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113-464: On April 1, 1800, the privately held Seneca Road Company received a state charter with a capitalization of $ 110,000. This was a stock company with prominent local investors including Jedediah Sanger , Benjamin Walker, John Kirkland, and Wilhelmus Mynderss. The company received a land grant of a 120-foot (37 m) right of way, but the roadway was 28 feet (8.5 m). The firm was required to clear

226-542: A paper mill , grist mill , and saw mill there. He also purchased land at Sangerfield , Skaneateles , Chittenango , and Weedsport ; He established mills in some of these towns. To facilitate travel between the settlements, Sanger was an investor in the Seneca and Chenango Turnpikes (now New York State Route 12 ). Sanger gave his name to a town, Sangerfield, New York , a Masonic lodge , and other places in New York. He

339-561: A 492-acre lot in December 1791 for about $ 1.06 per acre from Sanger, who reserved the rights to the water power of the creek. The 492-acre lot sold by Sanger to Higbee, a 183-acre lot on the west side of the creek that was sold by Sanger in July 1790, and a 234 acres (95 ha) lot also on the west side of the creek that Sanger purchased from George Washington and George Clinton , add up to 909 acres (368 ha) that makes up most of

452-490: A cannon barrage for two hours, but their shot could not reach the colonists' cannons at such a height. The British gave up, boarded their ships, and sailed away. This has become known as " Evacuation Day ", which Boston still celebrates each year on March 17. After this, Washington was so impressed that he made Rufus Putnam his chief engineer. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of

565-582: A cotton/clothing mill on Chittenango Creek . They sold the mills, the first commercial operation in this village, in 1816. Sanger bought a 100-acre (40 ha) tract of land in the Onondaga Military Tract from the private who received it from the government for his revolutionary war service and resold individual lots to settlers. This land currently includes the entire village of Weedsport in Cayuga County . On April 7, 1789,

678-457: A fire destroyed his property, leaving him bankrupt, he started over in the frontier of New York . Sanger settled in what was then called Whitestown . He became a land agent or speculator, buying large tracts of land on both sides of Sauquoit Creek and reselling smaller lots. He was involved in land transactions, one of which involved George Washington , for the area that would become New Hartford, New York . Between 1789 and 1820, he operated

791-529: A global leader in higher education and research and the largest biotechnology hub in the world. The city is also a national leader in scientific research, law, medicine, engineering, and business. With nearly 5,000 startup companies, the city is considered a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship , and more recently in artificial intelligence . Boston's economy also includes finance , professional and business services, information technology , and government activities. Boston households provide

904-584: A line as the topography of the land would allow. Called the " Great Genesee Road ", it generally followed the old Iroquois trail to Oneida . By the end of the decade, many portions of the road were still substandard and some sections had still not been completed. The state outsourced the task of improving and maintaining the Genesee Road to the Seneca Road Company , chartered by a group of investors led by Sanger. The new Seneca Turnpike

1017-624: A lively port , and the then-town primarily engaged in shipping and fishing during its colonial days. Boston was a primary stop on a Caribbean trade route and imported large amounts of molasses, which led to the creation of Boston baked beans . Boston's economy stagnated in the decades prior to the Revolution. By the mid-18th century, New York City and Philadelphia had surpassed Boston in wealth. During this period, Boston encountered financial difficulties even as other cities in New England grew rapidly. The weather continuing boisterous

1130-475: A pair of bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon , killing three people and injuring roughly 264. The subsequent search for the bombers led to a lock-down of Boston and surrounding municipalities. The region showed solidarity during this time as symbolized by the slogan Boston Strong . In 2016, Boston briefly shouldered a bid as the U.S. applicant for the 2024 Summer Olympics . The bid

1243-538: A port, manufacturing hub, and center for education and culture. The city also expanded significantly beyond the original peninsula by filling in land and annexing neighboring towns. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634), the first public school ( Boston Latin School , 1635), and the first subway system ( Tremont Street subway , 1897). Boston has emerged as

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1356-565: A project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition, and thousands of families were displaced. The BRA continued implementing eminent domain projects, including the clearance of the vibrant Scollay Square area for construction of the modernist style Government Center . In 1965, the Columbia Point Health Center opened in the Dorchester neighborhood,

1469-444: A road six rods (99 ft; 30 m) wide of all trees. Completed to Canandaigua by 1808, it reached Buffalo in 1813. Other state stipulations were The road quickly led to the building of many hotels and inns along the route and was a catalyst of commerce. Toll gates were at 10-mile (16 km) intervals. The company was profitable and paid dividends of 10 percent for 30 years. Competition from newly constructed railroads in

1582-459: A saddler. In 1777, he served on a committee of five to resist the annexation of a portion of Jaffrey by the neighboring Peterborough Slip . In 1782, he purchased a farm in Jaffrey near Gap Mountain . Alongside the farm, he operated a tavern and a small store on the property. From 1783 until 1786, he was selected to petition for a county road, was the town clerk, and was the moderator of one of

1695-401: A violent tornado , the city itself has experienced many tornado warnings . Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city. See or edit raw graph data . In 2020, Boston was estimated to have 691,531 residents living in 266,724 households —a 12% population increase over 2010. The city is the third-most densely populated large U.S. city of over half

1808-505: Is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on both August 2, 1975 and July 21, 2019. Boston averages 43.6 in (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 49.2 in (125 cm) of snowfall per season. Most snowfall occurs from mid-November through early April, and snow is rare in May and October. There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance,

1921-508: Is July, with a mean temperature of 74.1 °F (23.4 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 29.9 °F (−1.2 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but tend to be fairly short, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively. Sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) readings usually occur every 3 to 5 years. The most recent sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurred on February 4, 2023, when

2034-547: Is an intellectual, technological, and political center. However, it has lost some important regional institutions, including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial , which was acquired by Charlotte -based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both merged into the New York City –based Macy's . The 1993 acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times

2147-588: Is in Roxbury . Due north of the center we find the South End. This is not to be confused with South Boston which lies directly east from the South End. North of South Boston is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is the North End Unknown, A local colloquialism Boston has an area of 89.63 sq mi (232.1 km ). Of this area, 48.4 sq mi (125.4 km ), or 54%, of it

2260-463: Is land and 41.2 sq mi (106.7 km ), or 46%, of it is water. The city's elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport , is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level . The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 ft (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. The city is adjacent to Boston Harbor , an arm of Massachusetts Bay , and by extension,

2373-584: Is noted as the first settler and founder of New Hartford through two historical markers. Among his various business pursuits, he was engaged in agriculture and manufacturing. He was a town supervisor, county judge, and state assemblyman and senator. He helped establish churches and a school. Jedediah Sanger was born in Sherborn, Massachusetts on February 28, 1751. He was the ninth child of ten born to his parents, Deborah (née Morse) Sanger and Richard Sanger III (1706-1786), who married c.  1729 . Like

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2486-545: Is still called the Seneca Turnpike or Old Seneca Turnpike in some places. Jedediah Sanger Jedediah Sanger (February 28, 1751 – June 6, 1829) was the founder of the town of New Hartford, New York , United States. He was a native of Sherborn, Massachusetts , and the ninth child of Richard and Deborah Sanger, a prominent colonial New England family. During the Revolutionary War he attained

2599-546: Is the path of present New York State Route 12 . Sanger, with Elijah Risley and Samuel Wells, founded the first newspaper printed in the state west of Albany, New York . The Whitestown Gazette was published in Whitestown (now New Hartford) beginning in 1793. After Sanger's involvement with the paper, it was moved to Utica, and after many mergers it became the Utica Observer-Dispatch . Sanger

2712-508: The Arbella ) and John Cotton (grandfather of Cotton Mather ) had emigrated to New England . The name of the English town ultimately derives from its patron saint, St. Botolph , in whose church John Cotton served as the rector until his emigration with Johnson. In early sources, Lincolnshire's Boston was known as "St. Botolph's town", later contracted to "Boston". Before this renaming,

2825-815: The American Revolution occurred in or near Boston. The then-town's mob presence, along with the colonists' growing lack of faith in either Britain or its Parliament , fostered a revolutionary spirit there. When the British parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765, a Boston mob ravaged the homes of Andrew Oliver , the official tasked with enforcing the Act, and Thomas Hutchinson , then the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. The British sent two regiments to Boston in 1768 in an attempt to quell

2938-653: The American Revolution , Boston was home to several events that proved central to the revolution and subsequent Revolutionary War , including the Boston Massacre (1770), the Boston Tea Party (1773), Paul Revere's Midnight Ride (1775), the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775), and the Siege of Boston (1775–1776). Following American independence from Great Britain , the city continued to play an important role as

3051-714: The Asa Sanger House which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . A nephew, Colonel Calvin Sanger (1768–1835), the son of his brother Samuel, bought all the land in Sangerville, Maine c.  1800 which changed its name from Amestown to Sangerville when it was incorporated in 1814. Sanger's nephew Zedekiah, son of his brother Zedekiah, was an early settler in New Hartford,

3164-585: The Boston Garden opening in 1928. Logan International Airport opened on September 8, 1923. Boston went into decline by the early to mid-20th century, as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects, under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated

3277-625: The Boston Public Library , Trinity Church, single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US. The geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly affected by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (which ran from 1991 to 2007, and was known unofficially as the " Big Dig "). That project removed

3390-511: The Council of Appointment for five-year terms, Sanger was reappointed more often (in 1801, 1804, 1805, 1808, and 1810). Sanger first ran for the Assembly in 1792, losing the election by four votes (502-498). He did receive 91% of the votes from Whitestown (of which New Hartford was then still a part), but his opponent, Michael Myers , had most of the other votes from the two other towns in

3503-695: The Iroquois (Five Nations) Indians in the region. Sanger made a large donation to the school and was named a trustee. When the school was chartered as Hamilton College in 1812, he was again named a trustee. Sanger was married to Sarah Rider from May 1771 to her death in September 1814 and to Sarah B. Kissam from August 1815 until her death due to apoplexy on April 22, 1825. He married his third wife, Fanny Dench of Washington, D.C. , on October 3, 1827. She survived him and died in 1842. Sanger had four children with his first wife Sarah Rider. The first

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3616-559: The Massachusetts Bay Colony and was signed by its first governor John Winthrop . Puritan ethics and their focus on education also influenced the early history of the city. America's first public school, Boston Latin School , was founded in Boston in 1635. Boston was the largest town in the Thirteen Colonies until Philadelphia outgrew it in the mid-18th century. Boston's oceanfront location made it

3729-537: The North End , and the Seaport . Boston is sometimes called a "city of neighborhoods" because of the profusion of diverse subsections. The city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods: More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded. Instead, it was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over

3842-757: The Richard Sanger III House , which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It was built by his father, Richard Sanger III, c.  1734 . Sanger was educated in the local schools and worked on a farm. He may have learned the saddler's trade and worked in that business in Sherborn. His first marriage was to Sarah Rider in 1771. Sanger served in the American Revolutionary War , from 1775 to 1781. In his first five days service, in April 1775, he rose from

3955-652: The South End , the West End , the Financial District , and Chinatown . After the Great Boston fire of 1872 , workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (240 ha) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed

4068-412: The 1970s, the city's economy had begun to recover after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high-rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and resumed after a few pauses. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead

4181-457: The 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants with their residence yielding lasting cultural change. Italians became the largest inhabitants of the North End , Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown , and Russian Jews lived in the West End . Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and

4294-643: The 20th century: Horticultural Hall , the Tennis and Racquet Club , Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum , Fenway Studios , Jordan Hall , and the Boston Opera House .  The Longfellow Bridge , built in 1906, was mentioned by Robert McCloskey in Make Way for Ducklings , describing its "salt and pepper shakers" feature. Fenway Park , home of the Boston Red Sox , opened in 1912, with

4407-598: The Atlantic Ocean. Boston is surrounded by the Greater Boston metropolitan region. It is bordered to the east by the town of Winthrop and the Boston Harbor Islands , to the northeast by the cities of Revere , Chelsea and Everett , to the north by the cities of Somerville and Cambridge , to the northwest by Watertown , to the west by the city of Newton and town of Brookline , to

4520-512: The Irish have played a major role in Boston politics since the early 20th century; prominent figures include the Kennedys , Tip O'Neill , and John F. Fitzgerald . Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of

4633-579: The John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent illuminated beacon , the color of which forecasts the weather. Downtown and its immediate surroundings (including the Financial District, Government Center, and South Boston ) consist largely of low-rise masonry buildings – often federal style and Greek revival – interspersed with modern high-rises. Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as

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4746-575: The Masonic lodge of Freemasons , which was named Amicable Lodge No. 23, where he presided as Master. There is legend that Sanger bought 1,000 acres, some of which became the town of New Hartford, and then sold half to Higbee for the same price. The earliest recorded account, published by Jones in the Annals and Recollections of Oneida County in 1851, states that Sanger bought 1,000 acres (400 ha) of land for $ 500 (fifty cents/acre). Sanger sold

4859-563: The Native people, as many had died of European diseases brought by early settlers and traders. Archaeological excavations unearthed one of the oldest fishweirs in New England on Boylston Street , which Native people constructed as early as 7,000 years before European arrival in the Western Hemisphere. The first European to live in what would become Boston was a Cambridge -educated Anglican cleric named William Blaxton . He

4972-735: The Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. Under the Köppen climate classification , Boston has either a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa ) under the 0 °C (32.0 °F) isotherm or a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa ) under the −3 °C (26.6 °F) isotherm. Summers are warm to hot and humid, while winters are cold and stormy, with occasional periods of heavy snow. Spring and fall are usually cool and mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and

5085-615: The act as an attempt to force them to accept the taxes established by the Townshend Acts . The act prompted the Boston Tea Party , where a group of angered Bostonians threw an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company into Boston Harbor . The Boston Tea Party was a key event leading up to the revolution, as the British government responded furiously with the Coercive Acts , demanding compensation for

5198-535: The adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present-day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston ) (1870), Brighton (including present-day Allston ) (1874), West Roxbury (including present-day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale ) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912). Other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of Brookline , Cambridge, and Chelsea . Many architecturally significant buildings were built during these early years of

5311-508: The angry colonists. This did not sit well with the colonists, however. In 1770, during the Boston Massacre , British troops shot into a crowd that had started to violently harass them. The colonists compelled the British to withdraw their troops. The event was widely publicized and fueled a revolutionary movement in America. In 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act . Many of the colonists saw

5424-469: The annual town meetings. In March 1785, he was appointed the Lt. Colonel of New Hampshire militia , 23rd regiment (later the 12th). A fire destroyed his property the night of February 27, 1784, leaving him bankrupt. The fire caused the first recorded accidental death in Jaffrey, killing Arthur Clark, who had come from Sherborn to work for his former neighbor. Sanger decided to leave the area and start over in

5537-426: The area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing , which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. Boston has also experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s when the city's rent control regime was struck down by statewide ballot proposition . Boston

5650-605: The centuries. This was accomplished using earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills (the "Trimountain", after which Tremont Street is named), as well as with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay . Christian Science Center , Copley Square , Newbury Street , and New England's two tallest buildings: the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center . Near

5763-405: The century. Sanger saw the potential of the area of Skaneateles Creek at the outlet of Skaneateles Lake and purchased large amounts of land there. He built a dam about 1796 or '97 and erected the first grist and sawmills there. He divided some of his land into 100 by 330 ft (30 by 101 m) lots which he then sold as the "village plots on the north end of Skaneateles Lake", presently in

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5876-460: The city government. A climate action plan from 2019 anticipates 2 ft (1 m) to more than 7 ft (2 m) of sea-level rise in Boston by the end of the 21st century. Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods. Groundwater levels have been dropping in many areas of

5989-464: The city often receives sea breezes , especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday. Thunderstorms typically occur from May to September; occasionally, they can become severe, with large hail , damaging winds, and heavy downpours. Although downtown Boston has never been struck by

6102-443: The city's economy, and the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. The small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce. During this period, Boston flourished culturally as well. It

6215-414: The city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. The Boston Groundwater Trust coordinates monitoring groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells. The city developed a climate action plan covering carbon reduction in buildings, transportation, and energy use. The first such plan

6328-513: The colonial Sanger men before him, his father plied his trade as a blacksmith. Sanger III was also a successful businessman who inherited a sizable fortune from his father in 1731, which he enlarged through a lucrative trading business in Boston , real estate speculation in Maine , and the operation of a store and tavern in Sherborn. The family, one of the most prominent in Sherborn's history, lived in

6441-474: The commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, led the British army in the siege. On June 17, the British captured Charlestown (now part of Boston) during the Battle of Bunker Hill . The British army outnumbered the militia stationed there, but it was a pyrrhic victory for the British because their army suffered irreplaceable casualties. It was also a testament to the skill and training of

6554-688: The commercial hub of the region. In 1801, he was one of the founding members of the Chenango Turnpike Corporation. An act passed by the state legislature in March 1801 specified that the road should be built from the town of Oxford in Chenango County and follow as direct a route as possible to an intersection with the Seneca Turnpike (then called the Genesee Road ) "at or near the house of Jedediah Sanger". This

6667-472: The company after two years. He was named one of the directors of the Bank of Utica when it opened on December 8, 1812. Settlers began to come to the area that would become Whitestone in 1787, when it was wilderness. The town grew to about 3,000 by 1791. Desiring a church, on November 3, 1791, Sanger and others wrote to George Washington requesting a donation of 25 acres for a minister. The petition stated that

6780-453: The company incorporated in 1823, and it operated until 1832 or 1833, several years after his death. The Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation was a tract of land designated by the state legislature in 1797 around a natural salt spring for the commercialization of salt production in Salina on the shores of Onondaga Lake . Production began around 1789; salt was made by boiling the brine of

6893-435: The construction and operation of the furnace after witnessing Avery make a perilous crossing of the Hudson River , covered in thin ice, when a banker offered $ 100 to anyone that could deliver a package to the other side. The site of the company and surrounding settlement, 7 miles (11 km) up the Sauquoit from New Hartford, was known as Paris Furnace , and renamed Clayville in 1848 in honor of Henry Clay . Sanger had

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7006-412: The destroyed tea from the Bostonians. This angered the colonists further and led to the American Revolutionary War . The war began in the area surrounding Boston with the Battles of Lexington and Concord . Boston itself was besieged for almost a year during the siege of Boston , which began on April 19, 1775. The New England militia impeded the movement of the British Army . Sir William Howe , then

7119-471: The dispute, between Cosby Patent and Coxe's or Freemason's Patent, to just define the boundary line. Sanger sold land in New Hartford to Richard Wills, an African American who established a farm and built a house there. The house was later owned by Wills's nephew, an active abolitionist , and was a stop on the Underground Railroad . Sanger continued farming various crops. At the Whitesboro Cattle Show and Fair held in October 1819, Sanger's winter wheat

7232-416: The district ( Herkimer and German Flatts ). Concurrent with his duty as county judge, Sanger was also a member of the New York State Assembly from Herkimer County and Onondaga County in 1794-95 and served in ten more sessions of the Assembly or Senate . Sanger ran on the Federalist Party ticket. Sanger was interested in attracting doctors to establish practices in the newly settled areas of

7345-466: The domestic animals category, he was awarded best boar . In 1788, the State of New York purchased land bordering the Unadilla River from the Oneida people . Two years later, Sanger and two others, Michael Myers and John J. Morgan, contracted to buy the portion of this land known as "township 20" from the state in 1790-91 as an investment for "three shillings and three pence per acre". Sanger began to sell or lease lots to settlers. He built

7458-405: The elevated Central Artery and incorporated new green spaces and open areas. Boston is located within the Boston Basin ecoregion , which is characterized by low and rolling hills with a number of ponds, lakes, and reservoirs. Forests are mainly transition hardwoods such as oak - hickory mixed with white pine . As a coastal city built largely on fill , sea-level rise is of major concern to

7571-455: The father of Henry Sanger (born in New Hartford) whose son, William Cary Sanger , was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1895 to 1897 and the United States Assistant Secretary of War from 1901 to 1903. Sacred to the memory of Hon. Jedediah Sanger who died June 6, A.D. 1829, The founder of New Hartford. His charities are widely extended, And his munificence has reared And supported several edifices Devoted to

7684-446: The first Community Health Center in the United States. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed-income residential development called Harbor Point Apartments. By

7797-435: The first sawmill there on Oriskany Creek in 1793 in what became the village of Waterville . In 1795, the town of Sangerfield was created by the state legislature and named to honor Sanger, who in turn agreed to donate 50 acres (20 ha) "to the church of any religious denomination which should build the first house for public worship." He also agreed to donate a "cask of rum " to the first town meeting. He provided

7910-437: The first town meeting of Whitestown was held in the barn of the area's namesake, Hugh White . Sanger was selected to be the town's first supervisor and a Commissioner of Highways. He was re-elected town supervisor in 1790 and 1791. Sanger was a justice in the first court held in Herkimer County in January 1794, having been named one of three "side judges" when the county was created in 1791. When Oneida County

8023-401: The first wave of European immigrants . Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Great Famine ; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston . In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans , Lebanese , Syrians, French Canadians , and Russian and Polish Jews settling there. By the end of

8136-461: The fortifications and dozens of cannons on Dorchester Heights that Henry Knox had laboriously brought through the snow from Fort Ticonderoga . The astonished British awoke the next morning to see a large array of cannons bearing down on them. General Howe is believed to have said that the Americans had done more in one night than his army could have done in six months. The British Army attempted

8249-442: The frontier of central New York . Sanger arrived in the area, then known as Whitestown (the town of New Hartford was not split from Whitestown until 1827) in March 1788 at the age of 37, where he would purchase many hundreds of acres of land on both sides of Sauquoit Creek . He resold a large tract east of the creek, a year after purchasing it, to Joseph Higbee, the second settler in New Hartford. Sanger moved his family to

8362-558: The highest average rate of philanthropy in the nation, and the city's businesses and institutions rank among the top in the nation for environmental sustainability and new investment. Isaac Johnson , in one of his last official acts as the leader of the Charlestown community before he died on September 30, 1630, named the then-new settlement across the river "Boston". The settlement's name came from Johnson's hometown of Boston, Lincolnshire , from which he, his wife (namesake of

8475-423: The influence of a minister would "encourage sobriety, industry, morality, and religion among the people, and to render them good citizens." Washington agreed. In 1791, a Congregational church was established in a meeting held in Sanger's barn, with Sanger named one of the "first class" trustees. In 1792, the congregation agreed to build a church on land donated by Sanger. Construction was completed in 1797, and

8588-657: The land for this church and left funding in his will . Sanger was a founding member of the New Hartford masonic lodge (named Amicable Lodge) formed in 1792. He was elected an officer of the Grand (state) chapter at its organizational meeting held in January 1799 in Albany , where DeWitt Clinton presided as Grand High Priest. In 1793, Samuel Kirkland established Hamilton Oneida Academy in Clinton to educate and civilize

8701-411: The late 1830s reduced traffic. In 1846, with revenues insufficient to maintain the turnpike, the company concluded it could no longer compete and be profitable. It surrendered its charter back to New York State thus ending the private phase of the Seneca Turnpike. The company was dissolved and the roadway reverted to a public road. The roadway is still in existence as part of New York State Route 5 and

8814-536: The militia, as their stubborn defense made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without suffering further irreplaceable casualties. Several weeks later, George Washington took over the militia after the Continental Congress established the Continental Army to unify the revolutionary effort. Both sides faced difficulties and supply shortages in the siege, and the fighting

8927-634: The nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as the Boston Architectural College , Boston College , Boston University , the Harvard Medical School , Tufts University School of Medicine , Northeastern University , Massachusetts College of Art and Design , Wentworth Institute of Technology , Berklee College of Music , the Boston Conservatory , and many others attract students to

9040-572: The nation's busiest ports for both domestic and international trade. Boston's harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 (adopted during the Napoleonic Wars ) and the War of 1812 . Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the meantime. Manufacturing became an important component of

9153-453: The next day and night, giving the enemy time to improve their works, to bring up their cannon, and to put themselves in such a state of defence, that I could promise myself little success in attacking them under all the disadvantages I had to encounter. William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe , in a letter to William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth , about the British army's decision to leave Boston, dated March 21, 1776. Many crucial events of

9266-419: The official name from the "Town of Boston" to the "City of Boston", and on March 19, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the city. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.8 sq mi (12 km ). In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with

9379-421: The original village of New Hartford. In 1810, Sanger was one of many claimants that sought relief from the legislature to settle a dispute over the title to 1,284 acres (520 ha) arising after the land was omitted from a 1793 deed transferring the property to Philip Schuyler from the heirs of William Cosby . In 1811, they petitioned the legislature again to restrict the commissioners tasked with settling

9492-454: The portion east of Sauquoit Creek, thought to be 500 acres (200 ha), to Joseph Higbee (or Higby), within a year, for $ 500 (one dollar/acre), a shrewd deal netting him the land where the majority of New Hartford's commercial development occurred for no cost. A subsequent survey showed the area Higbee purchased was actually 600 acres (240 ha). In 1889, it was reported, based upon analysis of property deed records, that Higbee purchased

9605-461: The position of the jet stream . Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. However, in winter, areas near the immediate coast often see more rain than snow, as warm air is sometimes drawn off the Atlantic. The city lies at the border between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (away from the coastline) and 7a (close to the coastline). The hottest month

9718-643: The rank of 1st Lieutenant having fought in the Battles of Lexington and Concord , the Battle of Bunker Hill , the Siege of Boston (1776), and during the New York Campaign . After the war, he settled in Jaffrey, New Hampshire , where he began farming, trading, and running a tavern. He was involved in several civic activities and was appointed Lt. Colonel of the New Hampshire militia . After

9831-767: The rank of private in Captain Benjamin Bullard's Company of Minutemen to 2nd Lieutenant in the 1st Massachusetts Regiment . During the war he fought against the British at the Battles of Lexington and Concord (April 1775), the Battle of Bunker Hill (June 1775), the Siege of Boston (1776), and the New York Campaign (1776). In 1779, he attained the rank of 1st Lieutenant and served in Rhode Island until March 18, 1781. Sanger moved to Jaffrey, New Hampshire , in Cheshire County , after his military service. He may have first worked there as

9944-705: The road deviate from the Genesee Road after crossing the Mohawk River in Utica to turn southwest through New Hartford. This made the village prosper as it benefited from both the commerce brought by the road and the industry supported by the water power of the Saquoit. It was not until the completion of the Erie Canal which followed the Mohawk River valley through Utica that Utica overtook New Hartford as

10057-643: The rum and donated 25 acres (10 ha) to the Congregational Society as the first religious organization formed in town and 25 acres to the Baptists who built the first church. Many of the original settlers had disagreed with the town name, wanting it to be called "New Lisbon" instead; they later chose Lisbon for the name of the congregation. Sanger himself farmed land in Sangerfield, as did relative William Cary Sanger much later in

10170-661: The service of his Maker. His virtues are indelibly impressed upon the Hearts of his Countrymen. Sanger died on June 6, 1829, in his home in New Hartford at the age of 79. He was originally buried in the New Hartford village cemetery, then moved to a family burial plot on his farm, and finally was interred at the Forest Hill Cemetery in Utica in a family plot with his second and third wives and several of his children. The original gravestone, almost illegible,

10283-595: The settlement on the peninsula had been known as "Shawmut" by William Blaxton and "Tremontaine" by the Puritan settlers he had invited. Prior to European colonization , the region surrounding present-day Boston was inhabited by the Massachusett people who had small, seasonal communities. When a group of settlers led by John Winthrop arrived in 1630, the Shawmut Peninsula was nearly empty of

10396-606: The southwest by the town of Dedham and small portions of Needham and Canton , and to the southeast by the town of Milton , and the city of Quincy . The Charles River separates Boston's Allston-Brighton , Fenway-Kenmore and Back Bay neighborhoods from Watertown and Cambridge, and most of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and Quincy and Milton . The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Downtown ,

10509-555: The state, and throughout his time in the legislature he introduced numerous bills "proposing state aid to physicians who might establish themselves in the 'West'". In March 1794, the New York State Legislature passed a law calling for the laying out and improvement of a public road from old Fort Schuyler (Utica) on the Mohawk River to the settlement of Canawaugus on the Genesee River , in as straight

10622-526: The structure, since 1801 the New Hartford Presbyterian Church, is still a prominent building in the village. In the 1820s, Sanger made significant contributions for the construction of St. Stephen's Church in New Hartford. The church contains a marble plaque inscribed "He, being dead, yet speaketh" in Sanger's memory. In 1997, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . According to one source, he also donated

10735-509: The temperature dipped down to −10 °F (−23 °C); this was the lowest temperature reading in the city since 1957. In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings; the last such reading occurred on July 24, 2022. The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5. Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911. The record cold daily maximum

10848-472: The third-largest city in the Northeast after New York City and Philadelphia . The larger Greater Boston metropolitan statistical area has a population of 4.9 million as of 2023, making it the largest in New England and the eleventh-largest in the country . Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers. The city was named after Boston, Lincolnshire , England. During

10961-429: The unincorporated village of Whitestown in March 1789 and built a saw mill there. The following year he added a grist mill . In 1805, he engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods. Sanger owned a paper mill on Sauquoit Creek, purchasing it around 1810-12 and selling it to Samuel Lyon before 1820. Sanger built a new house in 1810, which was three stories, the third used for at least seven years as meeting space for

11074-580: The village of Skaneateles . As a controlling investor in the Seneca Road Company , he had the Seneca turnpike built though Skaneateles, which included the first bridge over the creek, built in 1800. In 1812, Sanger and Judge Youngs, also of New Hartford, purchased 100 acres (40 ha) of land in Chittenango in Madison County from the bankrupt owner. They erected a grist-mill, saw-mill, and

11187-399: The water. In 1798, Sanger, Asa Danforth , and about a half-dozen other investors formed the "Federal Company", which increased production by building the first permanent building at the site for salt manufacture, building a new and bigger well, and starting a large-scale operation of 32 kettles for producing salt. This company was the largest producer at the time. Sanger sold his interest in

11300-467: The winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m). The city's coastal location on the North Atlantic makes the city very prone to nor'easters , which can produce large amounts of snow and rain. Fog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer. Due to its coastal location,

11413-648: Was Sarah, born in 1772, who died just after her fifth birthday. His second daughter, also named Sarah, was born in 1778. He also had two sons, Walter and Zedekiah, born in 1781 and 1783, respectively, who both died in 1802. Sarah, the only one of his children that survived him, married John Eames. As a wedding gift, Sanger built them a house in New Hartford, now known as the Eames mansion. Sarah and James had nine children, all of whom were born in Sanger's lifetime. Sarah died in 1861 at age 83 in New Hartford. Sanger's younger brother, Asa Sanger (born 1753), came to own

11526-736: Was admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage . Members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed the Boston Brahmins —came to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites. They are often associated with the American upper class , Harvard University , and the Episcopal Church . Boston was a prominent port of the Atlantic slave trade in the New England Colonies , but

11639-475: Was authorized by the state on April 1, 1800, and legislated to run from the village of Utica west to the village of Cayuga in Cayuga County and on to Canandaigua in Ontario County . The 157-mile-long (253 km) road was, at the time, the longest turnpike in the state. The turnpike was to generally follow the path of the Genesee Road. Through his controlling interest in the company, Sanger had

11752-549: Was commissioned in 2007, with updates released in 2011, 2014, and 2019. This plan includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and to partake in an energy assessment every five years. A separate initiative, Resilient Boston Harbor, lays out neighborhood-specific recommendations for coastal resilience . In 2013, Mayor Thomas Menino introduced

11865-489: Was judged third-best behind Benjamin Northrop of Deerfield (second place) and Reuben Gridley of Paris (first place). His oats earned first place, having yielded 84 1 ⁄ 4 bushels per acre, for which he was awarded a premium of $ 15 by the county agricultural society under a program implemented by the state Board of Agriculture "for the promotion of agriculture and domestic manufactures" under an 1819 state law. In

11978-433: Was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes. The narrow Boston Neck, which at that time was only about a hundred feet wide, impeded Washington's ability to invade Boston, and a long stalemate ensued. A young officer, Rufus Putnam , came up with a plan to make portable fortifications out of wood that could be erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness. Putnam supervised this effort, which successfully installed both

12091-564: Was one of the principal proprietors of the Paris Furnace Company, the first manufacturing operation in the Sauquoit Valley . The forge and foundry, which went into operation in 1801, made iron products such as axes, hoes, scythes , plows, kettles commonly used at the time for making soap or potash , and hollow ware . Products were sold throughout New York and to neighboring states. He hired Gardner Avery to supervise

12204-614: Was reversed in 2013 when it was resold to Boston businessman John W. Henry . In 2016, it was announced General Electric would be moving its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to the Seaport District in Boston, joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood. The city also saw the completion of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, known as the Big Dig , in 2007 after many delays and cost overruns. On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers detonated

12317-535: Was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island . Boston eventually became a center of the American abolitionist movement . The city reacted largely negatively to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , contributing to President Franklin Pierce 's attempt to make an example of Boston after Anthony Burns 's attempt to escape to freedom. In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change

12430-536: Was split from Herkimer County in 1798, Sanger was named "First Judge" of the five county judges. The first Oneida County Court session was held in May 1798 at the schoolhouse near Fort Stanwix (present-day Rome ), with Sanger presiding as First Judge. He was re-appointed several times through 1810, when he was no longer eligible due to his age of 60. The court was formally the Oneida County Court of Common Pleas and although judges were appointed by

12543-673: Was supplemented with a new one in 2007. Boston Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the Northeastern United States . It has an area of 48.4 sq mi (125 km ) and a population of 675,647 as of the 2020 census , making it

12656-543: Was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists, but was eventually dropped due to public opposition. The USOC then selected Los Angeles to be the American candidate with Los Angeles ultimately securing the right to host the 2028 Summer Olympics . Nevertheless, Boston is one of eleven U.S. cities which will host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup , with games taking place at Gillette Stadium . The geographical center of Boston

12769-447: Was the person most directly responsible for the foundation of Boston by Puritan colonists in 1630. This occurred after Blaxton invited one of their leaders, Isaac Johnson , to cross Back Bay from the failing colony of Charlestown and share the peninsula. The Puritans made the crossing in September 1630. Puritan influence on Boston began even before the settlement was founded with the 1629 Cambridge Agreement . This document created

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