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81-631: Semkenfahrt denotes three parts of the canal system: the Alte Semkenfahrt (= Old Semkenfahrt), the Semkenfahrtkanal (= Semkenfahrt canal), and the Neue Semkenfahrt (= New Semkenfahrt). The word Semkenfahrt originated from Semken , the surname of a family who gave the land to build the canal, and Fahrt which means a navigable channel in the nautical sense. With a barge carrying peat from Worpswede bound for Bremen,

162-484: A skipper had to use the rivers Hamme , Lesum and Wümme . The journey took about three to four days. In the year 1754 a project was started to connect the newly founded village of Tüschendorf with the river Hamme. The canal, called Alte Semkenfahrt , had to make an arc to pass the hill of Weyerberg , then joining the river Hamme. While the peat barges were in the Semkenfahrt they had to be hauled. On reaching

243-414: A breach may experience flooding similar to a natural event, while damage near a breach can be catastrophic, including carving out deep holes and channels in the nearby landscape. Under natural conditions, floodwaters return quickly to the river channel as water-levels drop. During a levee breach, water pours out into the floodplain and moves down-slope where it is blocked from return to the river. Flooding

324-400: A controlled inundation by the military or a measure to prevent inundation of a larger area surrounded by levees. Levees have also been built as field boundaries and as military defences . More on this type of levee can be found in the article on dry-stone walls . Levees can be permanent earthworks or emergency constructions (often of sandbags ) built hastily in a flood emergency. Some of

405-564: A cupola or the shape of an igloo, which at that point in time had never been built before. The main idea for the igloo had already been expressed by Taut at the Deutscher Werkbund exhibition in 1914, inspired by the Glass Pavilion . The igloo belongs to a series of post-war experimental architectural trials at the beginning of the 1920s. Living in the igloo allows one to reside cosily whilst feeling protected. Architecture

486-612: A distance of some 610 km (380 mi). The scope and scale of the Mississippi levees has often been compared to the Great Wall of China . The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) recommends and supports cellular confinement technology (geocells) as a best management practice. Particular attention is given to the matter of surface erosion, overtopping prevention and protection of levee crest and downstream slope. Reinforcement with geocells provides tensile force to

567-422: A dyke may be a drainage ditch or a narrow artificial channel off a river or broad for access or mooring, some longer dykes being named, e.g., Candle Dyke. In parts of Britain , particularly Scotland and Northern England , a dyke may be a field wall, generally made with dry stone . The main purpose of artificial levees is to prevent flooding of the adjoining countryside and to slow natural course changes in

648-444: A high suspended sediment fraction and thus are intimately associated with meandering channels, which also are more likely to occur where a river carries large fractions of suspended sediment. For similar reasons, they are also common in tidal creeks, where tides bring in large amounts of coastal silts and muds. High spring tides will cause flooding, and result in the building up of levees. Both natural and man-made levees can fail in

729-428: A number of ways. Factors that cause levee failure include overtopping, erosion, structural failures, and levee saturation. The most frequent (and dangerous) is a levee breach . Here, a part of the levee actually breaks or is eroded away, leaving a large opening for water to flood land otherwise protected by the levee. A breach can be a sudden or gradual failure, caused either by surface erosion or by subsurface weakness in

810-477: A painter but also a draftsman , designer and architect. Since the growing industrialization made it necessary to find new ways of transporting goods and all sorts of materials, the idea came up to build a railway through the Teufelsmoor-area. So Vogeler was charged with the building of railway stations along the route. In 1910 the railway station at Worpswede was opened. It is the only railway station on

891-799: A property-boundary marker or drainage channel. Where it carries a stream, it may be called a running dike as in Rippingale Running Dike , which leads water from the catchwater drain , Car Dyke, to the South Forty Foot Drain in Lincolnshire (TF1427). The Weir Dike is a soak dike in Bourne North Fen , near Twenty and alongside the River Glen , Lincolnshire . In the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads ,

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972-525: A ridge and increasing the river channel's capacity. Alternatively, levees can be artificially constructed from fill , designed to regulate water levels. In some circumstances, artificial levees can be environmentally damaging . Ancient civilizations in the Indus Valley , ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and China all built levees. Today, levees can be found around the world, and failures of levees due to erosion or other causes can be major disasters, such as

1053-412: A shorter route to the ocean and begin building a new delta. Wave action and ocean currents redistribute some of the sediment to build beaches along the coast. When levees are constructed all the way to the ocean, sediments from flooding events are cut off, the river never migrates, and elevated river velocity delivers sediment to deep water where wave action and ocean currents cannot redistribute. Instead of

1134-421: A shorter time interval means higher river stage (height). As more levees are built upstream, the recurrence interval for high-water events in the river increases, often requiring increases in levee height. During natural flooding, water spilling over banks rises slowly. When a levee fails, a wall of water held back by the levee suddenly pours out over the landscape, much like a dam break. Impacted areas far from

1215-447: A waterway to provide reliable shipping lanes for maritime commerce over time; they also confine the flow of the river, resulting in higher and faster water flow. Levees can be mainly found along the sea, where dunes are not strong enough, along rivers for protection against high floods, along lakes or along polders . Furthermore, levees have been built for the purpose of impoldering, or as a boundary for an inundation area. The latter can be

1296-466: A young man in 1908 with the aim of becoming an artist. After failed attempts in different artistic genres he managed to get by as a tour guide. Today Koenemann is one of the most well-known citizens of Worpswede. His former home was reopened to the public on May 1, 2001. The story of Koenemann's posthumous fame started in the early 1920s. The architect Habich was based in Worpswede and worked closely with

1377-537: Is electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). This non-destructive geophysical method can detect in advance critical saturation areas in embankments. ERT can thus be used in monitoring of seepage phenomena in earth structures and act as an early warning system, e.g., in critical parts of levees or embankments. Large scale structures designed to modify natural processes inevitably have some drawbacks or negative impacts. Levees interrupt floodplain ecosystems that developed under conditions of seasonal flooding. In many cases,

1458-518: Is also a draft of Koenemann, which is most likely inspired by Bernhard Hoetger. Currently, the construction is being restored to its original condition. Another project of the “Friends of Worpswede” on Koenmann's estate is the reconstruction of the guesthouse from the 1930s: a narrow ‘Nurdach’ house . Levee A levee ( / ˈ l ɛ v i / or / ˈ l ɛ v eɪ / ), dike ( American English ), dyke ( British English ; see spelling differences ), embankment , floodbank , or stop bank

1539-429: Is an elevated ridge , natural or artificial, alongside the banks of a river , often intended to protect against flooding of the area adjoining the river. It is usually earthen and often runs parallel to the course of a river in its floodplain or along low-lying coastlines. Naturally occuring levees form on river floodplains following flooding, where sediment and alluvium is deposited and settles, forming

1620-546: Is below mean sea level. These typically man-made hydraulic structures are situated to protect against erosion. They are typically placed in alluvial rivers perpendicular, or at an angle, to the bank of the channel or the revetment , and are used widely along coastlines. There are two common types of spur dyke, permeable and impermeable, depending on the materials used to construct them. Natural levees commonly form around lowland rivers and creeks without human intervention. They are elongated ridges of mud and/or silt that form on

1701-430: Is devised as an organic form of nature without any décor or any applied academic rules. The Chimney of the igloo forms the main axis, around which the stairs wind up to individual chambers, similar in appearance to a snail shell. The Dormer windows look as though they have simply opened up out of the shell, thus making a concession to human use. Koenemann, who also dabbled as an architect, recognised his opportunity in

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1782-415: Is displayed inside the "Cheese Bell“. The original furniture did not remain intact, thus the association “Friends of Worpswede” presents not only traditional but also modern arts and crafts works, such as rustic furniture, chairs made by Bernhard Hoetger and cupboards made by Heinrich Vogeler , including an arms cupboard of the pacifist. The garden, a disarrangement of wall fragments and grotto buildings,

1863-420: Is important in order to design stable levee and floodwalls . There have been numerous studies to investigate the erodibility of soils. Briaud et al. (2008) used Erosion Function Apparatus (EFA) test to measure the erodibility of the soils and afterwards by using Chen 3D software, numerical simulations were performed on the levee to find out the velocity vectors in the overtopping water and the generated scour when

1944-451: Is permanently diverted through the gap. Sometimes levees are said to fail when water overtops the crest of the levee. This will cause flooding on the floodplains, but because it does not damage the levee, it has fewer consequences for future flooding. Among various failure mechanisms that cause levee breaches, soil erosion is found to be one of the most important factors. Predicting soil erosion and scour generation when overtopping happens

2025-573: Is prolonged over such areas, waiting for floodwater to slowly infiltrate and evaporate. Natural flooding adds a layer of sediment to the floodplain. The added weight of such layers over many centuries makes the crust sink deeper into the mantle , much like a floating block of wood is pushed deeper into the water if another board is added on top. The momentum of downward movement does not immediately stop when new sediment layers stop being added, resulting in subsidence (sinking of land surface). In coastal areas, this results in land dipping below sea level,

2106-587: The Lower Saxony Stone ( Niedersachsenstein ), Kaffee Verrückt , Grosse Kunstschau and his own house Hinterm Berg. He also created many sculptures, such as the Bonze des Humors , the Träumende , Schlafende , Wut etc. Worpswede "Cheese Bell" (because of its resemblance to the bell-shaped glass cover conventionally used for cheese plates) is the colloquial term for a residential building located in

2187-525: The Nile Delta on the shores of the Mediterranean . The Mesopotamian civilizations and ancient China also built large levee systems. Because a levee is only as strong as its weakest point, the height and standards of construction have to be consistent along its length. Some authorities have argued that this requires a strong governing authority to guide the work and may have been a catalyst for

2268-574: The Osterholz-Scharmbeck - Bremervörde route still kept in its original "shape". Nowadays it is used as a restaurant. In 1895 Vogeler bought a cottage and planted many birch trees around it, which gave the house its new name: Barkenhoff (Low German for Birkenhof, literally translated Birch-Tree-Cottage). It became the cultural centre of the artistic scene of Worpswede. Vogeler's participation in World War I , in which Hans am Ende

2349-554: The Soviet Union and was deported in 1941 by Soviet authorities to Kazakhstan , where he died in 1942. Meanwhile, the Barkenhoff became a children's home . It was recently restored and has re-opened as a Heinrich Vogeler Museum in 2004. After their divorce, Vogeler's wife Martha built up her own childhood dream with the "Haus im Schluh". It still exists and belongs to the descendants of Martha and Heinrich Vogeler. As during

2430-671: The Teufelsmoor , northeast of Bremen . The small town itself is located near the Weyerberg hill. It has been the home to an artistic community since the end of the 19th century. The origins of Worpswede date back to the Bronze Age . The first time it was mentioned however was in 1218. Then it belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen . In 1630 it was occupied by Sweden for a short period of time. In 1648

2511-573: The Torfkanal and then it was only a short way to the destination, the Torfhafen (harbour for peat). The economic importance of the peat traffic at that time is shown by the length of the quay: 1 km (approximately 0.6 miles). Worpswede Worpswede ( Northern Low Saxon : Worpsweed ) is a municipality in the district of Osterholz , in Lower Saxony , Germany . It is situated in

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2592-796: The Alte Semkenfahrt was dug, beginning at the village of Tüschendorf , and passing the villages of Adolphsdorf, Otterstein, Mooringen, Worpheim, and Waakhausen, and then joining the river Hamme. Today only the part from Waakhausen to the Hamme can be used by canoes. The remaining parts are now too small for canoes. Today the Semkenfahrt between Waakhausen and the river Hamme looks like this . (Start: 53°11′36.92″N 8°54′20.54″E  /  53.1935889°N 8.9057056°E  / 53.1935889; 8.9057056 ; End: 53°8′51.62″N 8°50′43.32″E  /  53.1476722°N 8.8453667°E  / 53.1476722; 8.8453667 ) This part of

2673-659: The German artist Bernhard Hoetger . Habich gave Koenemann, who was interested in expressionism, one particular edition of the Taut-magazine "Frühlicht" published in 1921/22. In the magazine, Koenemann came across the plans for a Taut-one-family-house, which was supposed to be built on the Central-German Exhibition in Magdeburg, yet the building was never built there. There was talk about a house with

2754-638: The Mississippi, stretching from Cape Girardeau , Missouri , to the Mississippi delta . They were begun by French settlers in Louisiana in the 18th century to protect the city of New Orleans . The first Louisiana levees were about 90 cm (3 ft) high and covered a distance of about 80 km (50 mi) along the riverside. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in conjunction with the Mississippi River Commission, extended

2835-878: The Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen , which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. However, it took another 120 years (1750) until the colonization of the Teufelsmoor was started by Jürgen Christian Findorff by drainage of the bog. In 1823 the Duchy was abolished and its territory became part of the Stade Region . Moor commissioner Jürgen Christian Findorff carried out

2916-514: The Semkenfahrt was established in 1888. It starts at the "Alte Semkenfahrt" in Worpheim and leads directly to the river Wümme. It reaches the Wümme at the inn "Zur Schleuse" in the village of Truperdeich. "Zur Schleuse" means a lock in the nautical sense, and the inn is thus named because it is located close to the lock by which the barges left the Semkenfahrt and came into the river Wümme. The lock

2997-463: The Worpswedian garden planner Leberecht Migge . Long after Koenemann's death an art historian noticed Taut's drafts for “Frühlicht” and thereby discovered a building of Taut in Worpswede. The registered association “Freunde Worpswedes” (“Friends of Worpswede”) acquired the dilapidated building “Cheese Bell” from the estate of Koenmann's widow in 1994. Koenmann's life and living environment

3078-560: The artists’ village of Worpswede in Lower Saxony. It was built by the writer Edwin Koenemann in 1926 following the architectural draft of Bruno Taut . Nowadays, the wooden house is under preservation and in the last couple of years has been fully renovated. The building, which caused quite a stir because of its unusual igloo shape, received the name "Cheese Bell" by the inhabitants of Worpswede. Edwin Koenemann came to Worpswede as

3159-657: The catastrophic 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans that occurred as a result of Hurricane Katrina . Speakers of American English use the word levee , from the French word levée (from the feminine past participle of the French verb lever , 'to raise'). It originated in New Orleans a few years after the city's founding in 1718 and was later adopted by English speakers. The name derives from

3240-520: The church building. It was designed after plans of Findorff and attracts many visitors because of its elevated location on Weyerberg and due to the graves preserved there. Among them those of 80 known painters, authors, musicians and artisans, such as Fritz Mackensen and Paula Modersohn-Becker . Worpswede is famous for its artists' colony, which dates to the last decades of the 19th century. Today, about 130 artists and craftsmen and women live there permanently; though one should really include most of

3321-421: The church. Lofts (or matronea ) span between the outer walls and the columns. The church tower with its spire in baroque forms had been added at the eastern end of the actual church building only in 1798. The Church of Zion is located on the Weyerberg , and with its tower it is a landmark, often used as subject of paintings by the artists. The cemetery is a churchyard, thus it actually spreads around

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3402-637: The city of Vancouver , British Columbia , there are levees (known locally as dikes, and also referred to as "the sea wall") to protect low-lying land in the Fraser River delta, particularly the city of Richmond on Lulu Island . There are also dikes to protect other locations which have flooded in the past, such as the Pitt Polder, land adjacent to the Pitt River , and other tributary rivers. Coastal flood prevention levees are also common along

3483-477: The construction of Lutheran Church of Zion ( German : Zionskirche ), following the plans of Johann Paul Heumann, Hanoveran court architect of King and Elector George II Augustus of Great Britain and Hanover . The church was built between 1757 and 1759 during the wearisome Seven Years' War , which had its American version as the Anglo- French and Indian War . George II, being as summus episcopus

3564-548: The daughter of a shopkeeper in Worpswede, met Fritz Mackensen , a young student of arts, while she was staying with her aunt in Düsseldorf . Since he was destitute, she invited him to Worpswede to spend the holidays with her family. In 1889 he settled in Worpswede, accompanied by other painters such as Hans am Ende and Otto Modersohn (who married Paula Becker ), and followed by others such as Fritz Overbeck , Carl Vinnen , and Paula Becker . Other artists came, for example

3645-488: The development of systems of governance in early civilizations. However, others point to evidence of large-scale water-control earthen works such as canals and/or levees dating from before King Scorpion in Predynastic Egypt , during which governance was far less centralized. Another example of a historical levee that protected the growing city-state of Mēxihco-Tenōchtitlan and the neighboring city of Tlatelōlco,

3726-462: The draft which was only published in limited circulation. He took the rough sketches from the magazine "Frühlicht" and used them as direct templates for his own house on the Weyerberg in Worpswede. Koenemann's house, which he called “Glockenhaus” (the bell house), was completed in 1926. Koenemann and his appointed carpenter closely abided by Taut's specifications when constructing the outer façade. Only in detail were there changes made, such as both of

3807-588: The earliest levees were constructed by the Indus Valley civilization (in Pakistan and North India from c.  2600 BCE ) on which the agrarian life of the Harappan peoples depended. Levees were also constructed over 3,000 years ago in ancient Egypt , where a system of levees was built along the left bank of the River Nile for more than 1,000 kilometers (600 miles), stretching from modern Aswan to

3888-479: The earth together. On the land side of high levees, a low terrace of earth known as a banquette is usually added as another anti-erosion measure. On the river side, erosion from strong waves or currents presents an even greater threat to the integrity of the levee. The effects of erosion are countered by planting suitable vegetation or installing stones, boulders, weighted matting, or concrete revetments . Separate ditches or drainage tiles are constructed to ensure that

3969-938: The foundation does not become waterlogged. Prominent levee systems have been built along the Mississippi River and Sacramento River in the United States , and the Po , Rhine , Meuse River , Rhône , Loire , Vistula , the delta formed by the Rhine, Maas/Meuse and Scheldt in the Netherlands and the Danube in Europe . During the Chinese Warring States period , the Dujiangyan irrigation system

4050-546: The hall and a small toilet, are the bedroom and the kitchen. Upstairs there are two tiny guest rooms and a generous studio room. Comparable to the Hoetger-buildings, the “Cheese Bell” became an attraction of the artists’ village. During his lifetime the house was already known as a museum for an outsider. In the late 1920s, while Bruno Taut was working on the " Hufeisensiedlung " Britz in Berlin, he repeatedly visited

4131-450: The impact is two-fold, as reduced recurrence of flooding also facilitates land-use change from forested floodplain to farms. In a natural watershed, floodwaters spread over a landscape and slowly return to the river. Downstream, the delivery of water from the area of flooding is spread out in time. If levees keep the floodwaters inside a narrow channel, the water is delivered downstream over a shorter time period. The same volume of water over

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4212-839: The inhabitants of Worpswede, since many are artists or have at least to do with any kind of arts. As an example, the owner of the small "Café Vernissage" also displays her paintings in the Café. There are a number of museums on life, art and crafts in Worpswede, such as the Barkenhoff , the Grosse Kunstschau , the Haus im Schluh , Worpsweder Kunsthalle , the Museum am Modersohn-Haus and the Torfschiffswerft Schlussdorf in Worpswede's outskirts. In 1884 Mimi Stolte,

4293-462: The inland coastline behind the Wadden Sea , an area devastated by many historic floods. Thus the peoples and governments have erected increasingly large and complex flood protection levee systems to stop the sea even during storm floods. The biggest of these are the huge levees in the Netherlands , which have gone beyond just defending against floods, as they have aggressively taken back land that

4374-549: The laboratory tests, empirical correlations related to average overtopping discharge were derived to analyze the resistance of levee against erosion. These equations could only fit to the situation, similar to the experimental tests, while they can give a reasonable estimation if applied to other conditions. Osouli et al. (2014) and Karimpour et al. (2015) conducted lab scale physical modeling of levees to evaluate score characterization of different levees due to floodwall overtopping. Another approach applied to prevent levee failures

4455-528: The levee system beginning in 1882 to cover the riverbanks from Cairo, Illinois to the mouth of the Mississippi delta in Louisiana. By the mid-1980s, they had reached their present extent and averaged 7.3 m (24 ft) in height; some Mississippi levees are as high as 15 m (50 ft). The Mississippi levees also include some of the longest continuous individual levees in the world. One such levee extends southwards from Pine Bluff , Arkansas , for

4536-420: The levee. A breach can leave a fan-shaped deposit of sediment radiating away from the breach, described as a crevasse splay . In natural levees, once a breach has occurred, the gap in the levee will remain until it is again filled in by levee building processes. This increases the chances of future breaches occurring in the same location. Breaches can be the location of meander cutoffs if the river flow direction

4617-475: The levees in the area, created for the purpose of farming the fertile tidal marshlands. These levees are referred to as dykes. They are constructed with hinged sluice gates that open on the falling tide to drain freshwater from the agricultural marshlands and close on the rising tide to prevent seawater from entering behind the dyke. These sluice gates are called " aboiteaux ". In the Lower Mainland around

4698-543: The main channel, this will make levee overtopping more likely again, and the levees can continue to build up. In some cases, this can result in the channel bed eventually rising above the surrounding floodplains, penned in only by the levees around it; an example is the Yellow River in China near the sea, where oceangoing ships appear to sail high above the plain on the elevated river. Levees are common in any river with

4779-445: The majority of The Lake being drained in the 17th century. Levees are usually built by piling earth on a cleared, level surface. Broad at the base, they taper to a level top, where temporary embankments or sandbags can be placed. Because flood discharge intensity increases in levees on both river banks , and because silt deposits raise the level of riverbeds , planning and auxiliary measures are vital. Sections are often set back from

4860-399: The ocean migrating inland, and salt-water intruding into freshwater aquifers. Where a large river spills out into the ocean, the velocity of the water suddenly slows and its ability to transport sand and silt decreases. Sediments begin to settle out, eventually forming a delta and extending to the coastline seaward. During subsequent flood events, water spilling out of the channel will find

4941-484: The overtopping water impinges the levee. By analyzing the results from EFA test, an erosion chart to categorize erodibility of the soils was developed. Hughes and Nadal in 2009 studied the effect of combination of wave overtopping and storm surge overflow on the erosion and scour generation in levees. The study included hydraulic parameters and flow characteristics such as flow thickness, wave intervals, surge level above levee crown in analyzing scour development. According to

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5022-442: The photo by a painting). There are heads of cherubim by Clara Westhoff and floral ornaments by Paula Modersohn-Becker at the pendentives and the columns, connecting to the ceiling. After in 1900 both artists, then still students, had rung the church bells for fun, which was generally understood as a fire alarm, they were fined. They could not pay and were allowed to perform instead by way of offering these decorative elements to

5103-454: The rebellious Batavi pierced dikes to flood their land and to protect their retreat (70  CE ). The word dijk originally indicated both the trench and the bank . It closely parallels the English verb to dig . In Anglo-Saxon , the word dic already existed and was pronounced as dick in northern England and as ditch in the south. Similar to Dutch, the English origins of

5184-467: The river Hamme, if the wind came from an easterly direction, the skipper could use sail . But in North Germany the wind comes mostly from the west, so for the most part the skipper could set the sails only on the way back, when the barges were empty. On the way to Bremen they mostly had to punt or to scull . The peat barge traffic reached its peak at the end of the 19th century. For example, in

5265-413: The river floodplains immediately adjacent to the cut banks. Like artificial levees, they act to reduce the likelihood of floodplain inundation. Deposition of levees is a natural consequence of the flooding of meandering rivers which carry high proportions of suspended sediment in the form of fine sands, silts, and muds. Because the carrying capacity of a river depends in part on its depth, the sediment in

5346-440: The river to form a wider channel, and flood valley basins are divided by multiple levees to prevent a single breach from flooding a large area. A levee made from stones laid in horizontal rows with a bed of thin turf between each of them is known as a spetchel . Artificial levees require substantial engineering. Their surface must be protected from erosion, so they are planted with vegetation such as Bermuda grass in order to bind

5427-638: The riverbed, even up to a point where the riverbed is higher than the adjacent ground surface behind the levees, are found for the Yellow River in China and the Mississippi in the United States. Levees are very common on the marshlands bordering the Bay of Fundy in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia , Canada . The Acadians who settled the area can be credited with the original construction of many of

5508-457: The small windows next to the front door not being rectangular as in Taut's design, but rather triangular. Inside, Koenemann designed a unique room layout. The central hall, which was arranged with an expressionistic mantelpiece composed from misfired pottery, became the principal position, while the living room was the central room in Taut's design. On the ground floor of the igloo, situated next to

5589-404: The soil to better resist instability. Artificial levees can lead to an elevation of the natural riverbed over time; whether this happens or not and how fast, depends on different factors, one of them being the amount and type of the bed load of a river. Alluvial rivers with intense accumulations of sediment tend to this behavior. Examples of rivers where artificial levees led to an elevation of

5670-690: The supreme governor of the Hanoveran Lutheran church , provided financial support for the construction of the Church of Zion . The hall church is oriented . Its else rather modest interior is beautified by a typical Protestant Kanzelaltar , combining pulpit and altar table, created in Rococo forms. It bears the Tetragrammaton יהוה in a top medaillon and to the left of the pulpit the king's ornamented initials GR (Georgius Rex, hidden on

5751-454: The time of Martha herself, it contains a museum, a boarding-house, a weaving-mill, and offers different cultural events such as exhibitions, concerts of songs, etc. The first generation of artists was followed by a second one. The probably most important of them was Bernhard Hoetger , the creator of the Böttcherstraße in Bremen . Like Vogeler he was a 'Jack-of-all-trades'. Many buildings in Worpswede have been built by him: examples include

5832-492: The trait of the levee's ridges being raised higher than both the channel and the surrounding floodplains. The modern word dike or dyke most likely derives from the Dutch word dijk , with the construction of dikes well attested as early as the 11th century. The 126-kilometer-long (78 mi) Westfriese Omringdijk , completed by 1250, was formed by connecting existing older dikes. The Roman chronicler Tacitus mentions that

5913-494: The water which is over the flooded banks of the channel is no longer capable of keeping the same number of fine sediments in suspension as the main thalweg . The extra fine sediments thus settle out quickly on the parts of the floodplain nearest to the channel. Over a significant number of floods, this will eventually result in the building up of ridges in these positions and reducing the likelihood of further floods and episodes of levee building. If aggradation continues to occur in

5994-482: The word lie in digging a trench and forming the upcast soil into a bank alongside it. This practice has meant that the name may be given to either the excavation or to the bank. Thus Offa's Dyke is a combined structure and Car Dyke is a trench – though it once had raised banks as well. In the English Midlands and East Anglia , and in the United States, a dike is what a ditch is in the south of England,

6075-468: The writers and poets Gerhard Hauptmann , Thomas Mann , and Rainer Maria Rilke who was married to the sculptor Clara Westhoff . Fritz Mackensen remained a good friend of Mimi Stolte's family to the end of his life. A memorial tablet created by Mackensen can be seen in front of the Kaufhaus Stolte. In 1895 Heinrich Vogeler joined the first artists around Fritz Mackensen . He was not only

6156-451: The year 1880, 25,000 shiploads reached Bremen. About 5,000 to 6,000 of these shiploads used the Semkenfahrt. The cargo was in total approximately 30,000 to 36,000 cubic meters in volume. (Start: 53°14′3.1″N 9°1′11.5″E  /  53.234194°N 9.019861°E  / 53.234194; 9.019861 ; End: 53°13′6.36″N 8°52′4.82″E  /  53.2184333°N 8.8680056°E  / 53.2184333; 8.8680056 ) In 1754

6237-642: Was built by the Qin as a water conservation and flood control project. The system's infrastructure is located on the Min River , which is the longest tributary of the Yangtze River , in Sichuan , China . The Mississippi levee system represents one of the largest such systems found anywhere in the world. It comprises over 5,600 km (3,500 mi) of levees extending some 1,000 km (620 mi) along

6318-488: Was constructed during the early 1400s, under the supervision of the tlahtoani of the altepetl Texcoco, Nezahualcoyotl. Its function was to separate the brackish waters of Lake Texcoco (ideal for the agricultural technique Chināmitls ) from the fresh potable water supplied to the settlements. However, after the Europeans destroyed Tenochtitlan, the levee was also destroyed and flooding became a major problem, which resulted in

6399-538: Was established after 1888. At first it was named Neuer Torfkanal . This part starts on the south bank of the river Wümme at the Gartelmann's Gasthof inn. The river Wümme is protected by a dike . Until 1902 there was no lock available to pass the dike, and the barges had to pass the dike by a slip mechanism, driven by a manually operated winch. After the barges left the Neue Semkenfahrt they came into

6480-493: Was killed, made Vogeler contemplate about life. As a result, he became a pacifist after the war had ended and joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). It was at that time that he and his wife Martha divorced. From that point on, he wanted to work from an ideological perspective. He left his former way of painting romantic scenes and started to make proletarian content the center of his work. In 1931 he emigrated to

6561-405: Was necessary because the river Wümme has a dike to suppress the influence of the tide. This part of the Semkenfahrt very much shortens the route. (Start: 53°8′40.38″N 8°50′47.11″E  /  53.1445500°N 8.8464194°E  / 53.1445500; 8.8464194 ; End: 53°7′1″N 8°49′3″E  /  53.11694°N 8.81750°E  / 53.11694; 8.81750 ) This part

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