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52-406: South East London & Kent Bus Company Limited , trading as Stagecoach London , is a bus company operating in central and south London and some parts of north-west Kent . The Selkent brand is a subsidiary of Stagecoach London and operates services under contract to Transport for London . The Selkent brand is not publicly used since 2010 as all buses are branded as Stagecoach, but it exists as

104-420: A DBA must be registered with a local or state government, or both, depending on the jurisdiction. For example, California, Texas and Virginia require a DBA to be registered with each county (or independent city in the case of Virginia) where the owner does business. Maryland and Colorado have DBAs registered with a state agency. Virginia also requires corporations and LLCs to file a copy of their registration with

156-467: A DBA statement, though names including the first and last name of the owner may be accepted. This also reduces the possibility of two local businesses operating under the same name, although some jurisdictions do not provide exclusivity for a name, or may allow more than one party to register the same name. Note, though, that this is not a substitute for filing a trademark application. A DBA filing carries no legal weight in establishing trademark rights. In

208-516: A businessperson writes a trade name on a contract, invoice, or cheque, they must also add the legal name of the business. Numbered companies will very often operate as something other than their legal name, which is unrecognizable to the public. In Chile , a trade name is known as a nombre de fantasía ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called a razón social (social name). In Ireland , businesses are legally required to register business names where these differ from

260-518: A cost of £23,000, it was originally designed to house 60 buses, although the plan was to ultimately enlarge it to take an additional 40 when operations required it. Under an agreement reached with Thomas Tilling, the garage was allocated to the latter's use, along with Croydon and Lewisham, resulting in Tilling-type vehicles being the mainstay of the fleet until 1949, when the final petrol-engined STL-type double deckers were finally superseded. This

312-821: A deal with London Buses for use by Gillmoss depot in Liverpool . These Titans, following mechanical assessment by MTL Engineering and an initial period of running in London configuration, would be extensively refurbished to have centre exit doors removed, seats retrimmed into standard MTL moquette, fitted with accessibility features recommended by the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee (DiPTAC) and being painted into standard Merseybus livery before re-entering service in Liverpool to replace life-expired Leyland Atlanteans in

364-574: A final batch of 240 ordered in 1984, with Leyland focusing on the Olympian. The orders from London Transport were as follows: The first production Titans were delivered in August 1978 and entered service at Hornchurch in December 1978 on routes 165, 246 and 252 . The Titan's London Transport service career saw it working in the eastern and south eastern half of the capital, though a surplus of

416-501: A further ten Titans from Workington in 1983, five of which had high-ratio rear axles and coach seats for express services into London. However, planned orders for Greater Glasgow PTE , Lothian Regional Transport , Maidstone & District , Merseyside Transport , Southend Transport and Tyne & Wear Transport were eventually cancelled due to the production delays. One Titan was exported to Hong Kong and entered service with China Motor Bus . A 36 feet (11 m) long version of

468-416: A grey, white, black and red livery. Following privatisation, Selkent adopted an all-red livery with white Stagecoach East London fleetnames. This was replaced by a new standard bus livery of a dark blue skirt and orange and light blue swirl at the rear, with Stagecoach's standard off-white replaced by red to conform with Transport for London contractual requirements for buses on TfL services to be 80% red. While

520-617: A legal entity. Selkent shares its headquarters with sister company East London at West Ham . Selkent began as an operating district of London Transport in the early 1980s. On 1 April 1989, London Buses was divided into 11 separate business units , one of which was Selkent. The unit was the first London Buses subsidiary to completely cease operation of AEC Routemasters , with Catford garage's allocation on route 36B converted to use one-person operated dual-door Alexander PS bodied Dennis Lance single-deck buses in May 1992. In 1994, Selkent

572-509: A major market, so the specification was heavily influenced by their preferences. LT was suffering problems with its Daimler/Leyland Fleetline one-person-operated double-deckers and wanted more input into the design. Leyland, too wanted to gain more operator input than had been the case with the Leyland National. Five prototypes (B15.01-B15.05) were constructed between 1975 and 1977, two of which were evaluated in London. The Titan

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624-567: A productivity-related redundancy package negotiated, production increased dramatically. Whereas Park Royal had taken 14 months to build the first 100 vehicles, it took just seven months to build the final 150. Efforts to transfer production to Eastern Coach Works in Lowestoft failed, again due to difficult industrial relations, so it was finally decided that production would recommence at an expanded facility in Workington , which also built

676-458: A registered legal name and a fictitious business name, or trade name, is important because fictitious business names do not always identify the entity that is legally responsible . Legal agreements (such as contracts ) are normally made using the registered legal name of the business. If a corporation fails to consistently adhere to such important legal formalities like using its registered legal name in contracts, it may be subject to piercing of

728-454: Is also sometimes used. A company typically uses a trade name to conduct business using a simpler name rather than using their formal and often lengthier name. Trade names are also used when a preferred name cannot be registered, often because it may already be registered or is too similar to a name that is already registered. Using one or more fictitious business names does not create additional separate legal entities. The distinction between

780-486: Is called a razón social . Leyland Titan (B15) The Leyland B15 Titan is a rear-engined double-decker bus manufactured by Leyland between 1977 and 1984, primarily for London Transport . The Titan was conceived in 1973 as project B15 and was intended as a replacement for the Bristol VRT , Daimler Fleetline and Leyland Atlantean . Following the success of the single-decker Leyland National , it

832-550: The Leyland National . It took almost a year to expand the facility, transfer the jigs and tooling from Park Royal and recommence production. As well as the production difficulties, other aspects of the Titan specification, which was strongly influenced by London Transport, were unpopular. Power hydraulic brakes, a fixed height of 14 feet 5 inches (4.39 m) and an inability to specify local bodywork all limited

884-466: The United Kingdom , there is no filing requirement for a "business name", defined as "any name under which someone carries on business" that, for a company or limited liability partnership, "is not its registered name", but there are requirements for disclosure of the owner's true name and some restrictions on the use of certain names. A minority of U.S. states, including Washington , still use

936-484: The B15 prototype, NHG 732P, for a brief period during 1997-98 before being acquired by MTL in 1998. Other users of ex-London Titans around this time included Oxford Bus Company and Kinchbus . Further buses remained on London work under the ownership of independent contractors such as London Suburban Buses, London & Country , BTS and London Coaches (later Atlas Bus ). One of the final Titan deliveries, fleet number T990,

988-687: The Dennis Dart SLF. In slightly more recent years, a plot of land on the opposite side of the side road (Lower Gravel Road) was developed into an open yard for storage of the larger number of generally longer, taller, wider vehicles required for today's operations. As of April 2023, Kangley Bridge Road garage operates routes 181 , 284 and 356 . Buses are also regularly shared with Catford garage. As of April 2024, Catford garage operates routes 47 , 54 , 75 , 124 , 136 , 160 , 199 , 273 , 621 , 660 and N199 . Some buses are also regularly shared with Kangley Bridge Road garage. Catford Garage

1040-737: The Merseybus fleet. Parent company MTL Trust Holdings Ltd also transferred ex-London Titans to Merseyside from its London division, and ultimately, approximately 400 ex-London Titans came to Merseyside with Merseybus and the other companies within MTL. as well as many other bus companies within the Merseyside region like Aintree Coachlines, Avon Buses , GTL , Liverpool City Coaches/Citybus, Merseyline Travel and Village Group. A few of these Merseyside operators also used ex-Greater Manchester and West Midlands Titans as well and Village Group also operated

1092-496: The Selkent name and hops logo. In October 2010, Stagecoach reacquired its old London operations for a reduced sum of £53   million (equivalent to £85,834,000 in 2023), with Selkent once again rebranded as Stagecoach London. Between 1988 and 1994, Selkent had a standard London Buses red livery with a grey skirt, though the fleet of dual-door Alexander PS types on Dennis Lance chassis delivered for use on route 36B in 1992 wore

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1144-497: The Titan and the MCW Metrobus, but production of Titan for London alone was proving uneconomic. Strong pressure was brought to bear to increase the Titan share of the London orders. As a result, Leyland received the entire order for 275 vehicles in 1982. This led to layoffs at Metro Cammell Weymann . The 1983 order also favoured Leyland, with 210 Titan and 150 Metrobuses. The decision was made to end production, upon completion of

1196-515: The Titan had been planned for this operator but that too was cancelled as a result of the difficulties at Park Royal, with two Leyland Victory Mark 2s built instead. A demonstrator, built in 1982, failed to secure any further orders, operators preferring the flexibility and lower cost of the Leyland Olympian . This vehicle was eventually sold to a Scottish independent operator, Ian Glass of Haddington . London's orders were split between

1248-574: The Titan's appeal. The continued delays and unpopular specification both caused the loss of further Titan orders. Outside London, only two of the passenger transport executives of the United Kingdom would ultimately take delivery of Titans, albeit in reduced numbers. These were the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive , who ordered 190 Titans in 1979 but only took delivery of 15 of

1300-418: The U.S., trademark rights are acquired by use in commerce, but there can be substantial benefits to filing a trademark application. Sole proprietors are the most common users of DBAs. Sole proprietors are individual business owners who run their businesses themselves. Since most people in these circumstances use a business name other than their own name, it is often necessary for them to get DBAs. Generally,

1352-555: The company was owned by Macquarie Bank, an all-red livery was introduced, which was retained by Stagecoach to remain compliant with updated TfL livery regulations. Selkent operates four bus garages. As of February 2024, Bromley garage operates routes 61 , 146 , 246 , 261 , 314 , 336 , 638 , 684 , B14 and SL3 . Bromley garage was opened by the London General Omnibus Company in April 1924. Built at

1404-484: The corporate veil . In English , trade names are generally treated as proper nouns . In Argentina , a trade name is known as a nombre de fantasía ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called a razón social (social name). In Brazil , a trade name is known as a nome fantasia ('fantasy' or 'fiction' name), and the legal name of business is called razão social (social name). In some Canadian jurisdictions , such as Ontario , when

1456-552: The country. Stagecoach East London's last Titans were withdrawn in September 2001 and Selkent's in November 2001, leaving London Central with a small number of spare buses which were eventually whittled down. Amid a small ceremony, the last one, T1018 was retired from route 40 on 19 June 2003. Also, Blue Triangle and Sullivan Buses had also withdrawn Leyland Titans in 2006 and other operators in United Kingdom have retired all of

1508-534: The county or city to be registered with the State Corporation Commission. DBA statements are often used in conjunction with a franchise . The franchisee will have a legal name under which it may sue and be sued, but will conduct business under the franchiser's brand name (which the public would recognize). A typical real-world example can be found in a well-known pricing mistake case, Donovan v. RRL Corp. , 26 Cal. 4th 261 (2001), where

1560-686: The last of the SMSs, and ran alongside the BLs until 1985, when Bromley became the domain of Nationals and Titans. In the early 1990s, the Nationals were replaced by Carlyle bodied Dennis Darts and MCW / Optare MetroRider midibuses. After the takeover by Stagecoach, some of the Titans were replaced by Volvo Olympians , before the fleet at Bromley began to be standardised on the Dennis Trident 2 and

1612-402: The law is to protect the public from fraud, by compelling the business owner to first file or register his fictitious business name with the county clerk, and then making a further public record of it by publishing it in a newspaper. Several other states, such as Illinois , require print notices as well. In Uruguay , a trade name is known as a nombre fantasía , and the legal name of business

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1664-461: The named defendant, RRL Corporation, was a Lexus car dealership doing business as " Lexus of Westminster ", but remaining a separate legal entity from Lexus, a division of Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc. . In California , filing a DBA statement also requires that a notice of the fictitious name be published in local newspapers for some set period of time to inform the public of the owner's intent to operate under an assumed name . The intention of

1716-541: The order, while the five demonstrators were later sold to London Transport as non-standard for use by London Buses subsidiary Selkent . The first deliveries for each operator were displayed at the 1978 British Motor Show at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham . Reading Transport took delivery of two Park Royal Titans to full London specification in 1979, later taking delivery of

1768-629: The service was operated by London General . As of September 2014, Selkent had a peak vehicle requirement of 405 buses. Trading as In a number of countries, the phrase " trading as " (abbreviated to t/a ) is used to designate a trade name. In the United States , the phrase " doing business as " (abbreviated to DBA , dba , d.b.a. , or d/b/a ) is used, among others, such as assumed business name or fictitious business name . In Canada , " operating as " (abbreviated to o/a ) and " trading as " are used, although " doing business as "

1820-559: The size of Catford and to open a new garage in Bromley to cope with the new housing estates that were springing up around the area. The roof has had to be raised twice, first in 1930 to enable double deck buses to use the garage and again in 1948 to accommodate AEC Regent III RTs . By 1954 Catford was operating some 194 RTs, the last leaving in 1978. A Leyland-DAB articulated bus , the first such bus to operate in public service in London ,

1872-459: The surname(s) of the sole trader or partners, or the legal name of a company. The Companies Registration Office publishes a searchable register of such business names. In Japan , the word yagō ( 屋号 ) is used. In Colonial Nigeria , certain tribes had members that used a variety of trading names to conduct business with the Europeans. Two examples were King Perekule VII of Bonny , who

1924-469: The term trade name to refer to "doing business as" (DBA) names. In most U.S. states now, however, DBAs are officially referred to using other terms. Almost half of the states, including New York and Oregon , use the terms assumed business name or assumed name ; nearly as many, including Pennsylvania , use the term fictitious name . For consumer protection purposes, many U.S. jurisdictions require businesses operating with fictitious names to file

1976-573: The type due to the closure of the Park Royal factory, replacing the remainder with an order for 160 MCW Metrobuses , and the West Midlands Passenger Transport Executive , who took delivery of five Titan demonstrators for use across its network and later ordered 80 production examples, later cancelling this order and purchasing 101 locally-produced MCW Metrobuses as well as 35 Leyland Nationals to replace

2028-475: The type following tendering reverses in the later 1980s, saw Titans spread to some north London garages. Withdrawals began in December 1992, just after the Daimler Fleetline buses withdrawal and large numbers passing to other operators. The most significant user of former London Titans was Merseyside 's largest bus operator Merseybus , who between 1992 and 1994, purchased approximately 250 Titans in

2080-506: Was 9.56 metres (31.4 ft) long, 2.50 metres (8 ft 2 in) wide and 4.4 metres (14 ft) high. The main body structure was aluminium and the body was assembled using Avdel 'Avdelok' rivets similar to the Leyland National . Single and dual-door layouts were offered, with a number of options for the location of the staircase. Mechanically, independent front suspension and a drop-centre rear axle were used, with air suspension and power hydraulic brakes as standard. The prototype engine

2132-530: Was a turbocharged version of the Leyland 500 series, although this was changed to Gardner 6LXB for production, as a result of customer preference and concerns over fuel economy and reliability of the 500 series. The Leyland TL11 engine was available for later production versions. The engine was mounted vertically at the rear, with the radiator located separately in a compartment above the engine. This led to an unusual off-centre square rear window. The overall design

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2184-560: Was advanced for the time and improved on noise and emission requirements by considerable margins. The Titan name, previously used for a front-engined double-decker , was revived for production in June 1977. It was intended that Park Royal Vehicles would build the first 100 vehicles, with production then transferring to AEC in Southall . This caused industrial relations problems at Park Royal and some 200 skilled craftspeople left. Production

2236-500: Was built in 1981 to replace the existing Plumstead and Abbey Wood garages, additionally being sited to serve the growing Thamesmead area. Built to hold 185 buses, Plumstead initially had an allocation upon its opening entirely made up of Scania Metropolitans . By 1983, the garage had changed entirely to Leyland Titans , which by 1985 had begun to be phased out in favour of new Leyland Olympians . A 96-seat Alexander bodied tri-axle Leyland Olympian destined for Citybus of Hong Kong

2288-572: Was decided, from the outset, that the vehicle would be very standardised and of integral construction. This allowed more flexibility in the location of mechanical components and allowed a reduced step-height. The move away from body-on-chassis construction caused concern for the bodybuilders, who had already lost market share to the Leyland National. Talks regarding licensing agreements were held with Alexander and Northern Counties , both major suppliers to their respective local markets, but no agreements were reached. Leyland saw London Transport (LT) as

2340-610: Was destroyed in the Aldwych bus bombing in 1996. Upon the privatisation of the London Buses subsidiaries, the remaining Titans were distributed between London Central , Stagecoach East London and Stagecoach Selkent . All bus operators had to replace Titans with Volvo Olympians and subsequently low-floor buses, Dennis Trident 2/Alexander ALX400 for Stagecoach and Volvo B7TL/Plaxton President for London Central, while Titans were cascaded to other operators, spreading them throughout

2392-553: Was known as Captain Pepple in trade matters, and King Jubo Jubogha of Opobo , who bore the pseudonym Captain Jaja . Both Pepple and Jaja would bequeath their trade names to their royal descendants as official surnames upon their deaths. In Singapore , there is no filing requirement for a "trading as" name, but there are requirements for disclosure of the underlying business or company's registered name and unique entity number. In

2444-444: Was loaned to Selkent by South Yorkshire Transport in April 1992. Based at Catford, it was trialled primarily on route 180 as part of evaluations into replacing double-deckers on suburban London bus services as a form of bus rapid transit . As of January 2024, Plumstead garage operates routes 53 , 96 , 122 , 161 , 177 , 180 , 380 , 422 , 472 , 602 and 672 . Originally intended to be called Thamesmead , Plumstead garage

2496-472: Was loaned to Selkent from Citybus' UK subsidiary Capital Citybus in July 1992. Based at Plumstead, it was trialled primarily on route 53 for a fortnight before returning to Capital Citybus for a week's trial on route 123 , after which it was shipped to Hong Kong. The garage would later be home to 35 Mercedes-Benz Citaro articulated buses that worked on route 453 between March 2003 and April 2008, after which

2548-764: Was made possible by the hire of 17 AEC Regents from Leeds City Transport . Between 1972 and 1979, Daimler Fleetlines joined the AEC Regent III RTs , running alongside them. AEC Routemasters were not introduced to Bromley until 1975, being replaced in 1984 by Leyland Titans . With regards to single-deckers, Bromley first housed RF-class AEC Regal IVs, arriving in 1952, which were gradually replaced by AEC Swifts between 1968 and 1971. FS-class Ford Transit minibuses were introduced in 1972 for local route B1, before these were replaced in 1976 by BS-class Bristol LH Ss. These were in turn replaced by longer, BL-class Bristol LHs in 1978. In 1977 Leyland Nationals replaced

2600-633: Was opened in 1914 by the London General Omnibus Company, however it was requisitioned by the War Department a year later and used to repair buses used as troop transports during World War I . The garage did not re-open until 1920, when Thomas Tilling's Lewisham operation moved there due to space constraints at his other garage. Originally coded L, for Lewisham, it was changed to TL in 1924 to avoid confusion with Loughton. Thomas Tilling gained an agreement in 1923 to double

2652-613: Was sold to Stagecoach Holdings at the same time as fellow subsidiary East London for £42 million (equivalent to £105,516,000 in 2023), with operations subsequently rebranded to Stagecoach Selkent. In November 2000, in line with the rebranding of the wider Stagecoach Group, Stagecoach Selkent and East London were consolidated under the Stagecoach London brand. In August 2006, Stagecoach sold its London bus operations to Macquarie Bank for £264   million (equivalent to £482,478,000 in 2023). The new owner restored

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2704-654: Was very slow and the first vehicle was not delivered until August 1978. In October 1978, Leyland announced the AEC factory would close, with the intention of keeping Titan production at Park Royal. The very slow production rate continued, causing cancellation of a number of existing orders. The industrial relations problems continued, as Leyland sought to replace the skilled staff, who had left, with semi-skilled workers. Finally, Leyland announced in October 1979 that Park Royal would close in May 1980. Once this decision had been made and

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