55-519: Seedley is an inner city suburb of Salford , Greater Manchester , England. The electoral ward of Weaste & Seedley is represented in Westminster by Rebecca Long-Bailey MP for Salford and Eccles . The ward is represented on Salford City Council by three Labour councillors: Ronnie Wilson, Paul Wilson, and Stephen Hesling. Buile Hill Park is a large park in Seedley. Seedley
110-533: A "mix" of or of "vague" Germanic Northwestern European heritages. Historically, the early Anglo-Protestant settlers in the seventeenth century were the most successful group, culturally, economically, and politically, and they maintained their dominance until the late twentieth century at the earliest. Numbers of the most wealthy and affluent American families , such as Boston Brahmin , First Families of Virginia , Old Philadelphians , Tidewater , and Lowcountry gentry or old money , were WASPs. Commitment to
165-573: A 2014 study by the Pew Research Center , Episcopalians ranked as the third wealthiest religious group in the United States, with 35% of Episcopalians living in households with incomes of at least $ 100,000. Presbyterians ranked as the fourth most financially successful religious group in the United States, with 32% of Presbyterians living in households with incomes of at least $ 100,000. The Boston Brahmins , who were regarded as
220-677: A WASP, in his 1964 book The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy and Caste in America . Baltzell stressed the closed or caste-like characteristic of the group by arguing that "There is a crisis in American leadership in the middle of the twentieth century that is partly due, I think, to the declining authority of an establishment which is now based on an increasingly castelike White-Anglo Saxon-Protestant (WASP) upper class." Citing Gallup polling data from 1976, Kit and Frederica Konolige wrote in their 1978 book The Power of Their Glory , "As befits
275-810: A church that belongs to the worldwide Anglican Communion , Episcopalianism has the United Kingdom to thank for the ancestors of fully 49 percent of its members. ... The stereotype of the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) finds its fullest expression in the Episcopal Church." WASP is also used in Australia and Canada for similar elites. WASPs traditionally have been associated with Episcopal (or Anglican ), Presbyterian , United Methodist , Congregationalist , and other mainline Protestant denominations; however,
330-469: A junction that no longer exists due to the construction of the M602 . Seedley was formerly home to Seedley Bleach Works, established by Buckley and Brennand in approximately 1856 or 1887 according to differing sources. It is unclear when the site closed but it was still hiring workers until at least 1917. The works was entered via Nona Street to the north, and was bounded by Nansen Street, running diagonally, to
385-659: A style of understated quiet leadership. A common practice of WASP families is presenting their daughters of marriageable age (traditionally at the age of 17 or 18 years old) at a débutante ball , such as the International Debutante Ball at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City. America's social elite was a small, closed group. The leadership was well-known to the readers of newspaper society pages, but in larger cities it
440-418: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Inner city The term inner city (also called the hood ) has been used, especially in the United States, as a euphemism for majority-minority lower-income residential districts that often refer to rundown neighborhoods, in a downtown or city centre area. Sociologists sometimes turn the euphemism into a formal designation by applying
495-556: Is near Pendleton , Salford and Weaste . Seedley is not served by the Manchester Metrolink or National Rail . The following bus routes run through the area: Alistair Cooke , the broadcaster, lived on Newport Street, and went to the primary school, as did the artist Harold Riley . Emmeline Pankhurst , leader of the British suffragette movement , lived in Seedley. This Greater Manchester location article
550-570: The British Isles ; less exacting analysts are willing to throw in Scandinavians, Netherlanders and Germans." The sociologist Charles H. Anderson writes, "Scandinavians are second-class WASPs" but know it is "better to be a second-class WASP than a non-WASP". Sociologists William Thompson and Joseph Hickey described the further expansion of the term's meaning: The term WASP has many meanings. In sociology it reflects that segment of
605-595: The Ivy League , the Little Ivies , and the Seven Sisters colleges are particularly intertwined with the culture. Until roughly World War II, Ivy League universities were composed largely of white Protestants. While admission to these schools is generally based upon merit, many of these universities give a legacy preference for the children of alumni in order to link elite families (and their wealth) with
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#1732783602663660-606: The United States , White Anglo-Saxon Protestants or Wealthy Anglo-Saxon Protestants ( WASP ) is a sociological term which is often used to describe white Protestant Americans of British descent (sometimes more broadly of Northwestern European descent), who are generally part of the white dominant culture or upper-class and historically often the Mainline Protestant elite . Historically or most consistently, WASPs are of British descent , though
715-538: The Upper East Side in Manhattan has been dominated by wealthy White Anglo-Saxon Protestant families. David Brooks , a columnist for The New York Times who attended an Episcopal prep school, writes that WASPs took pride in "good posture, genteel manners, personal hygiene, pointless discipline, the ability to sit still for long periods of time." According to the essayist Joseph Epstein , WASPs developed
770-448: The clearing out of blighted areas in inner cities to create opportunities for higher class housing, businesses, and more. In Canada, in the 1970s, the government introduced Neighbourhood Improvement Programs to deal with urban decay, especially in inner cities. Also, some inner-city areas in various places have undergone the socioeconomic process of gentrification , especially since the 1990s. White Anglo-Saxon Protestants In
825-585: The mainline Protestant denominations of Christianity , chiefly the Presbyterian , Episcopalian , and Congregationalist traditions. Citing Gallup polling data from 1976, Kit and Frederica Konolige wrote in their 1978 book The Power of Their Glory , "As befits a church that belongs to the worldwide Anglican Communion , Episcopalianism has the United Kingdom to thank for the ancestors of fully 49 percent of its members. ... The stereotype of
880-594: The 1960s, the group continues to play a central role in American finance, politics, and philanthropy . WASP is also used for similar elites in Australia , New Zealand , and Canada . The 1998 Random House Unabridged Dictionary says the term is "sometimes disparaging and offensive". Anglo-Saxon refers to people of English ancestry ; however, some sociologists and commentators use WASP more broadly to include all White Protestant Americans of Northwestern European and Northern European ancestry. In
935-468: The 1980s, brands such as Lacoste and Ralph Lauren and their logos became associated with the preppy fashion style which was associated with WASP culture. The term WASP became associated with an upper class in the United States due to over-representation of WASPs in the upper echelons of society. Until the mid–20th century, industries such as banks, insurance, railroads, utilities, and manufacturing were dominated by WASPs. The Founding Fathers of
990-556: The African-American newspaper The New York Amsterdam News in 1948, when author Stetson Kennedy wrote: In America, we find the WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) ganging up to take their frustrations out on whatever minority group happens to be handy — whether Negro, Catholic, Jewish, Japanese or whatnot. The term was later popularized by sociologist and University of Pennsylvania professor E. Digby Baltzell , himself
1045-761: The Detroit area, WASPs predominantly possessed the wealth that came from the new automotive industry. After the 1967 Detroit riot , they tended to congregate in the Grosse Pointe suburbs. In the Chicago metropolitan area , white Protestants primarily reside in the North Shore suburbs , the Barrington area in the northwest suburbs, and in Oak Park and DuPage County in the western suburbs. Traditionally,
1100-404: The Seedley and Langworthy Initiative, an umbrella organisation of local interest groups. These plans continued under the controversial Housing Market Renewal Initiative scheme introduced later by the national government. Seedley railway station served the area between 1882 and 1956. Seedley Baths opened in 1910 and closed in 1978. The building was at the corner of Derby Road and White Street,
1155-559: The U.S. and the UK and complaints about perceived "Anglo-Saxon" cultural or political dominance. In December 1918, after victory in the World War, President Woodrow Wilson told a British official in London: "You must not speak of us who come over here as cousins, still less as brothers; we are neither. Neither must you think of us as Anglo-Saxons, for that term can no longer be rightly applied to
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#17327836026631210-546: The U.S. population that founded the nation and traced their heritages to...Northwestern Europe. The term...has become more inclusive. To many people, WASP now includes most 'white' people who are not ... members of any minority group. Apart from Protestant English, British, German, Dutch, and Scandinavian Americans, other ethnic groups frequently included under the label WASP include Americans of French Huguenot descent, Protestant Americans of Germanic European descent in general, and established Protestant American families of
1265-754: The United States by Harriet Zuckerman , between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize laureates have come from a Protestant background, mostly from Episcopalian, Presbyterian or Lutheran background, while Protestants made up roughly 67% of the US population during that period. Of Nobel prizes awarded to Americans between 1901 and 1972, 84.2% of those in Chemistry , 60% in Medicine , and 58.6% in Physics were awarded to Protestants. The White Anglo-Saxon Protestant upper class has largely held church membership in
1320-459: The United States were mostly educated, well-to-do, of British ancestry , and Protestants. According to a study of the biographies of signers of the Declaration of Independence by Caroline Robbins : The Signers came for the most part from an educated elite, were residents of older settlements, and belonged with a few exceptions to a moderately well-to-do class representing only a fraction of
1375-515: The United States was typically associated with WASP status, particularly with the Episcopal and Presbyterian Church. Some of the wealthiest and most affluent American families such as the Vanderbilts , Astors , Rockefellers , Du Ponts , Roosevelts , Forbes , Fords , Mellons , Whitneys , Morgans , and Harrimans are white primarily mainline Protestant families. According to
1430-521: The White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) finds its fullest expression in the Episcopal Church." From 1854 until about 1964, white Protestants were predominantly Republicans . More recently, the group is split more evenly between the Republican and Democratic parties. Episcopalians and Presbyterians are among the wealthiest religious groups and were formerly disproportionately represented in American business, law, and politics. Old money in
1485-450: The blight and structural obsolescence thought to be responsible for urban decay, and instead brought into focus the cultural pathologies they mapped onto black neighborhoods. The term inner city arose in this racial liberal context, providing a rhetorical and ideological tool for articulating the role of the church in the nationwide project of urban renewal. Thus, even as it arose in contexts aiming to entice mainline Protestantism back into
1540-525: The center of the social season, the organizing committees are studded with luminaries from publishing, Hollywood and Wall Street and family lineage is almost irrelevant. In 2007, The New York Times reported that there was a rising interest in the WASP culture. In their review of Susanna Salk's A Privileged Life: Celebrating WASP Style , they stated that Salk "is serious about defending the virtues of WASP values, and their contribution to American culture." By
1595-400: The cities it had fled, the term accrued its meaning by generating symbolic and geographic distance between white liberal churches and the black communities they sought to help. Urban renewal (also called urban regeneration in the United Kingdom and urban redevelopment in the United States ) is a program of land redevelopment often used to address urban decay in cities. Urban renewal is
1650-431: The class of Americans that held "national power in its economic, political, and social aspects", Hacker wrote: These 'old' Americans possess, for the most part, some common characteristics. First of all, they are 'WASPs'—in the cocktail party jargon of the sociologists. That is, they are wealthy, they are Anglo-Saxon in origin, and they are Protestants (and disproportionately Episcopalian ). An earlier usage appeared in
1705-476: The combined impact of Britain and the United States on European affairs. Charles de Gaulle repeatedly sought to "rid France of Anglo-Saxon influence". The term is used with more nuance in discussions by French writers on French decline, especially as an alternative model to which France should aspire, how France should adjust to its two most prominent global competitors, and how it should deal with social and economic modernization. Outside of Anglophone countries,
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1760-419: The cultural scene. American values bore the stamp of this Anglo-Saxon Protestant ascendancy. The political, cultural, religious, and intellectual leaders of the nation were largely of a Northern European Protestant stock, and they propagated public morals compatible with their background. Before WASP came into use in the 1960s, the term Anglo-Saxon served some of the same purposes. Like the newer term WASP ,
1815-409: The definition of WASP varies in this respect. It was seen to be in exclusionary contrast to Catholics, Jews, Irish, immigrants, southern or eastern Europeans, and the non-White. WASPs have dominated American society, culture, and politics for most of the history of the United States. Critics have disparaged them as " The Establishment ". Although the social influence of wealthy WASPs has declined since
1870-561: The early Middle Ages Anglian and Saxon kingdoms were established over most of England, ('land of the Angles'). After the Norman conquest in 1066, Anglo-Saxon refers to the pre-invasion English people. Political scientist Andrew Hacker used the term WASP in 1957, with W standing for 'wealthy' rather than ' white '. The P formed a humorous epithet to imply " waspishness " or someone likely to make sharp, slightly cruel remarks. Describing
1925-638: The heyday of WASP dominance, the Social Register delineated high society. According to The New York Times , its influence had faded by the late 20th century: Once, the Social Register was a juggernaut in New York social circles... Nowadays, however, with the waning of the WASP elite as a social and political force, the register's role as an arbiter of who counts and who doesn't is almost an anachronism. In Manhattan, where charity galas are at
1980-507: The high tide of WASP control". In 1965, Canadian sociologist John Porter, in The Vertical Mosaic , argued that British origins were disproportionately represented in the higher echelons of Canadian class, income, political power, the clergy, the media, etc. However, more recently, Canadian scholars have traced the decline of the WASP elite. According to Ralph E. Pyle: A number of analysts have suggested that WASP dominance of
2035-477: The ideals of the Enlightenment meant that they sought to assimilate newcomers from outside of the British Isles , but few were interested in adopting a Pan-European identity for the nation, much less turning it into a global melting pot. However, in the early 1900s, liberal progressives and modernists began promoting more inclusive ideals for what the national identity of the United States should be. While
2090-411: The institutional order has become a thing of the past. The accepted wisdom is that after World War II, the selection of individuals for leadership positions was increasingly based on factors such as motivation and training rather than ethnicity and social lineage. Many reasons have been given for the decline of WASP power, and books have been written detailing it. Self-imposed diversity incentives opened
2145-845: The more traditionalist segments of society continued to maintain their Anglo-Protestant ethnocultural traditions, universalism and cosmopolitanism started gaining favor among the elites. These ideals became institutionalized after the Second World War, and ethnic minorities started moving towards institutional parity with the once dominant Anglo-Protestants. Some of the first colleges and universities in America, including Harvard , Yale , Princeton , Rutgers , Columbia , Dartmouth , Pennsylvania , Duke , Boston University , Williams , Bowdoin , Middlebury , and Amherst , all were founded by mainline Protestant denominations. Expensive, private prep schools and universities have historically been associated with WASPs. Colleges such as
2200-462: The nation's social and cultural elites, were often associated with the American upper class , Harvard University , and the Episcopal Church. Like other sociological groups, WASPs tend to concentrate within close proximity of each other. These areas are often exclusive and associated with top schools, high incomes, well-established church communities, and high real-estate values. For example, in
2255-475: The nineteenth century, Anglo-Saxons was often used as a synonym for all people of English descent and sometimes more generally, for all the English-speaking peoples of the world. It was often used in implying superiority, much to the annoyance of outsiders. For example, American clergyman Josiah Strong boasted in 1890: In 1700 this race numbered less than 6,000,000 souls. In 1800, Anglo-Saxons (I use
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2310-605: The older term Anglo-Saxon was used derisively by writers hostile to an informal alliance between Britain and the U.S. The negative connotation was especially common among Irish Americans and writers in France. Anglo-Saxon , meaning in effect the whole Anglosphere , remains a term favored by the French, used disapprovingly in contexts such as criticism of the Special Relationship of close diplomatic relations between
2365-656: The people of the United States....There are only two things which can establish and maintain closer relations between your country and mine: they are community of ideals and of interests." The term remains in use in Ireland as a term for the British or English, and sometimes in Scottish Nationalist discourse. Irish-American humorist Finley Peter Dunne popularized the ridicule of "Anglo-Saxons", even calling President Theodore Roosevelt one. Roosevelt insisted he
2420-655: The population. Native or born overseas, they were of British stock and of the Protestant faith. Catholics in the Northeast and the Midwest—mostly immigrants and their descendants from Ireland and Germany as well as southern and eastern Europe—came to dominate Democratic Party politics in big cities through the ward boss system . Catholic politicians were often the target of WASP political hostility. Political scientist Eric Kaufmann argues that "the 1920s marked
2475-565: The school. These legacy admissions allowed for the continuation of WASP influence on important sectors of the US. Members of Protestant denominations associated with WASPs have some of the highest proportions of advanced degrees . Examples include the Episcopal Church , with 76% of those polled having some college education, and the Presbyterian Church , with 64%. According to Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in
2530-429: The south. The Nona Street site was previously the location of Seedley Print Works (calico printing), owned by Robert Goulden, social activist and father of Emmeline Pankhurst . It produced textile design patterns as well as printing, and was registered in censuses from 1845 until at least 1870. The site predates terraced houses immediately surrounding it, which were in the process of being constructed in 1888. Seedley
2585-544: The term Anglo-Saxon and its translations are used to refer to the Anglophone peoples and societies of Britain, the United States, and countries such as Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Variations include the German Angelsachsen , French le modèle anglo-saxon , Spanish anglosajón , Dutch Angelsaksisch model [ nl ] and Italian Paesi anglosassoni [ it ] . In
2640-416: The term inner city to such residential areas , rather than to more geographically central commercial districts , often referred to by terms like downtown or city centre . The term inner city first achieved consistent usage through the writings of white liberal Protestants in the U.S. after World War II , contrasting with the growing affluent suburbs . According to urban historian Bench Ansfield,
2695-438: The term WASP has sometimes expanded to include not just "Anglo-Saxon" or English-American elites but also American people of other Protestant Northwestern European origin, including Protestant Dutch Americans , Scottish Americans , Welsh Americans , German Americans , Ulster Scots or "Scotch-Irish" Americans , and Scandinavian Americans . A 1969 Time article stated, "purists like to confine Wasps to descendants of
2750-456: The term has expanded to include other Protestant denominations as well. The concept of Anglo-Saxonism, and especially Anglo-Saxon Protestantism, evolved in the late 19th century, especially among American Protestant missionaries eager to transform the world. Historian Richard Kyle says: Protestantism had not yet split into two mutually hostile camps – the liberals and fundamentalists. Of great importance, evangelical Protestantism still dominated
2805-416: The term signified both a bounded geographic construct and a set of cultural pathologies inscribed onto urban black communities. Inner city thus originated as a term of containment. Its genesis was the product of an era when a largely white suburban mainline Protestantism was negotiating its relationship to American cities. Liberal Protestants’ missionary brand of urban renewal refocused attention away from
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#17327836026632860-449: The term somewhat broadly to include all English-speaking peoples) had increased to about 20,500,000, and now, in 1890, they number more than 120,000,000. In 1893, Strong envisioned a future "new era" of triumphant Anglo-Saxonism: Is it not reasonable to believe that this race is destined to dispossess many weaker ones, assimilate others, and mould the remainder until... it has Anglo-Saxonized mankind? The popular and sociological usage of
2915-644: Was Dutch. "To be genuinely Irish is to challenge WASP dominance", argues California politician Tom Hayden . The depiction of the Irish in the films of John Ford was a counterpoint to WASP standards of rectitude. "The procession of rambunctious and feckless Celts through Ford's films, Irish and otherwise, was meant to cock a snoot at WASP or ' lace-curtain Irish ' ideas of respectability." In Australia, Anglo or Anglo-Saxon refers to people of English descent, while Anglo-Celtic includes people of Irish, Welsh, and Scottish descent. In France, Anglo-Saxon refers to
2970-588: Was hard to remember everyone, or to keep track of the new debutantes and marriages. The solution was the Social Register , which listed the names and addresses of about 1 percent of the population. Most were WASPs, and they included families who mingled at the same private clubs, attended the right teas and cotillions , worshipped together at prestige churches, funded the proper charities, lived in exclusive neighborhoods, and sent their daughters to finishing schools and their sons away to prep schools . In
3025-556: Was previously part of the County Borough of Salford in the administrative county of Lancashire . The area is mostly made up of terraced housing , dating from the late 19th century and early 20th century. Seedley experienced long-term population decline in the 1990s with high levels of crime and poverty and empty in the area. Owners were unable to sell their houses and many remained empty, often subject to arson and vandalism. Local government began regeneration plans in 1999 via
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