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91-597: The Seng-gut narrative was recited on September 26, 1965, by Gang Chun-ok, a female shaman from Hamhung who had fled North Korea during the Division of Korea . The Seng-gut was a large-scale gut ritual in the Hamgyong region, in which shamans beseeched the gods for long life, sons, and fortune generally. Seng or seoin means " sage ; holy person" in Northwestern Korean , and is here used to refer to

182-474: A Buddhist priest and sage ( seoin ) comes on an alms round . Chinag'ae-dure asks him if there is any way she can have a child, promising the priest as much food as he could possibly want. The priest tells her to pray with her husband at the mythical Golden Temple, and vanishes without receiving any food. After praying at the Golden Temple, Ching'ae-dure gives birth to a beautiful boy, but he never cries as

273-606: A baby and has not learnt to speak even by the age of ten. When the sage returns, Ching'ae-dure asks him if he knows how to make the child speak. He tells her to pray with her husband at the Golden Mountain to the god of the Seven Stars. When they do so, their son speaks for the first time, while dancing an immortal 's dance: "Mother, look at how I act. Father, look at how I am. I will go to the Buddhist temple where I

364-469: A beautiful woman named Dongjibaek, who lives below the road, and a hideous woman named Sesi-aegi, who lives above the road. Only the latter tells him the directions to the Western Heaven. When Seokga finally reaches the Western Heaven, a Buddha there tells him to thread three thousand beads together with a single string. He asks the two women for help, but only Sesi-aegi reveals the solution: to smear

455-462: A colony are caring for the eggs/larvae/pupae, cleaning the nest, and foraging for food). However, Solenopsis daguerrei colonies contain no workers, as they are considered social parasites. Although most fire ant species do not bother people and are not invasive, Solenopsis invicta , known in the United States as the red imported fire ant (or RIFA), is an invasive pest in many areas of

546-462: A contest to grow a flower while both are asleep. Mireuk sleeps genuinely, but Seokga only pretends to sleep. When a chrysanthemum blooms near the sleeping Mireuk, Seokga plucks it and places it in his own lap. When Mireuk awakes and realizes Seokga's cheating, he departs but curses the world: "When it becomes your age, humans will be born like millet grains. From the day they are born they will have thievery in their hearts. There will be two moons in

637-573: A coral topknot pin, and a blade made of wood from a lightning-struck peach tree. Eotteoki strikes the man with a sleeping disease, so that he falls asleep even while standing. Gangbangdek takes a bath to rouse himself. When he drops his brooch, his pin, and his blade, Eotteoki spirits his soul away. Gangbangdek tells the Jade Emperor that he will need to use a tree that grows on Mount Penglai , whose branches number ten thousand and whose roots stretch out for three thousand leagues, in order to build

728-406: A former aid worker, USAID administrator, and author of The Great North Korean Famine , described Hamhung as "the city most devastated by [the] famine." Contemporary published reports from The Washington Post and Reuters describe numerous fresh graves on the surrounding hillsides and report that many of Hamhung's children were stunted by malnutrition. One survivor claimed that more than 10% of

819-415: A frog three times until it reveals the secret to finding water (to dig for aquifers underground). Finally, the god teaches humanity about the inevitability of death; the implication is that death did not exist before Seokga entered Korea. He is eventually cremated. He ascends into heaven, and his ashes crystallize into sarira pearls. The Jade Emperor wishes to build a new palace and attempts to enlist

910-467: A large-scale program of reconstruction and development by East Germany including the build-up of construction-related industries and intense training measures for Korean construction workers, engineers, city planners and architects. When the Bauhaus trained architect Konrad Püschel , the first Head of City Planning for the reconstruction project arrived in 1955, he was accompanied by about 175 members of

1001-521: A local burning sensation, followed by urticaria . The sting site typically swells into a bump within hours, which can cause further pain and irritation, especially following several stings at the same place. The bump may develop into a white pustule within 24–36 hours which can become infected if scratched, but will spontaneously flatten within a few days if left alone. The pustules are obtrusive and uncomfortable while active and, if they become infected, may cause scarring. Some people may become allergic to

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1092-475: A month or so, the colony can expand to thousands of individuals. Some colonies may be polygynous (having multiple queens per nest). Fire ants are resilient and can survive floods. During Hurricane Harvey in Texas in 2017, clumps of fire ants, known as rafts, were seen clumped together on the surface of the water. Each clump had as many as 100,000 individual ants, which formed a temporary structure until finding

1183-410: A new permanent home. Ants clumped in this way will recognize different fluid flow conditions and adapt their behavior accordingly to preserve the raft's stability. Fire ants dig tunnels efficiently using about 30% of the population of the colony, thereby avoiding congestion in tunnels. Fire ant queens, the reproductive females in their colony, also are generally the largest. Their primary function

1274-439: A new proposed technology has increased its shelf life and efficiency against fire ants. The genus Solenopsis contains over 200 species. Not all species included in the genus are known as fire ants, but most are small slow-moving ants which are unable to sting, called thief ants . "True" fire ants are but a group of about 20 species of Solenopsis which are larger, and will viciously sting in swarms whenever disturbed. Some of

1365-656: A nonsocial orchid bee species, from which the ants enter the cells from below the nest and rob the cell's contents. These ants are renowned for their ability to survive extreme conditions. They do not hibernate, but can survive cold conditions, although this is costly to fire ant populations as observed during several winters in Tennessee, where 80 to 90% of colonies died due to several consecutive days of extremely low temperatures. Fire ants have been known to form mutualistic relationships with several species of Lycaenidae and Riodinidae butterflies. In Lycaena rubidus ,

1456-522: A person who goes on a journey and is never heard from again. It was known as Kankō during Japanese rule of Korea between 1910 and 1945. It was liberated by the Red Army on 22 August 1945. The city was 80–90% destroyed by American air raids during the Korean War (1950–1953) and was occupied by ROK troops between 17 October 1950 and 17 December 1950. From 1955 to 1962, Hamhŭng was the object of

1547-595: A pond, with only a pair of mallard ducks to be seen. The woman and the kitten immediately turn into rock. A very rich man and his family go to Seoul , leaving only their virgin daughter Seji-aegi behind. Knowing this, the sage of Geumgang Temple visits the mansion as a Buddhist priest asking for alms. Seji-aegi tells her servant to give him rice, but the priest receives it in a bottomless bowl so that all of it spills. When she asks him why he will not accept her alms, he says that he will not receive any rice that she has not offered him personally, grain by grain. She does so, and

1638-677: A queen will keep its wings after mating and through her first year. Male fire ants mate with queens during a nuptial flight. After a male has successfully inseminated a queen, he will not get accepted back to the mother colony, and will eventually die outside the nest. The other roles in an ant colony are usually undertaken by workers. Fire ant workers are haphazardly divided into different size classes, namely minima, minor, media, and major workers. The major ants are known for their larger size and more powerful mandibles typically used in macerating and storing food items (i.e. as repletes), while smaller workers take care of regular tasks (the main tasks in

1729-404: A solution of half bleach and half water, or aloe vera gel – the latter of which is also often included in over-the-counter creams that also include medically tested and verified treatments. External, topical treatments include the anesthetic benzocaine , the antihistamine diphenhydramine , and the corticosteroid hydrocortisone . Antihistamines or topical corticosteroids may help reduce

1820-429: A thousand dong (two million Chinese feet , or six hundred kilometers) of ramie cloth alone. If she finishes weaving before Gangbangdek finishes the palace, he must give all his pay to her. If Gangbangdek finishes first, she will gift him all thousand dong of cloth. Mosi-gakssi, who weaves with her loom amid the clouds, finishes earlier by a few days. The Jade Emperor gives her all of the carpenter's pay. Gangbangdek

1911-599: A traditional Korean style cold buckwheat noodle. Unlike Pyongyang cold noodle, Hamhŭng cold noodles tends to be more spicy, zesty, and have more garnish over the buckwheat noodle. Hamhŭng is home to the Hamhŭng University of Education , Hamhŭng University of Pharmacy , Hamhŭng University of Chemistry and Hamhŭng University of Medicine . Professional colleges in Hamhŭng include the Hamhŭng College of Quality Control,

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2002-504: A two-segmented club. Many ants bite, and formicine ants can cause irritation by spraying formic acid ; myrmecine ants like fire ants have a dedicated venom-injecting sting , which injects an alkaloid venom, as well as mandibles for biting. A typical fire ant colony produces large mounds in open areas, and feeds mostly on young plants, insects and seeds. Fire ants often attack small animals such as small lizards and can kill them. Unlike many other ants, which bite and then spray acid on

2093-484: A variety of shamanic deities that appear in the garb of a Buddhist priest . With the exception of the Gangbangdek story, the narrative has a strong Buddhist influence throughout. According to scholar Kim Heonsun, the only transcription (by ethnologists Lim Seok-jae and Chang Chu-keun) is riddled with serious orthographic errors and mistranscriptions. The Seng-gut narrative opens with the spontaneous generation of

2184-527: Is North Korea 's second-most populous city , and the capital of South Hamgyŏng Province. Located in the southern part of the South Hamgyong province, Hamhung is the main and most populous metropolitan area in the province. Hamhung was centrally planned and built by the government of North Korea. Hamhŭng is divided into 7 guyŏk (wards): Hamhŭng is on the left branch of the Ch'ŏngch'ŏn River , on

2275-437: Is twinned with: Fire ant This is an accepted version of this page Fire ants are several species of ants in the genus Solenopsis , which includes over 200 species. Solenopsis are stinging ants, and most of their common names reflect this, for example, ginger ants and tropical fire ants . Many of the names shared by this genus are often used interchangeably to refer to other species of ant, such as

2366-414: Is "done for." The rich man's daughter-in-law warns him that the sage is cursing them, but he admonishes her for wanting to let vagrants in the house. The daughter-in-law secretly visits the sage with alms and asks him to forgive her father-in-law, saying that he has been senile for three years. The priest tells her to leave the house the next morning and to never look back, and vanishes. The next morning, it

2457-407: Is a typical northwestern Jeseok bon-puri narrative . The central figure in all episodes is referred to as the "sage" ( seoin ). Park Jong-seong and Lee Chang-yoon both argue that all figures referred to as the "sage" are really a single deity, so that Seokga is also Gangbangdek and the sage of Geumgang Temple. This aligns better with other mainland Korean creation narratives, in which the father of

2548-556: Is all as the sage has said. The rich man's pots are walking by themselves, there are mushrooms in his rice bags, and worms are eating into copper columns. The daughter-in-law begs her father-in-law to understand the situation, but he remains stubbornly ignorant. "Father, what should do we do? The priest who came yesterday was completely right... He said that we would be done for." "Huh, what do you mean, 'be done for'? You have just two legs and you walk just fine, so what's wrong with something that has three legs [pots] taking walks?... As for

2639-580: Is also served by the narrow gauge, commuter Soho Line linking West Hamhung to Hungnam, via February 28 Vinylon factory. The city has a large trolleybus network, which opened in 1973 with the Hoyang - Doksong line, with a depot located at the northern Doksong terminus. The second and third lines, a pair of intercity lines from Hamhung station to the Hungnam area, was opened on 27 July 1991. This line had two branches, one to Hungdok and one to Ryongsong with

2730-400: Is done. The webs of purseweb spiders sprout on the road by which Wonmaek goes to the temple. When the child arrives, the priests mix blood from his middle finger into the molten iron, but forging is still impossible. Finally, Wonmaek volunteers to enter the molten iron himself under the condition that he be wrapped in silk when he enters. The child is thus melted alive into the iron. The bell

2821-452: Is finally forged with the sacrifice, but the priests find that they have made a talking bell that speaks with Wonmaek's voice. The sage holds a shamanic ritual to appease and liberate the child's soul. Three years later, the bell has become unusable as moss has grown all over it. Fifteen workers destroy the bell and shatter it into pieces. The shards are retrieved by shamans, who reforge them to make their sacred drums . While on an alms round,

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2912-688: Is followed by a discussion of the sage-kings of ancient China, from Tianhuang to Yu the Great , founder of Xia . The Indian sage (Northwestern Korean: 서인 seoin ) Seokga, the Korean name for Shakyamuni , studies in the Western Heaven for nine years. After entering the human world to preach Buddhism in the East and Christianity in the West, he finds Korea under the rule of the creator god Mireuk,

3003-569: Is incensed and curses the palace. Soon upon making it his residence, the Jade Emperor falls ill. He consults his servants, who tell him that he must venerate Gangbangdek as Seongju, the god of the household . The Jade Emperor holds an enormous gut for the carpenter, involving tens of thousands of dong of cloth and tens of thousands of seok of rice. The Jade Emperor's disease is cured, and Gangbangdek becomes worshipped widely as Seongju today. A wealthy couple, Ching'ae-dure and Ching'ae-seonbi, are childless even as they are nearing forty. One day,

3094-424: Is pregnant with triplet sons, and to name them Chegungsoe, Ilgungsoe, and Saenggyeongsoe. He then vanishes without a trace. Seji-aegi is seven months pregnant when her family returns. Her mother sees her first and tells her husband that their daughter has a deadly illness for which the cure is to not see her father for three months, but her father makes his way to her room after only a month. When he realizes that she

3185-527: Is pregnant, he decides to kill her. Seji-aegi persuades him to lock her in her room and to seal the door with iron, so that she may die while bringing the least dishonor to the family. The sage appears in the sealed room miraculously to supply her with air, water, food, and fire. Several years later, Seji-aegi's mother convinces her husband to open the door, only to discover that Seji-aegi and her three sons are all safe and sound. The father realizes that his three grandsons make no shadow, and decides to keep them in

3276-572: Is reproduction. Typically, a fire ant queen will seek to establish a new colony following a nuptial flight, wherein it will use its special venom to paralyze offending competitors, in the absence of workers for defense. Fire ant queens may live up to seven years and can produce up to 1,600 eggs per day, and colonies will have as many as 250,000 workers. The estimated potential life span is around 5 years and 10 months to 6 years and 9 months. Young, virgin fire ant queens have wings (as do male fire ants), but they often cut them off after mating. Occasionally,

3367-493: Is spent annually on medical treatment, damage, and control in RIFA-infested areas. Furthermore, the ants cause approximately $ 750 million in damage annually to agricultural assets, including veterinarian bills and livestock loss, as well as crop loss. Over 40 million people live in RIFA-infested areas in the southeastern United States. It is estimated that 30–60% of the people living in fire ant-infested areas of

3458-410: Is their three-year-old son Wonmaek. The sage convinces her to donate at least Wonmaek's spoon and returns to the temple. Though the priests pool together and melt their iron, they find that it cannot be forged into a bell. The sage tells a priest to bring Wonmaek to him, and the priest persuades the mother to give him the child under the condition that he be returned once the "great business of the temple"

3549-531: The Changse-ga narrative recited in 1923 by the shaman Kim Ssang-dori, who was also from Hamhung. The Gangbangdek narrative is related to the central Korean variants of the Seongju-puri narrative, in which a human carpenter builds a palace for the gods and ultimately becomes the household god Seongju, as well as a Korean folktale of a castle-building contest between a brother and a sister. The premise of

3640-578: The Deutsche Arbeitsgruppe (DAG) or German Working Group Hamhung as the project team was called. The project ended two years earlier than scheduled and with a low profile because of the Sino-Soviet conflict and the opposing positions that North Korea and East Germany took on that issue. From 1960 to 1967, Hamhŭng was administered separately from South Hamgyŏng as a Directly Governed City ( Chikhalsi ). Before 1960 and since 1967,

3731-462: The red imported fire ant in its native range in South America . Some 110 species of the genus Pseudacteon , or ant-decapitating flies, have been described. Members of Pseudacteon reproduce by laying eggs in the thorax of the ant. The first instar larvae migrates to the head, then develops by feeding on the hemolymph , muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. After about two weeks, they cause

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3822-537: The 11-year time period between 2001 and 2022, the commonwealth and state governments of Australia spent a combined AU$ 644m in their attempts to eradicate RIFA ants. In 2015, the Australian National Red Imported Fire Ant Eradication Program (NRIFAEP) National Fire Ant Eradication Program was set up and received AU$ 411m of funding. For the time period of 2023-2027, funding of AU$ 593m has been agreed. Despite

3913-648: The DPRK. It is an industrial city which serves as a major port for North Korean foreign trade . Production includes textiles (particularly vinalon ), metalware, machinery, refined oil and processed food. 2·8 vinalon union enterprise is located here. While prior to liberation of Korea Hamhung had an extremely backwards economy due to the destructive actions of the Japanese, the city was rapidly developed afterwards, with new industrial districts being built and being broken free of colonial acquisitions of material. Much of

4004-656: The Hamhŭng Hydrographic and Power College, and the Hamhŭng College of Electronics and Automation. There is also a branch academy of science. In 2018, the South Hamgyong Sci-Tech Library , the largest facility of its kind outside Pyongyang, opened in the city. Two reeducation camps are located near Hamhung: Kyo-hwa-so No. 9 is in northeastern Hamhung, and Kyo-hwa-so No. 22 is in Yonggwang County north of Hamhung. Hamhung

4095-467: The Korean name for Maitreya . He tells him to hand over Korea; the creator refuses, and a series of contentions begins. First, Seokga and Mireuk play "immortal go " and "immortal janggi ." Next, they each try using a rock to moor a boat whose rigging is of sand. Seokga is triumphant both times, because Mireuk is "foolish" while Seokga is "full of ruses and full of artifice, with cunning stratagems." Mireuk refuses to accept his defeats. Finally, they hold

4186-530: The Port of Botany near Sydney (in 2014), and the Port of Fremantle , Western Australia . Elsewhere, fire ants have been frequently intercepted on incoming cargo in ports and airports across Australia. Of particular concern, Australian researchers predict that the entire country is able to provide suitable habitat for RIFA colonization, with the exception of highland Tasmania and the Snowy Mountains. In

4277-533: The US are stung each year. RIFA are currently found mainly in warmer US states in the south-east of the country including Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, but extend to include parts of North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and California. Since September 2004, Taiwan has been seriously affected by the red fire ant. The US, Taiwan and Australia all have ongoing national programs to control or eradicate

4368-477: The US, however several other species are similarly dangerous and invasive, such as Solenopsis geminata , which has invaded most of the tropical countries, wreaking havoc in medical systems especially in unprepared countries and islands. The venom of fire ants is mainly (>95%) composed of oily alkaloids structurally derived from piperidine (also known as solenopsins ) mixed with a small amount of toxic proteins. Fire ant stings are painful, characterised by

4459-480: The United States can be distinguished from other ants locally present by their copper brown head and thorax with a darker abdomen. The worker ants are blackish to reddish and their size varies from 2 to 6 mm (0.079 to 0.236 in). In an established nest these different sizes of ants are all present at the same time. Solenopsis spp. ants can be identified by three body features—a pedicel with two nodes, an unarmed propodeum , and antennae with 10 segments plus

4550-511: The ant's head to fall off by releasing an enzyme that dissolves the membrane attaching the ant's head to its body. The fly pupates in the detached head capsule, emerging two weeks later. Pseudacteon flies appear to be important ecological constraints on Solenopsis species and they have been introduced throughout the southern United States, starting with Travis , Brazos , and Dallas counties in Texas, as well as south central Alabama , where

4641-469: The ants first entered North America. The Venus flytrap , a carnivorous plant, is native only to North and South Carolina in the United States. About 33% of the prey of the Venus flytrap are ants of various species. They lure their prey with a sweet sap. Once the prey has entered the trap and within about three seconds of touching two or three "trigger hairs" on the surface of the trap, the leaf closes around

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4732-510: The beads with honey and tie the string to a fire ant , which will thread the beads together while being lured by the honey. The Buddha then destroys the doubled sun and moon for Seokga and uses them to create the stars, the "map of the Son of Heaven of Zhongyuan ," and "the map of the Son of Heaven of Korea." On his return to Korea, Seokga confers divinity to Sesi-aegi but dooms Dongjibaek to working in

4823-480: The center for North Korea's methamphetamine production . Hamhung is much more economically diverse than most cities in North Korea, as Hamhung has many unique industries . Hamhung's rural areas are used for farm land and food distribution through the community . These lands mainly consist of paddies, but other crops are grown in small portion as well. Hamhŭng is an important chemical industry center in

4914-485: The city has been part of South Hamgyŏng Province. In 1995, Hamhŭng witnessed, thus far, one of the only documented challenges to the North Korean government when famine -ravaged soldiers began a march toward Pyongyang . The revolt was quelled, and the unit of soldiers was disbanded. The North Korean famine of the 1990s appears to have had a disproportionate effect on the people of Hamhung. Andrew Natsios ,

5005-399: The city's population died, with another 10% fleeing the city in search of food. Despite previously being closed to foreigners, foreign nationals can now travel to Hamhung through the few approved North Korean tour operators. There is speculation that Hamhung, with its high proportion of chemists and the site of a chemical-industrial complex built by the Japanese during World War II, might be

5096-545: The depot in Hungdok, though the latter line was closed and dismantled sometime in the early 2000s. A set of overhead wires connects the two separate lines, though there is no regular movement on this line. The lines was served by 28 trolleybuses in 2013. Hamhŭng hosts the Hamhŭng Grand Theatre , the largest theatre in North Korea. A national museum is located in Hamhŭng. Hamhŭng is also well known for Naengmyeon ,

5187-598: The eastern part of the Hamhŭng plain ( 함흥평야 ), in South Hamgyŏng Province, northeast North Korea. Its highest point is Mount Tonghŭng, which is 319 m (1,047 ft) high. Hamhung has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dwa ), with warm, humid summers, and moderately cold, dry winters. Being located by the Sea of Japan , its climate is directly influenced by it, resulting in warmer winters and cooler summers than areas similar in latitude on

5278-494: The emergent colony. Frequent competitors of fire ant founding queens include other Solenopsis thief ant species, and some invasive pest species, such as the tawny crazy ant , and the black crazy ant . A number of entomopathogenic fungi are also natural enemies of fire ants, such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae . The latter is commercially available for the biological control (as an alternative to conventional pesticides) of various pest insects, and

5369-429: The family. When they go to school at the age of ten, they are so intelligent that the teacher suspects that they are not human children and refuses to teach them further until they can tell him their father's name. When the triplets ask their mother about their parentage, she claims that they were born when she urinated on a tree. The triplets know that she is lying and threaten to kill themselves, at which point she reveals

5460-533: The funded plan and a degree of success in the eradication of RIFA not seen elsewhere in the world, some Australian experts warn that the government on a national and state level may be moving too slowly given the size of the threat. They were believed to be in the Philippines, but they are most likely to be misidentified for Solenopsis geminata ants. In the US, the FDA estimates that more than US$ 5 billion

5551-499: The giant mushrooms, those are things people eat. You should go prepare them for the table. And about the copper columns that you say are worm-eaten, those things are a thousand years old. Even trees born this year have worms on them." Hearing this, the daughter-in-law flees the house, taking only the family kitten with her. After some time, she hears her father-in-law say: "My daughter-in-law! My daughter-in-law! Save me, please!" She looks back. The rich man's house has been replaced by

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5642-439: The girl and the priest have sex. The next day, Seji-aegi finds that her lover is eating quartz . She and the servant offer him a tableful of food instead, and he rapidly devours it all. When the two take the table out of the room, they find that all of the food has reappeared, uneaten. Seji-aegi then asks him about a dream she had that night, in which three pearls fell from heaven and into her clothes. The sage informs her that she

5733-549: The goddess of grain, and turns the triplets into the Jeseok gods who are in charge of fertility. He himself becomes a Buddha, ending the narrative. The Seng-gut story may contain the greatest narrative diversity out of all known Korean shamanic narratives. It combines a number of episodes which are individually attested in Korean folklore or mythology into a single shamanic narrative. The episodes involving Seokga have clear parallels to other Korean creation narratives , especially to

5824-588: The heavy industrial equipment used in other cities are built in Hamhung, and its production contributes to the monumental construction of buildings under projects launched by the Workers' Party. The city is a transportation hub, connecting various eastern ports and the northern interior area. Hamhung Station is on the Pyongra Line railway . This city is connected by air too, with Sondok Airport . The city

5915-402: The help of a sage ( seoin ) named Gangbangdek, a deity reincarnated as a human carpenter. The spider volunteers to bring him and weaves a web in front of Gangbangdek's door, but the carpenter kills the spider. The owl then goes to bring him to heaven, but Gangbangdek kills the bird with an arrow. A god named Eotteoki reveals that Gangbangdek is protected from the gods by an amber headband brooch,

6006-561: The invasion of fire ants is restricted to an area of 7000 km2 in South East Queensland that includes Brisbane , with the colonised area bordering the state of New South Wales (NSW), with incursions reported in northern NSW on a regular basis. Outside of this region, as of 2023, there have been seven other incursions that have had to be eradicated, with all incursions linked to ports and airports, including in Gladstone ,

6097-508: The itching and will generally benefit local sting reactions. Oral medicine include antihistamines. Severe allergic reactions to fire ant stings, including severe chest pain, nausea, severe sweating, loss of breath, serious swelling, and slurred speech can be fatal if not treated. Phorid flies, or Phoridae , are a large family of small, hump-backed flies somewhat smaller than vinegar flies ; two species in this family ( Pseudacteon tricuspis and Pseudacteon curvatus ) are parasitoids of

6188-491: The larvae secrete a fluid that is high in sugar content. Fire ants bring the larvae back to the nest, and protect them through the pupal stage in exchange for feeding on the fluid. In Eurybia elvina , fire ants were observed to frequently construct soil shelters over later instars of larvae on inflorescences on which the larvae are found. Fire ants nest in the soil , often near moist areas, such as river banks , pond shores, watered lawns , and highway shoulders. Usually,

6279-577: The nest will not be visible, as it will be built under objects such as timber , logs, rocks, or bricks. If no cover for nesting is available, dome -shaped mounds are constructed, but these are usually only found in open spaces, such as fields, parks, and lawns. These mounds can reach heights of 40 cm (16 in), but can be even higher on heavier soils, standing at 1.0 m (3 ft 3 in) in height and 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in diameter. Colonies are founded by small groups of queens or single queens. Even if only one queen survives, within

6370-502: The new Geumgang Temple at the mythical Mount Anhe. The sage sends his priests to the Eight Provinces of Korea to collect iron to forge a bell for Geumgang Temple, and goes personally to the house of a man named Wonsan-durei because he knows that something strange is there. Wonsan-durei's family is desperately poor, and the wife says that they cannot afford to give him "cast iron, or raw iron, or even broken iron"; all they have

6461-474: The palace. The god commissions three thousand human craftsmen and three thousand oxen to help him in the project, and three thousand people and three thousand oxen fall dead in the human world so that their souls can cut down the tree. While transporting the Penglai tree to the Jade Emperor's realm, Gangbangdek encounters a weaving woman named Mosi-gakssi, who proposes a challenge to the carpenter. She will weave

6552-420: The prey and digests it. The majority of ants that are captured include non-native RIFAs, and three other species of ants. Other carnivorous plants, such as sundews ( Drosera ) and various kinds of pitcher plants also trap many ants. Key natural enemies of fire ants also include other ant species which will attack prospective queens during the nest founding period, when there is an absence of workers to defend

6643-491: The sage of Geumgang Temple journeys to the house of a rich man (Korean: jangja ) in Hamgyong Province who has accumulated wealth for a thousand years. When the man refuses to give him alms and abuses him, the sage curses the house. His pots will go on walks, mushrooms will sprout in his rice bags, his thousand-year-old copper columns will be worm-eaten, and so forth, and when such things happen he should know that he

6734-422: The sage's robe and her skirt blow, touch, and tear in the southeast wind. When the sun sets, Seji-aegi allows the priest to sleep in a back annex of the mansion. When he claims he cannot stand the smell of horse leather, she moves him to a room in the main complex. The priest complains again about the smell of shoes, and he, Seji-aegi, and the servant decide to stay up all night together. The servant falls asleep, and

6825-548: The sky and two suns in the sky. When it is night, things will freeze three feet and three inches, and when it is day, things will burn three feet and three inches, and humanity will freeze to death and burn to death and the humans that survive will be unhulled grains in hulled millet grains. Humans will be born with thievery in their hearts; there will be bandits at every ten leagues, there will be thieves at every five leagues, there will be evildoers inside every door." After Mireuk's departure, there are indeed two suns and two moons in

6916-444: The sky so that life is unlivable for humanity. Seokga resolves to return to the Western Heaven to end this calamity. On the way, he finds a deer crying while crossing the road. The god throws a six-hooked staff at the animal, immediately killing it. He orders the deer to be roasted for its meat, but his two servants refuse to eat the meat, saying that they would rather become Buddhas . While eating, Seokga spits out some of deer meat into

7007-648: The smithy. He crosses the river on the backs of fish again and discovers that his two servants have turned into giant boulders. He makes one the god of the Seven Stars of the Northern Dipper , and the other the god of the (mythical) Seven Stars of the Southern Dipper. Back in Korea, Seokga thrashes a mouse three times until it reveals the secret of making fire (to strike iron on stone ) and thrashes

7098-468: The species, but with the exception of those in Australia, none have been especially effective. According to a study published in 2009, it took only seventy years for the lizards in parts of the United States to adapt to the ant's presence; they now have longer legs and new behaviors that aid them in escaping from the danger. Solenopsis invicta is the most famous species in this genus, especially in

7189-588: The temple bell narrative—the sacrifice of a human child to create a Buddhist temple bell—is also common in Korean folklore, most notably in the tale of the Emille Bell . The story of the rich man and his daughter-in-law is another very widespread Korean folktale and also has shamanic parallels in Sumyeong-jangja of the Cheonji-wang bon-puri of Jeju Island . Finally, the story featuring Seji-aegi

7280-587: The term red ant , mostly because of their similar coloration despite not being in the genus Solenopsis. Both Myrmica rubra and Pogonomyrmex barbatus are common examples of non-Solenopsis ants being termed red ants. None of these common names apply to all species of Solenopsis nor exclusively to species of Solenopsis ; for example, several species of weaver ants of the genus Oecophylla in Southeast Asia are colloquially called "fire ants" because of their similar coloration and painful bites, but

7371-474: The town would prosper. Yi Seong-gye , founder of the Yi dynasty , retired to the city after a successful palace coup by his son Yi Bang-won in 1400. Though his son sent envoys to reconcile, his father had them killed. A modern Korean expression, 'King's envoy to Hamhŭng' ( Korean :  함흥차사 ; Hanja :  咸興差使 ; RR :  Hamheungchasa ; MR :  hamhŭngchasa ), refers to

7462-518: The triplets is explicitly mentioned to be Seokga. Lee Joo-young argues that it is "difficult" to accept this premise, because Seokga's death and cremation and the birth of Ching'ae-dure's son are explicitly mentioned in the text. He does note that recurrent references to Geumgang Temple make it clear that Ching'ae-dure's son is indeed the priest of the Jeseok bon-puri . Hamhung Hamhŭng ( Hamhŭng-si ; Korean pronunciation: [hamɣɯŋ] )

7553-414: The truth. The triplets journey to Geumgang Temple to meet their father, who gives them two tasks to verify their parentage. The first is to wash themselves with water while wearing paper clothes, and to not make any of the paper wet. The second is to build a great sand castle and run into it, and to not have a single grain of sand on their clothes. The triplets succeed in both tasks. The sage makes Seji-aegi

7644-407: The two genera are not closely related. Wasmannia auropunctata is another unrelated ant more commonly called the "little fire ant" due to its potent sting. The bodies of mature fire ants, like the bodies of all typical mature insects , are divided into three sections: the head, the thorax , and the abdomen, with three pairs of legs and a pair of antennae . Fire ants of those species invasive in

7735-475: The universe, as heaven opens in the direction of zi and earth opens in the direction of chou . This statement is copied verbatim from the philosophical cosmogony proposed by the eleventh-century Chinese philosopher Shao Yong . Humans are created from red clay, which is why they return to the earth upon death. In this primeval world, birds and horses can talk, trees can walk, horses have horns and bulls have manes, and dogs have combs and chickens have ears. This

7826-619: The venom, and if untreated, may become increasingly sensitive to the point of experiencing anaphylaxis following fire ant stings, which requires emergency treatment. Management of an emergency visit due to anaphylaxis is recommended with the use of adrenaline . It has been demonstrated that, whilst pustule formation results from the injected venom alkaloids, allergy to fire ant stings is caused solely by venom allergenic proteins. First aid for fire ant stings includes external treatments and oral medicines. There are also many home remedies of varying efficacy, including immediate application of

7917-406: The waters, thereby creating the fishes of the world. Then he spits towards the sky and creates the birds. He spits a final time, and the meat crawls and runs away as the animals of the earth. Making his way west, Seokga encounters a river three thousand leagues wide. The fish—his creations—allow him to cross on their backs, but scatter when his two servants attempt to cross. Going alone, Seokga meets

8008-417: The western coast. The longer period of warmer temperatures favors the growing of crops. The city was called either Hamju (as recorded in 1108, the third year of King Yejeong ) or Hamjumok (as recorded in 1369, 18th year of King Gongmin ). It received its current name of Hamhung in 1416, when it was promoted to a ' bu '. The Sino-Korean word '흥' ( Hancha : 興), added to the original name of Hamju, means that

8099-682: The world, including the United States , Australia , China and Taiwan . The RIFA was believed to have been accidentally introduced to these countries via shipping crates, particularly in the case of Australia. In Australia, RIFA ants were first identified in the Port of Brisbane in 2001, although a strategic review of the Australian RIFA eradication program published in 2021 suggested that RIFA ants may have been present but undetected in Australia as early as 1992. As of November 2023,

8190-597: The wound, fire ants bite only to get a grip and then sting (from the abdomen) and inject a toxic alkaloid venom called solenopsin , a compound from the class of piperidines . For humans, this is a painful sting, a sensation similar to what one feels when burned by fire (hence the name), and the after-effects of the sting can be deadly to sensitive people. Fire ants are more aggressive than most native species, so have pushed many species away from their local habitat. One such species that Solenopsis ants parasitically take advantage of are bees, such as Euglossa imperialis ,

8281-469: Was made and become a sage." Though his parents are devastated, the boy leaves forever. He goes to the Golden Temple, whose priests abuse and expel him for dancing an immortal's dance. The boy goes to a nearby hill and curses the temple, which is then "swept away." The priests of the temple who abused him are transformed into rat snakes . The boy-sage takes the Buddha statue and the remaining priests to found

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