In linguistics , grammatical person is the grammatical distinction between deictic references to participant(s) in an event; typically, the distinction is between the speaker ( first person ), the addressee ( second person ), and others ( third person ). A language's set of pronouns is typically defined by grammatical person. First person includes the speaker (English: I , we ), second person is the person or people spoken to (English: your or you ), and third person includes all that are not listed above (English: he , she , it , they ). It also frequently affects verbs , and sometimes nouns or possessive relationships.
27-522: (Redirected from Second Person ) [REDACTED] Look up second person in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Second person can refer to the following: A grammatical person ( you , your and yours in the English language) Second-person narrative , a perspective in storytelling Second Person (band) , a trip-hop band from London God
54-687: A conjugation scheme that allows for stem changes. As presented, the table accommodates not only third group verbs but also second group verbs, both having basically the same endings. A regular second group verb would appear with a stem change in the 1P position and would require a little attention to the 1S stem. The verb choisir is included to represent regular second verbs and haïr is listed as an irregular second group verb. First group verbs would have different endings in some cases but no stem change. A spelling rule applies here. +t if ends with vowel, else +s. Present participle: 1P -ant Past participle: PP Spelling rules The following table gives
81-424: A lesser extent. In many languages, the verb takes a form dependent on the person of the subject and whether it is singular or plural. In English , this happens with the verb to be as follows: Other verbs in English take the suffix -s to mark the present tense third person singular, excluding singular 'they'. In many languages, such as French , the verb in any given tense takes a different suffix for any of
108-474: A more topical third person, and obviative for a less topical third person. The obviative is sometimes called the fourth person. In this manner, Hindi and Bangla may also categorize pronouns in the fourth, and with the latter a fifth person. The term fourth person is also sometimes used for the category of indefinite or generic referents, which work like one in English phrases such as "one should be prepared" or people in people say that... , when
135-640: A short article published by the Academy of Montpellier or on the Quebec government page The third group is a closed class, meaning that no new verbs of this group may be introduced to the French language. Most new words are of the first group ( téléviser, atomiser, radiographier ), with some in the second group ( alunir ). In summary the groups are: The verb forms of French are the finite forms which are combinations of grammatical moods in various tenses and
162-428: Is almost synonymous with the irregular verbs in their entirety. The first source of variation in irregular verbs is stem changes. Stem changes can occur in six places. Equivalently it can be said that the verbs have seven principal parts , the first being the infinitive itself. No verb has separate stems for all seven parts; instead, rather they tend to "inherit" the same stem as another part. The following table shows
189-1645: Is automatic in all verbs. The stem is inferred though the usual rule does not apply. Read G2 as a sub-heading meaning that the following two entries are in group 2. G3 indicates that all following entries are in group 3. Case of -t being dropped when directly following a d or t . See following table for similar verbs. See following table for notes. Similarly conjugated verbs: se départir "divest", repartir "leave again", dormir "sleep", s'endormir "fall asleep", se rendormir "fall back asleep", mentir "lie (tell lies)", démentir "contradict", sentir "feel", consentir "agree", pressentir "foresee", ressentir "feel", servir "serve", desservir "clear away", resservir "serve again", sortir "go out", ressortir "come back" Similar: dévêtir "undress", revêtir "cover" Similar: couvrir "cover", découvrir "discover", offrir "offer", souffrir "suffer" Similar: échoir "befall" Similar: attendre "wait", défendre "defend", descendre "go down", entendre "hear", étendre "extend", fondre "melt", pendre "hang", perdre "lose", prétendre "pretend", rendre "return, give back", répandre "spill", répondre "respond", etc. Similar: convaincre "convince" Similar: contraire "contract", extraire "extract", soustraire "subtract", retraire "withdraw" Infinitive: recevoir "receive" INF : recev- 1S : reçoi- 1P : recev- 3P : reçoiv- FUT : recevr- PP : reçu- PAST : reçu- Present participle: recev-ant Past participle: reçu There are nine verbs which have an irregular subjunctive stem. These verbs are generally
216-544: Is the T–V distinction . Some other languages have much more elaborate systems of formality that go well beyond the T–V distinction, and use many different pronouns and verb forms that express the speaker's relationship with the people they are addressing. Many Malayo-Polynesian languages , such as Javanese and Balinese , are well known for their complex systems of honorifics ; Japanese , Korean , and Chinese also have similar systems to
243-623: Is the competition between the SUBJ stem and the 1P stem to control the first and second plural present subjunctive, the imperative and the present participle, in ways that vary from verb to verb. The paradigm taking into account the subjunctive stem is shown in the following table. The keys 1S etc are as for the 7 principal part irregular verbs. In addition SUBJ stands for first person singular present subjunctive stem. +t if ends with vowel, else +s Present participle: 1P -ant or SUBJ -ant Past participle: PP (e)(s) The following table gives
270-581: Is the variation in the endings of verbs ( inflections ) depending on the person (I, you, we, etc), tense (present, future, etc.) and mood (indicative, imperative, subjunctive, etc.). Most French verbs are regular and their inflections can be entirely determined by their infinitive form. If not regular, a verb may incur changes its stem, changes in the endings or spelling adjustments for the sake of keeping correct pronunciation. French verbs are conventionally divided into three groups. Various official and respectable French language sites explain this. The first two are
297-410: Is used, the participle is inflected according to the gender and number of the subject. The participle is inflected with the use of the verb avoir according to the direct object, but only if the direct object precedes the participle, ex: As stand-alone verbs, the conjugation of the two auxiliaries is listed in the appendix at the end of the article. French verbs ending in -er , which constitute
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#1732772429492324-420: The -er verbs in the following points: Present participle: chois-iss-ant Past participle: chois-i Auxiliary verb: avoir (partir uses être) Verbs of the third group have infintive endings - More bluntly, the third group is all verbs outside of the first and second group. Whereas the first and second group have very few irregular members there is a great deal of variation in the third group, so much that it
351-609: The Son , the Second Person of the Christian Trinity See also [ edit ] First person (disambiguation) Third person (disambiguation) Second party (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Second person . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
378-499: The grammar treats them differently from ordinary third-person forms. The so-called "zero person" in Finnish and related languages, in addition to passive voice , may serve to leave the subject-referent open. Zero person subjects are sometimes translated as "one", although in tone it is similar to English's generic you " Ei saa koskettaa " ("Not allowed to touch", "You should not touch"). French conjugation Conjugation
405-536: The highly regular -er and -ir conjugations ( conjugaisons ) so defined to admit of almost no exceptions. The third group is simply all the remaining verbs and is as a result rich in patterns and exceptions. This article follows the classification verb by verb of the Dictionary of the Academie Francaise though better descriptions of the three group system are to be found on the site of Le Figaro, in
432-607: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_person&oldid=1189054876 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Grammatical person In Indo-European languages , first-, second-, and third-person pronouns are typically also marked for singular and plural forms, and sometimes dual form as well ( grammatical number ). Some other languages use different classifying systems, especially in
459-426: The largest class, inflect somewhat differently from other verbs. Between the stem and the inflectional endings that are common across most verbs, there may be a vowel, which in the case of the -er verbs is a silent -e- (in the simple present singular), -é or -ai (in the past participle and the je form of the simple past), and -a- (in the rest of simple past singular and in the past subjunctive). In addition,
486-411: The most irregular verbs in French. With them verbs the 3P stem plays no role and the 1S stem is little use in inferring the present indicative inflections. Many of them construct the present indicative (especially the singular) in an idiosyncratic fashion. The verb aller also constructs its past participle and simple past differently, according to the endings for -er verbs. A feature with these verbs
513-549: The non-finite forms. The moods are: indicative ( indicatif ), subjunctive ( subjonctif ), conditional ( conditionnel ) and imperative ( impératif ). There are simple (one-word) tenses and those constructed with an auxiliary verb. It is the simple tenses that are subject to conjugation rules, since in the others it is the auxiliary verb that is conjugated as a simple verb. The finite forms are: The non-finite forms are: Both participles may be used as adjectives in which case they are inflected as adjectives. Used as an adjective
540-553: The orthographic -t found in the -ir and -re verbs in the singular of the simple present and past is not found in this conjugation, so that the final consonants are -Ø , -s , -Ø rather than -s , -s , -t. Parler is a suitable paradigm for the first conjugation. Present participle: parl-ant Past participle: parl-é Auxiliary verb: avoir ( arriver , entrer , monter , passer , rester , rentrer , retourner , and tomber use être ) Spelling rules: Exceptional contexts: Irregular verbs: The -ir verbs differ from
567-584: The paradigm. These cases are indicated with an asterisk and the exceptional inflections are listed separately. See following table for exceptions. See following table for similar verbs. See following table for notes. In Classical French and even in certain dialects (like in Cajun and some Quebec dialects) je vas is used. This verb has different stems for different tenses. These are imperfect av- ; present subjunctive ai- future and conditional aur- ; simple past and past subjunctive e- . Although
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#1732772429492594-422: The plural pronouns. One frequently found difference not present in most Indo-European languages is a contrast between inclusive and exclusive "we" : a distinction of first-person plural pronouns between including or excluding the addressee. Many languages express person with different morphemes in order to distinguish degrees of formality and informality. A simple honorific system common among European languages
621-524: The present indicative singular. Such cases are listed in the table following, again with the irregular occurrences highlighted in bold. (The table also includes for convenience the effects of a spelling rule. Not considered an irregularity as such the relevant entry is not in bold.) See following table for exceptions. Only in Quebec French. Alternation of "-ai-" and -oi- before consonant or unstressed e , "-ay-" and -oy- before other vowels
648-518: The present participle is known as the verbal adjective. There are some cases where a form similar but not identical to the present participle is used for the verbal adjective. There are two auxiliary verbs in French: avoir (to have) and être (to be), used to conjugate compound tenses according to these rules: Compound tenses are conjugated with an auxiliary followed by the past participle, ex: j'ai fait (I did), je suis tombé (I fell). When être
675-542: The principal parts of the nine verbs. Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are shown in boldface . The column headed 1/2 Plural tells whether the subjunctive 1st and 2nd person plural follow the subjunctive stem or the 1P indicative stem. Likewise the Imperative column and the Present Participle column. Still there are irregularities where the inflections depart from
702-463: The stem changes or principal parts for a number of irregular verbs. Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface . Occasionally endings depart from the norm - this is the second source of irregularity. Still with both a regular stem and ending there are issues of spelling to be accounted for such that the inflected word should have the right pronunciation. Thus arise minor exceptions particularly in
729-443: The various combinations of person and number of the subject. The grammar of some languages divide the semantic space into more than three persons. The extra categories may be termed fourth person , fifth person , etc. Such terms are not absolute but can refer, depending on context, to any of several phenomena. Some Algonquian languages and Salishan languages divide the category of third person into two parts: proximate for
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