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59-545: Selinsgrove Speedway was built in 1945 under the supervision of Joie Chitwood , a Hollywood stunt man and race car driver from Denison, Texas . The land had previously been a family farm owned by the Allison and Davis families of Snyder County. They sold it to the Dauntless Hook and Ladder Volunteer Fire Department of Selinsgrove in 1941 as a permanent home for the fire company's annual carnival . The first race

118-528: A monopoly . Since this ruling, Sara Lee has been prevented from acquiring any further assets or firms associated with chemical shoe care products in the United States without prior approval. The Competition Commission in the United Kingdom investigated the potential monopoly of Sara Lee in the shoe care industry. Shoe polish products are low-value items that are infrequently purchased, as

177-520: A Metropolis , has a scene focuses on shoe shining with a polish called Nigrin, which sports the face of a black person. Shoe polish remained an essential item by World War II and was found just about everywhere Allied troops ventured. American war correspondent Walter Graeber wrote for TIME magazine from the Tobruk trenches in 1942 that "old tins of British-made Kiwi polish lay side by side with empty bottles of Chianti ." A story indicative of

236-519: A building where 200 employees would produce 10 million boxes to hold blacking product tins annually. The tins would eventually be labeled, Mason Shoe Polish. This business shuttered in 1919 and the building was razed in 1973. In 1851, the Irish brand Punch was introduced as another leather preserving product. In 1889, William Edward Wren, started making shoe polishes and dubbin in England under

295-667: A character known as 'Chief Wahoo.' Audiences found the act believable on account of Chitwood having a darker skin tone. He also performed a ramp-to-ramp jump, using a car that devised by Teter. Later on he and his son, Joie Jr., perfected driving a car on two wheels. Chitwood's show was so popular that in January 1967, their performance at the Islip Speedway in New York was broadcast on ABC television's Wide World of Sports . Chitwood's sons, Joie Jr. and Tim, both joined

354-588: A dancer; she quit dancing after their marriage. The couple had two sons, Timmy and Joie Jr., born 1944. Joie Jr. had a son Joie Chitwood III (born 1971). After Chitwood retired, his sons took over the business. Joie Chitwood died on January 3, 1988, in Tampa Bay, Florida. Chitwood was named the President of the 100 Mile An Hour Club at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1967. The Eastern Auto Racing Club Old Timers Club inducted him in 1979, and he received

413-643: A guest challenger on the TV game show To Tell The Truth . Joie Jr. worked in over 60 feature films and national commercials. In 1983 Chitwood's show was featured in the movie Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 , where Sheriff Justice ends up the star of the show during his pursuit of The Bandit. Chitwood's show was credited by Evel Knievel as being his inspiration to become a daredevil when his show appeared in his home town of Butte, Montana. World-champion auto dive bomber Dusty Russell began his 50+ year career as

472-543: A high natural veneer became popular in the 18th century, a high glossy finish became important, particularly on shoes and boots. In most cases, homemade polishes were used to provide this finish, often with lanolin or beeswax as a base. In the late 18th and early 19th century, many forms of shoe polish became available, yet were rarely referred to as shoe polish or boot polish . Instead, they were often called blacking , especially when mixed with lampblack , or still were referred to as dubbin. Tallow, an animal by-product,

531-400: A leather shoe. Many companies offer products with liquid shoe polish that is pre-soaked into a hard sponge or have a sponge attached to an applicator. These products can be used to buff leather without needing to apply any additional polish to either the leather or the sponge. These products are often marketed as "quick shine," "express shine," "instant shine," or similar branding to emphasize

590-434: A mixture of waxes , solvents and often include colorants or dyes. Waxes, organic solvents, and colorant (either soluble dyes or pigment ) compose this type of polish. Waxes are 20–40% of the material. Natural waxes used for the polish include carnauba and montan as well as synthetic waxes. The composition determines the hardness and polishing properties after solvent has evaporated. Solvents are selected to match

649-434: A single can might last several months for even the most frequent user. Consumer demand is inelastic and largely insensitive to price change, while sales volumes are generally low. In the shoe polish market as a whole, some 26% of turnover is accounted for by pastes, 24% by creams, 23% by aerosols, and 13% by liquids. The demand for shoe polish products has either been static or declined from its mid-century heights, one reason

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708-492: A small factory in 1904 in Melbourne , Australia. Their formula was a major improvement on previous brands as it preserved shoe leather, shined, and restored colour. Ramsay named the shoe polish after the kiwi , the national bird of New Zealand ; Ramsay's wife, Annie Elizabeth Meek Ramsay, was a native of Oamaru , New Zealand. It has been suggested that, at a time when several symbols were weakly associated with New Zealand,

767-525: A stunt driver in 1951, when he performed at the age of 15 for Joie Chitwood's Auto Daredevils show in Idaho. Chitwood was frequently hired by Hollywood film studios to either do stunt driving for films or to act as auto-stunt coordinator. Chitwood was one of the stunt drivers in the Clark Gable and Barbara Stanwyck 1950 film about auto racing, To Please a Lady . Chitwood's wife, Marie, worked as

826-569: A trade by helping at a welding shop. Chitwood built his first race car from an Essex , driving the car after the driver failed to appear; he finished second. He started his racing career in 1934 at a dirt track in Winfield, Kansas . From there, he began racing big cars . In 1937 and 1938, he finished second in the Central States Racing Association (CSRA) season points standings. In 1939 and 1940 he switched to

885-405: Is a waxy paste , cream , or liquid that is used to polish, shine , and waterproof leather shoes or boots to extend the footwear 's lifespan and restore its appearance. Shoe polishes are distinguished by their textures, which range from liquids to hard waxes. Solvent, waxes, and colorants comprise most shoe polishes. Shoe polishes that would be recognizable today have been around since

944-481: Is added to warm solvent before being dispensed. Wax-based shoe polish is traditionally packaged in flat, round, 60-gram (2-ounce) tins , usually with an easy-open facility. The traditional flat, round tins have since become synonymous with shoe polishes. When dried due to solvent loss or other reasons, the hardened wax pulls away from the walls of the container, giving what is known as a "rattler". Treating footwear to soften, waterproof, protect, and extend its lifespan

1003-534: Is an ancient tradition as textile and clothmaking . Ancient peoples would use natural waxes, animal fats, and plant-based oils based on their availability to achieve their desired effects. However, these treatments were not generally meant to shine the shoe. In the Middle Ages , dubbin , a product of wax, was often used to soften and waterproof leather; but it did not impart shine. It was made from natural wax , oil , soda ash , and tallow . As leather with

1062-407: Is applied to the shoe using a rag , cloth , brush , or with bare fingers. Shoe polish is not a cleaning product, its application is for clean and dry shoes. Vigorous rubbing action is often required to apply the polish evenly to the boot, followed by further buffing with a clean dry cloth or brush. Another technique, known as "spit-polishing" or " bull polishing ", involves gently rubbing polish into

1121-742: Is best known as a daredevil in the Joie Chitwood Thrill Show. Chitwood was born in Denison, Texas . He was orphaned as a 14-year-old and he ended school after eighth grade. He lived in Topeka, Kansas during the Dust Bowl -era, and was seeking employment during the Great Depression . His main job was a shoe shiner ; he also worked as a candy butcher for a burlesque show to earn additional income. He started learning

1180-633: Is little belief that the shoe shine markets will ever meet reach previous demand, but the overall market is expected to grow from its current levels due to rising disposable income levels, urbanization, corporate culture, fashion trends, and e-commerce growth. Specific trends, such as increased focused on personal grooming, a growing footwear industry, product innovations, and brand loyalty are acting as acting as market drivers, reinforcing growth projections provided that market restraints like: substitute products, economic downturns, environmental concerns, and health concerns, do not impact those trends. Shoe polish

1239-573: Is noted as the first employer of Charles Dickens , aged 12 in 1823. The Warren company's chief competitor was the Day & Martin company formed in 1801. Details of the operation of Day & Martin in 1842 reveal that the blacking they produced was in two forms, bottled liquid, and a thick paste which was available in either small wide-mouthed stone tubs, slabs wrapped in oiled paper, or in "circular tin-boxes, about three inches in diameter, and half or three-quarters of an inch thick.". Tinned blacking paste

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1298-548: Is primarily intended for leather shoes, some brands specify that it may be used on non-porous materials, such as vinyl . The polish is generally the same colour as the shoes it will be used upon, or it may be neutral , lacking any colouring agents. Exposure to shoe polish fumes can irritate the skin, eyes, and throat. Ingestion or direct exposure to eyes may require poison control . Prolonged exposure, such as during shoe polish or shoe production, has an associated enhanced risk for cancer, primarily nose and nasal sinuses. However,

1357-426: Is relatively easy to acquire. The cost of establishing shoe polish manufacturing facilities has been estimated at $ 600,000 (as of 2005). Shoe polish is manufactured in large, thermo-stated, stirred reactors. Steps are taken to ensure that volatile solvents do not evaporate. Typically, low-melting paraffin wax is melted, followed by the higher melting waxes, and finally the colorant-stearate mixture. The molten mass

1416-428: Is sold in a squeezable plastic bottle , with a small sponge applicator at the end. To decrease its viscosity, bottled polish usually has a very low wax content. Liquid shoe polish is a complex mixture. Polyethylene wax emulsion is a major component. Various polymers, typically acrylates, are the next major component, conferring gloss and holding the dyes in suspension. Resins and casein are selected to ensure adhesion to

1475-791: Is the gradual replacement of formal footwear with a variety of other options. There are numerous branded products available, as well as generic store brands . There are two chief areas of shoe polish sales: to the public, and to specialists and trade, such as shoe repairers, and cobblers . The sales percentages between the two outlets are roughly comparable. The best-selling, low-cost brands are produced by these companies: Kiwi, Griffin, Tana, and Johnson, and Reckitt & Colman. Approximately 60 million units are sold annually. Other leading brands include Kelly's, Shinola , Lincoln Shoe Polish, Meltonian, Angelus, Woly, Salamander, Collonil and Cherry Blossom. The global shoe polish market remains in transition as market forecasters analyze future trends. There

1534-450: The AAA / USAC National Championship . Chitwood participated in one World Drivers' Championship race at Indianapolis. He finished in fifth place, scoring one World Drivers' Championship point. Chitwood was dubbed "Joie" during his racing career, after a newspaper reporter misheard and misspelled Chitwood's name in an article. The writer confused St. Joe, Missouri (where Chitwood's race car

1593-608: The American Automobile Association (AAA) East Coast Sprint car championship. He switched back to the CSRA and won its title in 1942, winning 14 consecutive CSRA features that season. Between 1940 and 1950, Chitwood raced in the Indianapolis 500 seven times, finishing fifth on three occasions. He was the first man ever to wear a safety belt, beginning at the 1941 Indianapolis 500 . Chitwood took

1652-470: The British Commonwealth countries and the United States. Its spread invited rival brands such as Shinola and Cavalier (United States), Cherry Blossom (United Kingdom), Parwa (India), Jean Bart (France), and others. Advertising became more prominent; many shoe polish brands used fictional figures or historical characters for their branding. The 1927 German documentary Berlin: Symphony of

1711-430: The Middle Ages . Originally made with dubbin , they were only used to soften leather and weather proof shoes, they did not shine shoes. However, the popularity of shoe shining that arose during the early 1900s led to many shoe polish formulas being incorporated with a shining agent. Shoe polish can be classified into three types: wax, cream-emulsion, and liquid. Each differs in detailed composition, but all consist of

1770-490: The Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series . The grandstand at Selinsgrove Speedway was constructed in 1948. Still standing as of 2022, the grandstands were built from 175,000 board feet (400 m³) of lumber with a capacity of 5,500 spectators. Lights for night racing were added in 1953 with the first night race held on June 19, 1953. Selinsgrove Speedway began hosting weekly events in 1950, under

1829-496: The rhyming slang of " Chunder Loo " and " spew ," another slang word for vomit. Shoe manufacturing improvements in the mid-19th century as part of the Industrial Revolution allowed for factories to produce large numbers of shoes made of leather, and later synthetic materials . This increase in leather shoe production continued well into the 20th century and led to a surge in the number of retail shoe stores in

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1888-660: The British Commonwealth Occupation Forces arrived in Japan—all with boots polished to a degree not known in the U.S. forces—the G.I.s were more conscious than ever of their feet. The secret was found to rest not only in spit and polish, but in the superior Australian boot polish, a commodity which was soon exchanged with the Americans on a fluctuating basis of so many packets of cigarettes for one can of Kiwi boot polish. Soldiers returning from

1947-586: The Prussian military. It was closed in 1934 when the Nazis forbade Jews to operate a business. The first shoe polishes aimed primarily at inducing shine were the British and British Commonwealth brands like Cherry Blossom, Kiwi , and Wren's . While the oldest brand is believed to be Wren's, Kiwi is arguably the best known. Scottish expatriates William Ramsay and Hamilton McKellan began making "boot polish" in

2006-676: The Walt Ader Memorial Award in 1986. He was inducted in the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 1993. Chitwood was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2010. Among his contributions to the sport was the supervision of the construction of Pennsylvania's Selinsgrove Speedway in 1945. * shared drive with Tony Bettenhausen ( key ) Shoe polish Shoe polish , also known as boot polish and shoeshine ,

2065-673: The appearance of a white coating of stearin on the polish surface. These polishes may have a gelatinous consistency. They are composed of the usual three components: waxes, liquid vehicle, and dyes. Unlike wax-based shoe polishes, cream-emulsions contain water and/or oil plus a solvent (either naphtha, turpentine or Stoddard Solution ), so the liquid content is high. Emulsifiers and surfactants are required. These include ammonia, morpholine , and various ethoxylated surfactants such as polysorbate 80 . The waxes are often some mixture of carnauba wax , beeswax , montan wax and its oxidized derivatives, and paraffin waxes. Liquid shoe polish

2124-435: The belt out of his dirt car because he liked how he was jostled around less, and could keep his foot on the throttle easier. Chitwood promised AAA officials Rex Mays and Wilbur Shaw that he would release the belt in the event of a crash, because drivers thought that it was safer to be thrown from a car during an accident. He won six major sprint car races in 1946. Chitwood won nine AAA East Coast features in 1947, including

2183-601: The brand in 1984 until it was sold to SC Johnson , in 2011. A Kiwi brand rival in the early years was Cobra Boot Polish, based in Sydney , Australia . Cobra was noted for a series of cartoon advertisements starting in 1909 in The Sydney Bulletin . They featured a character named "Chunder Loo of Akim Foo." It is believed the Australian slang word for vomiting, " chunder ," could have originated through

2242-772: The brand name Wren's . The company was awarded the First in the Field – First Award at the 1892 Leather Trades Exhibition in Northampton . A 1947 advertisement for Wren's would claim that William Wren originated the first wax polish in 1889. The advertisement was endorsed with the Royal Warrant, giving the claim creditability. In 1890, the Kroner Brothers established EOS a shoe polish factory in Berlin that serviced

2301-415: The ease and speed of use. Many products are closely related to shoe polish, but not strictly considered as such. Other chemical products may be used to clean and shine shoes—in particular whiteners for white shoes, and a variety of sprays and aerosols for cleaning and waterproofing suede shoes. A banana peel can also be used to effectively shine shoes, but it is not recommended. Although shoe polish

2360-481: The eventual spread of Kiwi shoe polish around the world enhanced the kiwi's popular appeal and promoted it at the expense of the others. Kiwi Dark Tan's release in 1908 incorporated agents that also added suppleness and water resistance. As black and a range of colors came available, exports to Britain, continental Europe, and New Zealand began. The polish is now made in the Asia. The Sara Lee Corporation took ownership of

2419-476: The first race at Williams Grove Speedway . He retired from racing in 1950. The AAA / USAC -sanctioned Indianapolis 500 was included in the FIA World Drivers' Championship from 1950 through 1960. Drivers competing at Indianapolis during those years were credited with World Drivers' Championship participation, and were eligible to score WDC points alongside those which they may have scored towards

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2478-520: The general health risks associated with the normal use and production of shoe polish are relatively low. The production of shoe polish can have environmental impacts at all stages of production, with the severity dependent on the type of polish being produced and the production's waste disposal or treatment process. Most polishes are primarily solvents and dyes, both are widely regarded to have serious environmental impacts. Additionally, as with most chemicals, shoe polish can contaminate environments if it

2537-473: The industrialized world, and a subsequent call for shoe polish by footwear consumers. The outbreak of World War I in 1914, with its high demand for large numbers of polished military boots, surged market demand for a product that would allow boots to be polished quickly and easily. Polish also started to be used on leather belts , holsters , and horse tack , further increasing the demand. Used by Australian troops during WWI, Kiwi shoe polish spread throughout

2596-413: The leather with a cloth and a drop of water or spit . This action achieves the mirror-like, high-gloss finish sometimes known as a "spit" or "bull" shine, which is especially valued in military organizations. Despite the term, saliva is less commonly used as the vehicle or diluent with polish than is water. Polishes containing carnauba wax can be used as a protective coating to extend the life and look of

2655-399: The leather. Fatty phosphate esters, emulsifiers, and glycols are also used. Pigments include titanium dioxide for whites and iron oxides for browns. Although liquid polish can put a fast shine on shoes, many experts warn against its long-term use because it can cause the leather to dry out and crack. The process for producing shoe polish is very straightforward and the required equipment

2714-455: The national championship winning Funny Car crew chief for 1989 NHRA driver Bruce Larson . Several national sprint car drivers have won the event, including Dave Blaney , Sammy Swindell , and Greg Hodnett . The following racing series have run events at Selinsgrove Speedway since 1946. Joie Chitwood George Rice "Joie" Chitwood (April 14, 1912 – January 3, 1988) was an American stuntman , racing driver and businessman. He

2773-667: The promotion of George "Buster" Keller. Weekly racing continued until 1959, when the action at the track slowed to occasional races. In 1963, weekly racing resumed once again. Chris Economaki , a pioneer of motorsports writing, served as the track announcer during the early 1950s. The track continued to expand its operation over the years and was managed by several promoters including Hall of Fame promoter Jack Gunn(ne John Gunnels), and from 2001 thru 2015 Charlie Paige who directed vast improvements and expansion at Selinsgrove Speedway. New concession stands were built along with new restrooms and V.I.P. facilities. The smaller Selinsgrove Raceway Park

2832-517: The rise in global significance of shoe polish is told by Jean (Gertrude) Williams, a New Zealander who lived in Japan during the Allied occupation . They explained that American soldiers were then finding the dullness of their boots and shoes to be a handicap when trying to win the affections of Japanese women. U.S. military footwear of the time was produced in brown leather with the rough side out. When

2891-444: The thrill show, and continued to run it after their father's retirement. The Chitwood show toured the U.S. from 1945 until 1998. On May 13, 1978, Joie Jr. set a world record when he drove a Chevrolet Chevette for 5.6 miles (9.0 km) on just two wheels. Chitwood's show was featured during season 3 of CHiPs in an episode entitled "Thrill Show". Joie Jr. did stunts for Miami Vice on several occasions. Joie Jr. also appeared as

2950-581: The track for spectators. In 2020, the United States Auto Club held its first Silvercrown race at the track. It was named the Bill Holland Classic after the track's first winner and it was 74 laps in length as it was the 74th anniversary since his win. The track started the sprint car racing special event in 1983. The event was won by 1984 track champion Maynard Yingst . Yingst won the event in 1984 and 1985 before becoming

3009-449: The war continued to use the product, leading to a further surge in its popularity. While Kiwi shoe polish was what business historian Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. would call a "first mover", Kiwi did not open a manufacturing plant in the US until after World War II. Prior to this, Cavalier Shoe Polish, founded by James Lobell, had operated in the US since 1913. The sales paradigm of Cavalier polish

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3068-564: The waxes. About 70% of shoe polish is solvent. A variety of solvents are used, including naphtha . Turpentine , although more expensive, is favored for its "shoe polish odor". Dyes make up the final 2–3% of the polish. A traditional dye is nigrosine , but other dyes (including azo dyes ) and pigments are used for oxblood, cordovan , and brown polishes. Owing to its high content of volatile solvents, wax-based shoe polish hardens after application, while retaining its gloss. Poorly blended polishes are known to suffer from blooming , evidenced by

3127-408: Was an exhibition of auto stunt driving, and became so successful Chitwood cut back his racing endeavors significantly. Often called "Hell Drivers," Chitwood had five units that for more than forty years toured across North America , thrilling audiences in large and small towns alike with death-defying automobile stunts. Although not claiming to be of Native American descent, Chitwood often portrayed

3186-459: Was at this time exclusively for army use: "[…] a bottle of liquid blacking would be rather a burden […] yet, as the soldier’s boots or shoes must to some extent emulate the brightness and glitter of the boots of those who pay for battles instead of fighting them, a portable blacking apparatus is provided.". In 1832, James S. Mason of Philadelphia began the commercial production of shoe blacking and inks. In 1851, James S. Mason & Co. constructed

3245-551: Was built in the infield in 2001 and the backstretch and turns 1 and 3 were widened in 2006. As of 2020 the property is still owned by the Selinsgrove Fair Association with racing conducted under the ERS Promotions LLC banner. With the advent of larger race car haulers, the pit area, formerly located in the infield, was moved to the outside of turn 4 for the 2018 season, improving the view of

3304-462: Was built) with "George", and when typesetting the article, added an "i" by mistake to spell "Joie." The nickname stuck for life. In 1942, stuntman Lucky Teter died, and Chitwood took over the show after being asked by Teter's widow to sell the equipment. Chitwood was unable to find a buyer during World War II . Chitwood was deemed 4-F , and taught welding at factories. He began operating what he called "the Joie Chitwood Thrill Show." The show

3363-565: Was held on July 20, 1946, as an American Automobile Association -sanctioned event promoted by Sam Nunis. The winner was Bill Holland , who would go on to win the Indianapolis 500 in 1949. Placing second was Red Byron , who won the first NASCAR -sanctioned race ever, held on February 15, 1948, at the Daytona Beach Road Course and would go on to become the first champion of the NASCAR's Strictly Stock division, now known as

3422-769: Was to have footwear professionals sell Cavalier's high-end shoe polish to the shoe-buying public. A few years after World War II, Kiwi opened a manufacturing plant in Philadelphia , making only black, brown, and neutral shoe polish in tins. Kiwi purchased Cavalier in 1961, and continued to manufacture products under the name until the year 2000. Kiwi was acquired by the American company Sara Lee following its purchase of Reckitt and Colman in 1991 and Knomark with its brand Esquire Shoe Polish in 1987. The Federal Trade Commission ruled that Sara Lee had to divest its ownership of these companies in 1994 to prevent it from becoming

3481-457: Was used to manufacture a simple form of shoe polish at this time. In Chicago , where 82% of the processed meat consumed in the United States was processed stockyards , became a major shoe polish producing area. Thomas and Jonathan Warren started making blacking around 1795–98 in London , initially in partnership with, and then competing against other companies. Jonathan Warren's Blacking company

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