest city on

1330-645: Is widely held to be the turning point of the War, leading the to the destruction of the German army in the East. Volgograd today is the site of The Motherland Calls , an 85-metre (279 ft) high statue dedicated to the heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad, which is the tallest statue in Europe, as well as the second tallest statue of a woman in the world. The city has many tourist attractions, such as museums, sandy beaches, and

1400-707: The 1989 Soviet census . Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.14 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 69.96 years (male — 65.70, female — 74.14) (shown are the ethnic groups with a population of more than 7,000 people) According to a 2012 survey, 54.5% of the population of Volgograd Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 2% are Eastern Orthodox Christian believers who don't belong to any church or are members of non-Russian Eastern Orthodox churches , and 3% are Muslims . In addition, 18% of

1470-655: The Battle for Tsaritsyn . On April 10, 1925, the city was renamed Stalingrad, in honor of Joseph Stalin , General Secretary of the Communist Party. This was officially to recognize the city and Stalin's role in its defense against the Whites between 1918 and 1920. Once the Soviets established control, ethnic and religious minorities were targeted. The only Jewish school in the area was closed down in 1926. In 1928,

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1540-454: The city charter to reinstate the direct mayoral elections. Volgograd is the administrative center of Volgograd Oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Volgograd —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the city of oblast significance of Volgograd is incorporated as Volgograd Urban Okrug . Although

1610-482: The confluence of the Tsaritsa  [ ru ] and Volga rivers dates from 1589. The structure stood slightly above the mouth of the Tsaritsa River on the right bank. It soon became the nucleus of a trading settlement. At the beginning of the 17th century, the garrison consisted of 350 to 400 people. In 1607 the fortress garrison rebelled for six months against the troops of Tsar Vasili Shuisky . In

1680-417: The 13th Guards Rifle Division. The complex includes Gerhardt's Mill , which is preserved in its bombed out state. The museum on the complex grounds houses the largest painting in Russia, a panoramic painting of the battlefield as seen from Mamayev Kurgan , where "The Motherland Calls" statue now stands. This museum also features Soviet military equipment from the 1940s, numerous exhibits of weapons (including

1750-505: The 1890s, the economy of Volgograd (then Tsaritsyn), relied mainly on the trade of grain, naphtha , fish and salt. Modern Volgograd remains an important industrial city. Industries include shipbuilding , oil refining , steel and aluminum production, manufacture of heavy machinery and vehicles at the Volgograd Tractor Plant and Titan-Barrikady plant, and chemical production. The large Volgograd Hydroelectric Plant

1820-621: The German settlement-colony Old Sarepta (founded in 1765) became a district of Stalingrad. Renamed Krasnoarmeysky Rayon (or "Red Army District"), it was the largest area of the city. The first higher education institute was opened in 1930. A year later, the Stalingrad Industrial Pedagogical Institute, now Volgograd State Pedagogical University , was opened. Under Stalin, the city became a center of heavy industry and transshipment by rail and river. During World War II , German and Axis forces attacked

1890-606: The Germans near Rostov. On 22 June 1918, the Volunteer Army launched the second Kuban campaign. Denikin left Viktor Pokrovsky 's regiment behind to protect his flank against Sorokin, while Denikin made a surprise attack on Trogovaia, on the Tsaritsyn-Ekaterinodar railway. On 25 June, Torgovaia was captured, but with the loss of Denikin's general Sergey Markov . Denikin then constructed armored cars from

1960-645: The Volga. The city was founded as the fortress of Tsaritsyn in 1589. By the 19th century, Tsaritsyn had become an important river-port and commercial centre, leading to its rapid population growth. In November 1917, at the start of the Russian Civil War , Tsaritsyn came under Bolshevik control. It fell briefly to the White Army in mid-1919 but returned to Bolshevik control in January 1920. In 1925,

2030-575: The Volunteer Army acquired weapons, munitions, rolling stock , and control of a major railway center. On 15 July, Kalnin gave up his command to Sorokin. Denikin attacked Sorokin with 10,00 men under Erdeli, Pokrovsky, and Alexander Kutepov , while Denikin sent Borovskii to attack Kavkazkaia. On 27 July, Denikin sent Mikhail Drozdovsky towards Ekaterinodar, but at the same time Sorokin occupied Korenovsk , separating Drozdovsky from Denikin. On 7 August, after 11 days, Sorokin surrendered Korenovsk and retreated towards Ekaterinodar. On 16 August, Ekaterinodar

2100-669: The advance of the Whites. On August 15, the Whites took Ekaterinodar without a fight, followed on August 26 by Novorossiysk . The campaign then continued along the coast of the Black Sea towards Stavropol, which was taken on November 15, 1918. Mikhail Drozdovsky was wounded in October 1918 near Stavropol. He never recovered and died on January 1, 1919, in the vicinity of Rostov-on-Don. Tsaritsyn Volgograd , formerly Tsaritsyn (1589–1925) and Stalingrad (1925–1961),

2170-522: The best ways to prevent outbreaks and dispatched a delegate from the Anti-Plague Commission to Tsaritsyn in 1907, local municipal officials did not put any precautions into place, citing economic considerations. The city's drinking water came directly from the river, the intake pipe dangerously close to both the port and the sewage drain. There were neither funds nor political will to close the port (the main hub of economic activity) or move

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2240-500: The city on July 14. By September, the fighting reached the city center. It was of unprecedented intensity; the city's central railway station changed hands thirteen times, and the Mamayev Kurgan (one of the highest points of the city) was captured and recaptured eight times. By early November, the German forces controlled 90 percent of the city and had cornered the Soviets in two narrow pockets, but they were unable to eliminate

2310-493: The city should take back its original name of Tsaritsyn, but the authorities rejected their proposal. On January 30, 2013, the Volgograd City Council passed a measure to use the title " Hero City Stalingrad" in city statements on nine specific dates annually. On the following dates, the title "Hero City Stalingrad" can officially be used in celebrations: In addition, in January 2013, 50,000 people signed

2380-439: The city was on an important trade route for moving timber, grain, cotton, cast iron, fish, salt and linseed oil, the economic reach of the Volga was relatively small. When the first rail lines were linked up to Moscow in 1871, this isolated area was suddenly and efficiently connected to the rest of the empire. Thanks to that connection, the province became a major producer, processor and exporter of grain, supplying most of Russia. By

2450-436: The city was renamed Stalingrad in honor of Joseph Stalin , who then ruled the country. During World War II , Axis forces attacked the city, leading to the Battle of Stalingrad , the largest and bloodiest battle in the history of warfare, from which it received the title of Hero City . In 1961, Nikita Khrushchev 's administration renamed the city Volgograd as part of de-Stalinization . The Soviet victory at Stalingrad

2520-408: The city, which, in 1942, became the site of one of the war's pivotal battles. The Battle of Stalingrad was the deadliest single battle in the history of warfare (casualties estimates vary between 1,250,000 and 2,500,000 ). The battle began on August 23, 1942, and on the same day, the city suffered heavy aerial bombardment that reduced most of it to rubble. Martial law had already been declared in

2590-596: The city. Of the population of more than half a million before the battle, only 1,515 remained following the battle's conclusion. In 1945, the Soviet Union awarded Stalingrad the title Hero City for its resistance. Great Britain's King George VI awarded the citizens of Stalingrad the jewelled " Sword of Stalingrad " in recognition of their bravery. A number of cities around the world (especially those that had suffered similar wartime devastation) established sister, friendship, and twinning links (see list below) in

2660-596: The complex was used as an orphanage, a library, a cinema and a student hostel. Eventually, many of the buildings fell into disuse and became dilapidated. At the onset of the Second World War, the complex was given to the military and many of the original buildings were demolished. After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the Diocese of Volgograd was established and the military began the process of transferring what

2730-487: The crosses and bells removed and the liturgical objects confiscated. The cathedral was then used as a motor depot and eventually demolished in 1932. In 2001, the long project of rebuilding the cathedral was begun. The first foundation stone was laid in 2016 and the finished replica was finally consecrated in 2021 by Patriarch Kirill . The new church stands in central Volgograd, bounded by Communist Street (Russian: Коммунистическая Улица) and Mir Street (Russian: Улица Мира) on

2800-546: The day-to-day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor, who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia . The population of the oblast was 2,500,781 according to the 2021 Russian census , 2,610,161 in the 2010 Russian census , 2,699,223 in the 2002 Russian census , and 2,593,944 in

2870-516: The defence of the city. The name is derived from the compound of Stalin ( Сталин ; his name) and grad ( град : name for a settlement in Russian). In the aftermath of Stalin's death , Nikita Khrushchev announced the policy of De-Stalinization . The name was changed to Volgograd in 1961, derived from name of the Volga river, on whose bank the city is situated. Although the city may have originated in 1555, documented evidence of Tsaritsyn at

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2940-497: The dome is crowned by a female personification of Peace, holding an astrolabe with a dove. Opened in 1954, it was only the second purpose-built planetarium in the Soviet Union. The entryway interior features a mural of Stalin in the white uniform of a naval admiral, surrounded by lilies and doves, more symbols of peace. On either side of the mural, are busts of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , a Soviet rocket scientist, and Yuri Gagarin ,

3010-465: The first cinema in 1907. In 1913 Tsaritsyn got its first tram-line, and the city's first electric lights were installed in the city center. Between 1903 and 1907, the area was one of the least healthy in Europe, with a mortality rate of 33.6 for every 1000 persons. Untreated sewage spilled into the river, causing several cholera epidemics between 1907 and 1910. Although the region had an active Sanitary Executive Commission that sent out instructions on

3080-632: The following year saw the construction of the first stone church in the city, dedicated to St. John the Baptist. In 1670 troops of Stepan Razin captured the fortress; they left after a month. In 1708 the insurgent Cossack Kondraty Bulavin (died July 1708) held the fortress. In 1717 in the Kuban pogrom  [ ru ] , raiders from the Kuban under the command of the Crimean Tatar Bakhti Gerai  [ ru ] blockaded

3150-596: The fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Volgograd Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body, the Oblast Government, includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run

3220-405: The generation of hydroelectricity . Volgograd Oblast was the primary site of the Battle of Stalingrad during World War II , regarded as the single bloodiest battle in the history of warfare. Volgograd Oblast borders with Saratov , Rostov , Astrakhan , and Voronezh Oblasts , as well as with Kalmykia of Russia and with Kazakhstan ( West Kazakhstan Region ). Most of Volgograd oblast

3290-491: The intake pipes. As a result, in the three years spanning 1908 to 1910, Tsaritsyn lost 1,045 people to cholera. With a population of only 102,452 at the time, that amounted to a 1.01% loss of the population. Between 1908 and 1911, Tsaritsyn was home to Sergei Trufanov , also known as the 'mad monk' Iliodor. He spent most of his time causing infighting and power struggles within the Russian Orthodox Church , fomenting anti-semitic zeal and violence in local populations, attacking

3360-651: The last pockets of Soviet resistance before Soviet forces launched a huge counterattack on November 19. This resulted in the Soviet encirclement of the German Sixth Army and other Axis units. On January 31, 1943, Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus , the Sixth Army's commander, surrendered; by February 2, with the elimination of straggling German troops, the Battle of Stalingrad was over. The bombing campaign and five months of fighting destroyed 99% of

3430-722: The longest European route connecting Calais in France with Ridder in Kazakhstan , passes through Volgograd. The M6 highway between Moscow and the Caspian Sea also passes through the city. The Volgograd Bridge , under construction since 1995, was inaugurated in October 2009. The city river terminal is the center for local passenger shipping along the Volga River. The Volgograd International Airport provides air links to major Russian cities as well as Antalya , Yerevan and Aktau . Volgograd's public transport system includes

3500-456: The name of the city to Volgograd ("Volga City") as part of his programme of de-Stalinization following Stalin's death. This action was and remains somewhat controversial, because Stalingrad has such importance as a symbol of resistance during World War II. During Konstantin Chernenko 's brief rule in 1984, proposals were floated to revive the city's Stalinist name for that reason. There was

3570-405: The north and south and Volodarsk Street (Russian: Улица Володарского) and Gogol Street (Russian: Улица Гоголя) on the west and east, respectively. This area is also a park, called Alexander's Garden . The cathedral stands across the street from a World War 2 monument, and a statue of and chapel for, the eponymous Alexander Nevsky . Volgograd hosts one of the few self-propelled floating churches in

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3640-738: The political fire. During the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923, Tsaritsyn came under Soviet control from November 1917. In 1918 White Movement troops under Pyotr Krasnov , the Ataman of the Don Cossack Host , besieged Tsaritsyn. The Reds repulsed three assaults by the Whites. However, in June 1919 the White Armed Forces of South Russia , under the command of General Denikin , captured Tsaritsyn, and held it until January 1920. The fighting from July 1918 to January 1920 became known as

3710-528: The population declares to be " spiritual but not religious ", 12% is atheist , and 6.5% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. Governor of Volgograd Oblast is Андрей Бочаров (since 2014) Both the flag and the coat of arms of Volgograd Oblast include an image of The Motherland Calls , an 85 meter tall statue located in Volgograd . Primary branches of economics are agriculture, food production, heavy industry , gas and petroleum refining. The Volga Hydroelectric Station operates on

3780-428: The population had again jumped and was estimated at 130,000. Sources show 893 Jews registered as living there in 1897, with the number exceeding 2,000 by the middle of the 1920s. At the turn of the nineteenth century, Tsaritsyn was essentially a frontier town; almost all of the structures were wooden, with neither paved roads nor utilities. The first railway reached the town in 1862. The first theatre opened in 1872,

3850-423: The press, denouncing local municipal officials and causing unrest wherever he went. The most permanent mark he left on the city was the Holy Spirit Monastery ( Russian : Свято-Духовский монастырь ), built in 1909, parts of which still stand today. In light of the explosive population growth, the lack of political action on sanitation and housing, the multiple epidemics and the presence of volatile personalities, it

3920-454: The project off the ground. The original complex had a church that could accommodate 6,000 people, the monastery itself could house 500 and an auditorium that held 1,000. There was a school, space for workshops, a printing office and an almshouse . The land the monastery stood on also hosted multiple gardens, a fountain and several inner yards. In 1912, the monastery was divided to a male and female section, housing both monks and nuns. In 1914,

3990-593: The scene of the Battle of Stalingrad during World War II in 1942–1943. The oblast was given its present name on November 10, 1961. During the Soviet period, three people exercised oblast-level authority: In 1991 the CPSU lost de facto power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament . The Charter of Volgograd Oblast provides

4060-467: The school on the grounds of the Holy Spirit Monastery became part of the city school system and in 1915, housed 53 girls whose fathers were on the front lines. During the Russian Civil War , an infirmary was set up and the complex was alternately used by both the Bolsheviks and the Whites . In 1923, once the area was under firm Bolshevik control, the monastery was closed. During the following decades,

4130-605: The southwest, Voronezh Oblast in the northwest, Saratov Oblast in the north, Astrakhan Oblast and the Republic of Kalmykia in the southeast, and has an international border with Kazakhstan in the east. The two main rivers in European Russia, the Don and the Volga , run through the oblast and are connected by the Volga–Don Canal . Volgograd Oblast's strategic waterways have made it a popular route for shipping and for

4200-530: The spirit of solidarity or reconciliation. One of the first "sister city" projects was that established during World War II between Stalingrad and Coventry in the United Kingdom ; both had suffered extensive devastation from aerial bombardment. In March 2022, this twinning link was suspended because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine . On 10 November 1961, Nikita Khrushchev 's administration changed

4270-646: The street from the Panorama Museum, stands Pavlov's House , another surviving monument to the Battle of Stalingrad. Several monuments and memorials can be found nearby, including a statue of Lenin, a statue in honor of children who survived war and another to the Pavlov's House defenders. The Musical Instrument Museum is a branch of the Volgograd regional Museum of local lore. As a port city along an important and busy trading route, Volgograd has always been

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4340-555: The town and enslaved thousands in the area. In August 1774 Cossack leader Yemelyan Pugachev unsuccessfully attempted to storm the city. In 1691 Moscow established a customs -post at Tsaritsyn. In 1708 Tsaritsyn was assigned to the Kazan Governorate ; in 1719 to the Astrakhan Governorate . According to the census in 1720, the city had a population of 408 people. In 1773 the settlement was designated as

4410-508: The trolley cars to protect the railway line. On 6 July, Denikin captured Belaia Glina while Kalnin's Bolsheviks retreated to Tikhoretskaia. Pokrovsky then successfully resisted an attack by Sorokin. On 14 July, Denikin captured Tikhoretsk , with Borovskii's division attacked from the South and Erdeli's division attacked from the North. Communications between Kalnin and Sorokin were severed, and

4480-475: The warmer months. Across from this Hall, there is a statue called Mother's Sorrow, which depicts a grieving woman holding a fallen soldier in her arms. During the summer months, this statue is surrounded by a small water feature, called the Lake of Tears. Further down the hill of this complex, there is a Plaza of Heroes (also known as Heroes' Square), featuring multiple allegorical sculptures of heroic deeds. This plaza

4550-504: The world: the chapel boat of Saint Vladimir of Volgograd. Spearheaded by Vladimir Koretsky and assisted by a Dutch Orthodox priest who was part of the organization Aid to the Church in Need (ACN), the Saint Vladimir was consecrated in October 2004 on the shore of the Volga. Originally a decommissioned landing craft found in a shipyard outside St. Petersburg, it took two years to convert it into

4620-407: Was captured, with the entry of the Kuban Rada and Denikin's Volunteer Army. The Republic of the Northern Caucasus Executive Committee, founded on 5 July by the Congress of Soviets in Ekaterinodar, fled to Armavir , then to Pyatigorsk , and finally to Nevinnomyssk . After the victory of the Volunteers, all the Kuban rose up against the Bolsheviks. The stanitsa took up arms one after the other and

4690-399: Was erected on the Mamayev Kurgan (Russian: Мамаев Курган), the hill that saw some of the most intense fighting during the battle. This complex includes the Hall of Military Glory, a circular building housing an eternal flame and bearing plaques with the names of the fallen heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad. This memorial features an hourly changing of the guard that draws many tourists during

4760-468: Was left of the Holy Spirit Monastery back to the church. A theological school was established in 1992 and restoration of the site continues today. Construction of the cathedral began on April 22, 1901, with the laying of the foundation stone by Bishop Hermogenes . The domes were installed in 1915 and consecration took place on May 19, 1918. Almost as soon as it was built, the cathedral fell out of use. The Soviet powers closed it down officially in 1929, with

4830-580: Was no effective anti-Bolshevik force in Russia aside from the Cossacks." Yet the Volunteer Army consisted of about 9,000 soldiers, and would face more than 75,000 Bolsheviks in the Northern Caucasus , commanded by Alexei Ivanovich Avtonomov . However, at the end of May, Avtonomov was replaced by K. I. Kalnin. Most of the Bolshevik forces were concentrated in the Eisk district, after the Germans occupied Ukraine, Taganrog , Rostov-on-Don , and Bataisk . Kalnin had 10,000 men stationed around Torgovaia and Tikhoretskaia, while his subordinate Ivan Sorokin faced

4900-507: Was produced between 1954 and 1964; it is still operational and in regular use at the Volgograd Planetarium. The projector was supplemented by a digital system in 2019; the Fulldome Pro model LDX12. Zeiss also provided the 365mm refractor telescope for the observatory, which is still in operation today. The planetarium hosts scientific and educational lectures, provides Fulldome shows, has scheduled tours, features daytime and nighttime observations and runs an astronomy club for children. Across

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