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69-524: The Bitcoin scalability problem refers to the limited capability of the Bitcoin network to handle large amounts of transaction data on its platform in a short span of time. It is related to the fact that records (known as blocks ) in the Bitcoin blockchain are limited in size and frequency. Bitcoin's blocks contain the transactions on the bitcoin network. The on-chain transaction processing capacity of

138-419: A decentralized system, bitcoin operates without a central authority or single administrator, so that anyone can create a new bitcoin address and transact without needing any approval. This is accomplished through a specialized distributed ledger called a blockchain that records bitcoin transactions. The blockchain is implemented as an ordered list of blocks . Each block contains a SHA-256 hash of

207-596: A fork . Litecoin produces blocks four times faster than Bitcoin which leads to a 4x improvement in throughput. Dogecoin has even more throughput with a block time of 1 minute. Bitcoin Cash has a block size of 32 MB and hence 32x more throughput than Bitcoin. Bitcoin SV removed the block size limit altogether. Bitcoin Bitcoin (abbreviation: BTC ; sign : ₿ ) is the first decentralized cryptocurrency . Nodes in

276-422: A free market ideology, bitcoin was invented in 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto , an unknown person. Use of bitcoin as a currency began in 2009, with the release of its open-source implementation . In 2021, El Salvador adopted it as legal tender . It is mostly seen as an investment and has been described by some scholars as an economic bubble . As bitcoin is pseudonymous , its use by criminals has attracted

345-635: A non-peer-reviewed study by the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF) estimated that bitcoin mining represented 0.4% of global electricity consumption . Another 2022 non-peer-reviewed commentary published in Joule estimated that bitcoin mining was responsible for 0.2% of world greenhouse gas emissions. About half of the electricity used is generated through fossil fuels . Moreover, mining hardware's short lifespan results in electronic waste . The amount of electrical energy consumed, and

414-469: A payment system than as a currency. In 2014, economist Robert J. Shiller wrote that bitcoin has potential as a unit of account for measuring the relative value of goods, as with Chile's Unidad de Fomento , but that "Bitcoin in its present form... doesn't really solve any sensible economic problem". François R. Velde, Senior Economist at the Chicago Fed , described bitcoin as "an elegant solution to

483-574: A proof-of-work scheme for spam control in 1997. The first proposals for distributed digital scarcity-based cryptocurrencies came from cypherpunks Wei Dai (b-money) and Nick Szabo ( bit gold ) in 1998. In 2004, Hal Finney developed the first currency based on reusable proof of work. These various attempts were not successful: Chaum's concept required centralized control and no banks wanted to sign on, Hashcash had no protection against double-spending , while b-money and bit gold were not resistant to Sybil attacks . The domain name bitcoin.org

552-538: A stablecoin , and the Celsius Network , a cryptocurrency loan company. In 2023, ordinals— non-fungible tokens (NFTs)—on bitcoin, went live. In January 2024, the first 11 US spot bitcoin ETFs began trading, offering direct exposure to bitcoin for the first time on American stock exchanges. As of June 2023, River Financial estimated that bitcoin had 81.7 million users, about 1% of the global population. At

621-478: A store of value , a medium of exchange , and a unit of account . According to The Economist in 2014, bitcoin functions best as a medium of exchange. In 2015, The Economist noted that bitcoins had three qualities useful in a currency: they are "hard to earn, limited in supply and easy to verify". However, a 2018 assessment by The Economist stated that cryptocurrencies met none of these three criteria. Per some researchers, as of 2015 , bitcoin functions more as

690-557: A treasury reserve asset , Square, Inc. , $ 50 million, and MassMutual , $ 100 million. In November 2020, PayPal added support for bitcoin in the US. In February 2021, bitcoin's market capitalization reached $ 1 trillion for the first time. In November 2021, the Taproot soft-fork upgrade was activated, adding support for Schnorr signatures , improved functionality of smart contracts and Lightning Network . Before, bitcoin only used

759-662: A "pure bubble" as its intrinsic value is zero. According to him, some bubbles are long-lasting such as gold and fiat currencies, and it's impossible to predict whether bitcoin will collapse like other financial bubbles or become the new gold. According to research published in the International Review of Financial Analysis in 2018, bitcoin as an asset is highly volatile and does not behave like any other conventional asset. According to one 2022 analysis published in The Journal of Alternative Investments , bitcoin

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828-461: A 2024 Nashville Bitcoin conference, Republican presidential candidate Donald J. Trump announced he was an energetic supporter of the industry and would make the country a "crypto capital of the planet". The unit of account of the bitcoin system is the bitcoin . It is most commonly represented with the symbol ₿ and the currency code BTC. However, the BTC code does not conform to ISO 4217 as BT

897-815: A base layer on which to build further cryptographic applications, such as protocols that require or benefit from a public broadcast mechanism, including transparent decryption . In the context of cryptocurrencies, distributed ledger technologies can be categorized in terms of their data structures , consensus algorithms , permissions, and whether they are mined. DLT data structure types include linear data structures ( blockchains ) to more complex directed acyclic graph (DAG) and hybrid data structures. DLT consensus algorithm types include proof-of-work (PoW) and proof-of-stake (PoS) algorithms and DAG consensus-building and voting algorithms. DLTs are generally either permissioned (private) or permissionless (public). PoW cryptocurrencies are generally either 'mined' or 'non-mined', where

966-413: A collective delusion ". A 2014 World Bank report also concluded that bitcoin was not a deliberate Ponzi scheme. Distributed ledger In general, a distributed ledger requires a peer-to-peer (P2P) computer network and consensus algorithms so that the ledger is reliably replicated across distributed computer nodes (servers, clients, etc.). The most common form of distributed ledger technology

1035-619: A custom elliptic curve with the ECDSA algorithm to produce signatures . In September 2021, bitcoin became legal tender in El Salvador , alongside the US dollar. In October 2021, the first bitcoin futures exchange-traded fund (ETF), called BITO, from ProShares was approved by the SEC and listed on the CME . In May and June 2022, the bitcoin price fell following the collapses of TerraUSD ,

1104-718: A distributed ledger platform that manages equity swap transactions. The platform, which matches and reconciles post-trade data on stock swaps, is used by BlackRock Inc ., Goldman Sachs Group Inc ., and Citigroup, Inc . A pilot scheme by the Monetary Authority of Singapore completed its first live trades using DLT in 2022. The pilot by Singapore's central bank involved JP Morgan, SBI Digital Asset Holdings and DBS. The banks traded using smart contracts against liquidity pools of tokenized Singapore government bonds, Japanese government bonds, yen, and Singapore dollars. Singapore has set up two more pilots. Standard Chartered Bank

1173-476: A full copy of the blockchain to check the validity of mined blocks, or lightweight clients, just to send and receive transactions without a local copy of the entire blockchain. Third-party internet services called online wallets store users' credentials on their servers, making them susceptible of hacks. Cold storage protects bitcoins from such hacks by keeping private keys offline, either through specialized hardware wallets or paper printouts. Nakamoto limited

1242-564: A funding transaction on the blockchain to open a payment channel. Once a channel is opened, connected participants are able to make rapid payments within the channel or may route payments by "hopping" between channels at intermediate nodes for little to no fee. In January 2018 Blockstream launched a payment processing system for web retailers called "Lightning Charge", noted that lightning was live on mainnet with 200 nodes operating as of 27 January 2018 and advised it should still be considered "in testing". On 15 March 2018, Lightning Labs released

1311-600: A growing use of bitcoin, alongside cash and cards, was reported in restaurant business. In September 2021, the Bitcoin Law made bitcoin legal tender in El Salvador , alongside the US dollar. The adoption has been criticized both internationally and within El Salvador. In particular, in 2022, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) urged El Salvador to reverse its decision. As of 2022 ,

1380-749: A man attempting to use them to buy illegal substances. This marked the first time a government agency had seized bitcoins. The FBI seized about ₿30,000 in October 2013 from Silk Road, following the arrest of its founder Ross Ulbricht . In December 2013, the People's Bank of China prohibited Chinese financial institutions from using bitcoin. After the announcement, the value of bitcoin dropped, and Baidu no longer accepted bitcoins for certain services. Buying real-world goods with any virtual currency had been illegal in China since at least 2009. Research produced by

1449-570: A new address for each transaction. In the bitcoin network, each bitcoin is treated equally, ensuring basic fungibility . However, users and applications can choose to differentiate between bitcoins. While wallets and software treat all bitcoins the same, each bitcoin's transaction history is recorded on the blockchain. This public record allows for chain analysis , where users can identify and potentially reject bitcoins from controversial sources. For example, in 2012, Mt. Gox froze accounts containing bitcoins identified as stolen. Bitcoin wallets were

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1518-507: A new block can collect transaction fees from the included transactions and a set reward in bitcoins. To claim this reward, a special transaction called a coinbase is included in the block, with the miner as the payee. All bitcoins in existence have been created through this type of transaction. This reward is halved every 210,000 blocks until ₿21 million, with new bitcoin issuance slated to end around 2140. Afterward, miners will only earn from transaction fees. These fees are determined by

1587-410: A previous unspent output in the blockchain. Using multiple inputs is similar to using multiple coins in a cash transaction. As in a cash transaction, the sum of inputs can exceed the intended sum of payments. In such a case, an additional output can return the change back to the payer. Unallocated input satoshis in the transaction become the transaction fee. Losing a private key means losing access to

1656-426: A random private key and then computing the corresponding address. This process is almost instant, but the reverse (finding the private key for a given address) is nearly impossible. Publishing a bitcoin address does not risk its private key, and it is extremely unlikely to accidentally generate a used key with funds. To use bitcoins, owners need their private key to digitally sign transactions, which are verified by

1725-435: Is difficult. However, the use of bitcoin can be criminalized, and shutting down exchanges and the peer-to-peer economy in a given country would constitute a de facto ban. The use of bitcoin by criminals has attracted the attention of financial regulators, legislative bodies, and law enforcement. Nobel-prize winning economist Joseph Stiglitz says that bitcoin's anonymity encourages money laundering and other crimes. This

1794-409: Is exploring tokens for trade finance; and HSBC and United Overseas Bank are working with Marketnode, a digital markets infrastructure provider, on products for wealth management. DLT can be used for smart contracting , which is the formation of contracts which automatically complete when triggered by prevailing conditions. DLT is itself secured by cryptographic methods, but can also be used as

1863-496: Is the blockchain (commonly associated with the bitcoin cryptocurrency ), which can either be on a public or private network. Infrastructure for data management is a common barrier to implementing DLT. Distributed ledger data is typically spread across multiple nodes (computational devices) on a P2P network, where each replicates and saves an identical copy of the ledger data and updates itself independently of other nodes. The primary advantage of this distributed processing pattern

1932-449: Is the country code of Bhutan, and ISO 4217 requires the first letter used in global commodities to be 'X'. XBT, a code that conforms to ISO 4217 though not officially part of it, is used by Bloomberg L.P. No uniform capitalization convention exists; some sources use Bitcoin , capitalized, to refer to the technology and network , and bitcoin , lowercase, for the unit of account. The Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary and

2001-476: Is the lack of a central authority, which would constitute a single point of failure . When a ledger update transaction is broadcast to the P2P network, each distributed node processes a new update transaction independently, and then collectively all working nodes use a consensus algorithm to determine the correct copy of the updated ledger. Once a consensus has been determined, all the other nodes update themselves with

2070-580: Is the main justification behind bitcoin bans. As of November 2021 , nine countries applied an absolute ban (Algeria, Bangladesh, China, Egypt, Iraq, Morocco, Nepal, Qatar, and Tunisia) while another 42 countries had an implicit ban. Bitcoin is only legal tender in El Salvador . As of 2018 , bitcoin is rarely used in transactions with merchants, but it is popular to purchase illegal goods online. Prices are not usually quoted in bitcoin and trades involve conversions into fiat currencies. Commonly cited reasons for not using bitcoin include high costs,

2139-608: The Journal of Monetary Economics concluded that price manipulation occurred during the Mt. Gox bitcoin theft and that the market remained vulnerable to manipulation. Research published in The Journal of Finance also suggested that trading associated with increases in the amount of the Tether cryptocurrency and associated trading at the Bitfinex exchange accounted for about half of

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2208-510: The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary use the capitalized and lowercase variants without distinction. One bitcoin is divisible to eight decimal places. Units for smaller amounts of bitcoin are the millibitcoin (mBTC), equal to 1 ⁄ 1000 bitcoin, and the satoshi (sat), representing 1 ⁄ 100 000 000 (one hundred millionth) bitcoin, the smallest amount possible. 100,000 satoshis are one mBTC. As

2277-510: The Central Bank of Iran , allowing the central bank to use it for imports. Some constituent states also accept tax payments in bitcoin, including Colorado ( US ) and Zug ( Switzerland ). As of 2023, the US government owned more than $ 5 billion worth of seized bitcoin. As of 2018 , the overwhelming majority of bitcoin transactions took place on cryptocurrency exchanges . Since 2014, regulated bitcoin funds also allow exposure to

2346-538: The European Central Bank , the decentralization of money offered by bitcoin has its theoretical roots in the Austrian school of economics , especially with Friedrich Hayek 's The Denationalisation of Money , in which he advocates a complete free market in the production, distribution and management of money to end the monopoly of central banks . Sociologist Nigel Dodd argues that the essence of

2415-647: The University of Cambridge estimated that in 2017, there were 2.9 to 5.8 million unique users using a cryptocurrency wallet , most of them using bitcoin. In August 2017, the SegWit software upgrade was activated. Segwit was intended to support the Lightning Network as well as improve scalability . SegWit opponents, who supported larger blocks as a scalability solution, forked to create Bitcoin Cash , one of many forks of bitcoin . In December 2017,

2484-429: The hashing power , it would allow them to censor transactions and double-spend coins. In 2014, mining pool Ghash.io reached 51% mining power, causing safety concerns, but later voluntarily capped its power at 39.99% for the benefit of the whole network. A few entities also dominate other parts of the ecosystem such as the client software, online wallets, and simplified payment verification (SPV) clients. According to

2553-455: The peer-to-peer bitcoin network verify transactions through cryptography and record them in a public distributed ledger , called a blockchain , without central oversight. Consensus between nodes is achieved using a computationally intensive process based on proof of work , called mining , that secures the bitcoin blockchain. Mining consumes large quantities of electricity and has been criticized for its environmental impact . Based on

2622-637: The US Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) established regulatory guidelines for "decentralized virtual currencies" such as bitcoin, classifying American bitcoin miners who sell their generated bitcoins as money services businesses , subject to registration and other legal obligations. In May 2013, US authorities seized the unregistered exchange Mt. Gox . In June 2013, the US Drug Enforcement Administration seized ₿11.02 from

2691-548: The amount of computing resources required to receive, process and record bitcoin transactions, allowing increased throughput without placing extra demand on the bitcoin network. These modifications can be to either the network, in which case a fork is required, or to individual node software (such as Bitcoin Core ). The Lightning Network (LN) is a protocol that aims to improve bitcoin's scalability and speed without sacrificing trustless operation. The Lightning Network requires putting

2760-534: The asset or to futures as an investment. Bitcoin is used as a store of value : individuals and companies such as the Winklevoss twins and Elon Musk 's companies SpaceX and Tesla have massively invested in bitcoin. Bitcoin wealth is highly concentrated, with 0.01% holding 27% of in-circulation currency, as of 2021. As of September 2023 , El Salvador had $ 76.5 million worth of bitcoin in its international reserves . In 2018, research published in

2829-442: The attention of regulators, leading to its ban by several countries as of 2021 . Before bitcoin, several digital cash technologies were released, starting with David Chaum 's ecash in the 1980s. The idea that solutions to computational puzzles could have some value was first proposed by cryptographers Cynthia Dwork and Moni Naor in 1992. The concept was independently rediscovered by Adam Back who developed Hashcash ,

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2898-440: The basis of bitcoin's consensus mechanism . The difficulty of generating a block is deterministically adjusted based on the mining power on the network by changing the difficulty target, which is recalibrated every 2,016 blocks (approximately two weeks) to maintain an average time of ten minutes between new blocks. The process requires significant computational power and specialized hardware . Miners who successfully find

2967-564: The beta version of its lnd Lightning Network implementation for bitcoin mainnet, and on 28 March 2018, ACINQ released a mainnet beta of its eclair implementation and desktop application. In January 2019 the online retailer Bitrefill announced that it receives more payments in Bitcoin via the lightning network than any other cryptocurrency they accept. In June 2021, the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador voted legislation to make Bitcoin legal tender in El Salvador . The decision

3036-528: The bitcoin ideology is to remove money from social, as well as governmental, control. The Economist describes bitcoin as "a techno-anarchist project to create an online version of cash, a way for people to transact without the possibility of interference from malicious governments or banks". These philosophical ideas initially attracted libertarians and anarchists . Economist Paul Krugman argues that cryptocurrencies like bitcoin are only used by bank skeptics and criminals. Money serves three purposes:

3105-438: The bitcoin network is limited by the average block creation time of 10 minutes and the original block size limit of 1 megabyte. These jointly constrain the network's throughput . The transaction processing capacity maximum estimated using an average or median transaction size is between 3.3 and 7 transactions per second. There are various proposed and activated solutions to address this issue. The block size limit, in concert with

3174-561: The bitcoins, with no other proof of ownership accepted by the protocol . For instance, in 2013, a user lost ₿7,500, valued at US$ 7.5 million, by accidentally discarding a hard drive with the private key. It is estimated that around 20% of all bitcoins are lost. The private key must also be kept secret as its exposure, such as through a data breach , can lead to theft of the associated bitcoins. As of December 2017 , approximately ₿980,000 had been stolen from cryptocurrency exchanges . The mining process in bitcoin involves maintaining

3243-423: The block size to one megabyte . The limited block size and frequency can lead to delayed processing of transactions, increased fees and a bitcoin scalability problem . The Lightning Network , second-layer routing network, is a potential scaling solution. Research shows a trend towards centralization in bitcoin as miners join pools for stable income. If a single miner or pool controls more than 50% of

3312-402: The blockchain across all nodes without central oversight. This process tracks bitcoin spending, ensuring each bitcoin is spent only once . Unlike a traditional ledger that tracks physical currency, bitcoins exist digitally as unspent outputs of transactions . In the blockchain, bitcoins are linked to specific addresses that are hashes of a public key . Creating an address involves generating

3381-454: The blockchain through computer processing power . Miners group and broadcast new transactions into blocks, which are then verified by the network. Each block must contain a proof of work (PoW) to be accepted, involving finding a nonce number that, combined with the block content, produces a hash numerically smaller than the network's difficulty target . This PoW is simple to verify but hard to generate, requiring many attempts. PoW forms

3450-776: The chain, known as the genesis block . Embedded in this block was the text "The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks ", which is the date and headline of an issue of The Times newspaper. Nine days later, Hal Finney received the first bitcoin transaction: ten bitcoins from Nakamoto. Wei Dai and Nick Szabo were also early supporters. On May 22, 2010, the first known commercial transaction using bitcoin occurred when programmer Laszlo Hanyecz bought two Papa John's pizzas for ₿10,000, in what would later be celebrated as "Bitcoin Pizza Day". Blockchain analysts estimate that Nakamoto had mined about one million bitcoins before disappearing in 2010 when he handed

3519-635: The e-waste generated, is comparable to that of Greece and the Netherlands, respectively. Bitcoin is pseudonymous , with funds linked to addresses, not real-world identities. While the owners of these addresses are not directly identified, all transactions are public on the blockchain. Patterns of use, like spending coins from multiple inputs, can hint at a common owner. Public data can sometimes be matched with known address owners. Bitcoin exchanges might also need to collect personal data as per legal requirements. For enhanced privacy , users can generate

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3588-527: The first cryptocurrency wallets , enabling users to store the information necessary to transact bitcoins. The first wallet program, simply named Bitcoin , and sometimes referred to as the Satoshi client , was released in 2009 by Nakamoto as open-source software . Bitcoin Core is among the best known clients . Forks of Bitcoin Core exist such as Bitcoin Unlimited . Wallets can be full clients, with

3657-805: The first futures on bitcoin was introduced by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). In February 2018, the price crashed after China imposed a complete ban on bitcoin trading. The percentage of bitcoin trading in the Chinese renminbi fell from over 90% in September 2017 to less than 1% in June 2018. During the same year, bitcoin prices were negatively affected by several hacks or thefts from cryptocurrency exchanges. In 2020, some major companies and institutions started to acquire bitcoin: MicroStrategy invested $ 250 million in bitcoin as

3726-422: The greatest amount of effort to produce. To tamper or censor the ledger, one needs to control the majority of the global hashrate . The high cost required to reach this level of computational power secures the bitcoin blockchain. Bitcoin mining's environmental impact is controversial and has attracted the attention of regulators, leading to restrictions or incentives in various jurisdictions . As of 2022 ,

3795-509: The inability to process chargebacks , high price volatility , long transaction times, and transaction fees (especially for small purchases). Bloomberg reported that bitcoin was being used for large-item purchases on the site Overstock.com and for cross-border payments to freelancers . As of 2015 , there was little sign of bitcoin use in international remittances despite high fees charged by banks and Western Union who compete in this market. Despite associated risks and costs, in 2022,

3864-600: The latest, correct copy of the updated ledger. Security is enforced through cryptographic keys and signatures. Certificate Transparency is an Internet security standard for monitoring and auditing the issuance of digital certificates based on a distributed ledger. It was initiated in 2011, standardised in 2013 and started to be used by the Google Chrome browser for all certificates in 2018. In 2016, some banks tested distributed ledger systems for payments to determine their usefulness. In 2020, Axoni launched Veris,

3933-492: The latter typically indicates 'pre-mined' cryptocurrencies, such as XRP or IOTA . PoS cryptocurrencies do not use miners, instead usually relying on validation among owners of the cryptocurrency, such as Cardano or Solana . Blockchains are the most common DLT type, with a 256-bit secure hash algorithm (SHA). DLTs based on DAG data structures or hybrid blockchain-DAG decrease transaction data size and transaction costs, while increasing transaction speeds compared with bitcoin,

4002-733: The network alert key and control of the code repository over to Gavin Andresen . Andresen later became lead developer at the Bitcoin Foundation , an organization founded in September 2012 to promote bitcoin. After early " proof-of-concept " transactions, the first major users of bitcoin were black markets , such as the dark web Silk Road . During its 30 months of existence, beginning in February 2011, Silk Road exclusively accepted bitcoins as payment, transacting ₿9.9 million, worth about $ 214 million. In March 2013,

4071-402: The network using the public key, keeping the private key secret. Bitcoin transactions use a Forth -like scripting language , involving one or more inputs and outputs. When sending bitcoins, a user specifies the recipients' addresses and the amount for each output. This allows sending bitcoins to several recipients in a single transaction. To prevent double-spending, each input must refer to

4140-440: The previous block, chaining them in chronological order. The blockchain is maintained by a peer-to-peer network. Individual blocks, public addresses, and transactions within blocks are public information, and can be examined using a blockchain explorer. Nodes validate and broadcast transactions, each maintaining a copy of the blockchain for ownership verification. A new block is created every 10 minutes on average, updating

4209-601: The price increase in bitcoin in late 2017. Bitcoin, along with other cryptocurrencies, has been described as an economic bubble by several economists, including Nobel Prize in Economics laureates, such as Joseph Stiglitz , James Heckman , and Paul Krugman . Another recipient of the prize, Robert Shiller , argues that bitcoin is rather a fad that may become an asset class . He describes its price growth as an "epidemic", driven by contagious narratives . In 2024, Jean Tirole , also Nobel laureate, described bitcoin as

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4278-646: The problem of creating a digital currency". David Andolfatto, Vice President at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis , stated that bitcoin is a threat to the establishment, which he argues is a good thing for the Federal Reserve System and other central banks , because it prompts these institutions to operate sound policies. The legal status of bitcoin varies substantially from one jurisdiction to another. Because of its decentralized nature and its global presence, regulating bitcoin

4347-515: The proof-of-work difficulty adjustment settings of bitcoin's consensus protocol, constitutes a bottleneck in bitcoin's transaction processing capacity. This can result in increasing transaction fees and delayed processing of transactions that cannot be fit into a block. Various proposals have come forth on how to scale bitcoin, and a contentious debate has resulted. Business Insider in 2017 characterized this debate as an "ideological battle over bitcoin's future." Technical optimizations may decrease

4416-407: The transaction's size and the amount of data stored, measured in satoshis per byte. The proof of work system and the chaining of blocks make blockchain modifications very difficult, as altering one block requires changing all subsequent blocks. As more blocks are added, modifying older blocks becomes increasingly challenging. In case of disagreement, nodes trust the longest chain, which required

4485-708: The use of Bitcoin in El Salvador remains low: 80% of businesses refused to accept it despite being legally required to. In April 2022, the Central African Republic (CAR) adopted bitcoin as legal tender alongside the CFA franc , but repealed the reform one year later. Bitcoin is also used by some governments. For instance, the Iranian government initially opposed cryptocurrencies, but later saw them as an opportunity to circumvent sanctions . Since 2020, Iran has required local bitcoin miners to sell bitcoin to

4554-795: Was based on the success of the Bitcoin Beach ecosystem in El Zonte that used a LN based wallet. The government will be introducing a wallet utilising the Lightning Network protocol while giving the freedom for citizens to use other Bitcoin Lightning wallets. Bitcoin's transaction throughput is limited by two parameters: Bitcoin has a block time of 10 minutes and a block size of 1 MB. Various increases to this limit, and proposals to remove it completely, have been proposed over bitcoin's history. Implementing any of these proposals involves

4623-613: Was less volatile than oil , silver , US Treasuries , and 190 stocks in the S&;P 500 during and after the 2020 stock market crash . The term hodl was created in December 2013 for holding bitcoin rather than selling it during periods of volatility. Economists, investors, and the central bank of Estonia have described bitcoin as a potential Ponzi scheme . Legal scholar Eric Posner disagrees, however, as "a real Ponzi scheme takes fraud; bitcoin, by contrast, seems more like

4692-557: Was registered on 18 August 2008. On 31 October 2008, a link to a white paper authored by Satoshi Nakamoto titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System was posted to a cryptography mailing list. Nakamoto implemented the bitcoin software as open-source code and released it in January 2009. Nakamoto's identity remains unknown. According to computer scientist Arvind Narayanan , all individual components of bitcoin originated in earlier academic literature. Nakamoto's innovation

4761-406: Was their complex interplay resulting in the first decentralized, Sybil resistant, Byzantine fault tolerant digital cash system, that would eventually be referred to as the first blockchain. Nakamoto's paper was not peer reviewed and was initially ignored by academics, who argued that it could not work. On 3 January 2009, the bitcoin network was created when Nakamoto mined the starting block of

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