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38-643: The Senner or Senne is a critically-endangered German breed of riding horse . It is believed to be the oldest saddle-horse breed in Germany, and is documented at least as far back as 1160. It is named for the Senne , a natural region of dunes and moorland in Nordrhein-Westfalen , in western Germany, and lived in feral herds there and in the Teutoburger Forest to the east. It

76-403: A designer crossbred . For the purposes of this list, certain groups of horses that have an organization or registry that records individual animals for breeding purposes, at least in some nations, but does not clearly fall to either the breed or type categories are listed here. This list does not include organizations that record horses strictly for competition purposes. A "type" of horse is not

114-605: A dorsal stripe and zebra-striping on the legs. The Senner was bred principally as a riding horse , even in times when working horses were in demand; it was also used as a carriage horse . Senner stallions stood at the royal stud of Weil bei Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg and at the state stud of Lipizza in the Austrian Empire . In modern times it may be used for competition or recreational riding . List of horse breeds While there

152-518: A breed but is used here to categorize groups of horses or horse breeds that are similar in appearance ( phenotype ) or use. A type usually has no breed registry , and often encompasses several breeds. However, in some nations, particularly in Europe, there is a recording method or means of studbook selection for certain types to allow them to be licensed for breeding. Horses of a given type may be registered as one of several different recognized breeds, or

190-406: A breed, a crossbreed, or a "type”, depending on the stage of breed recognition. In some cultures and for some competition-sanctioning organizations, a horse that normally matures less than about 145 cm or 14.2  hands (58 inches, 147 cm) when fully grown may be classified as a " pony ". However, unless the principal breed registry or breed standard describes the breed as a pony, it

228-472: A distinct phenotype were formerly considered or speculated to be subspecies of wild cats or domestic cats ( Felis catus ), or hybrids between them. Later genetic research shows that only one wild cat species was domesticated; the north African and southwest Asian wild cat ( Felis silvestris lybica ). All domestic (non-hybrid) cats and cat breeds fall under the domestic cat ( Felis catus ), and are no longer considered separate (sub)species. The domestication of

266-698: A grouping may include horses that are of no particular pedigree but meet a certain standard of appearance or use. Prior to approximately the 13th century, few pedigrees were written down, and horses were classified by physical type or use. Thus, many terms for Horses in the Middle Ages did not refer to breeds as we know them today, but rather described appearance or purpose. These terms included: Many breeds of horse have become extinct , either because they have died out, or because they have been absorbed into another breed: Purebred Purebreds are like cultivars of an animal species achieved through

304-660: A preferred color, not color breeds, and include the Friesian horse , the Cleveland Bay , the Appaloosa , and the American Paint Horse . The best-known "color breed" registries that accept horses from many different breeds are for the following colors: The distinction is hotly debated between a standardized breed, a developing breed with an open studbook , a registry of recognized crossbred horses, and

342-643: A selective group of representative cats can be used as foundation stock to create a new cat breed (examples of breeds created in this way are the Maine Coon , European Shorthair and Siberian ). Because of common crossbreeding in populated areas, most cats are simply identified as belonging to the unregistered non-pedigree cats of mixed or unknown ancestry, referred to as domestic long-haired and domestic short-haired cat , depending on their fur length. Other commonly used terms are random-bred cat, domestic cat, house(hold) cat or moggie/moggy (UK English). Out of

380-400: A wide range of congenital health problems. This problem is especially prevalent in competitive dog breeding and dog show circles due to the singular emphasis on aesthetics rather than health or function. Such problems also occur within certain segments of the horse industry for similar reasons. The problem is further compounded when breeders practice inbreeding . The opposite effect to that of

418-556: Is a warmblood , and has been influenced at various times by Arabian , Anglo-Arab , Thoroughbred and Iberian stock. It may have contributed to development of the Hanoverian . The origins of the Senner are not known; many records of the history of the breed were destroyed by fire in 1945. Herds of feral horses in the Senne moorlands are documented in several Mediaeval sources, one of which dates from 1160. The Senne lay within

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456-401: Is documented and registered, it can be called purebred . A cat whose ancestry is formally registered is called a pedigreed or purebred cat . Technically, a purebred cat is one whose ancestry contains only individuals of the same breed. A pedigreed cat is one whose ancestry is recorded with a cat registry , but may have ancestors of different breeds. Landraces are not cat breeds, but

494-446: Is listed in this section, even if some or all representatives are small or have some pony characteristics. Ponies are listed in the § Pony breeds section below. If a breed is described as a "pony" by the breed standard or principal breed registry, it is listed in this section, even if some individuals have horse characteristics. All other breeds are listed in the § Horse breeds section above. (Because of this designation by

532-477: Is no scientifically accepted definition of the term "breed", a breed is generally defined as having distinct true-breeding characteristics over a number of generations. Its members may be called purebred . In most cases, bloodlines of horse breeds are recorded with a breed registry . The concept is somewhat flexible in horses, as open stud books are created for recording pedigrees of horse breeds that are not yet fully true-breeding. Registries are considered

570-428: Is the stud book limited in any fashion. As a general rule, the color also does not always breed on (in some cases due to genetic impossibility), and offspring without the stated color are usually not eligible for recording with the color breed registry. There are breeds that have color that usually breeds "true" as well as distinctive physical characteristics and a limited stud book. These horses are true breeds that have

608-612: The Felis silvestris lybica started around 9.000 years ago in the Near East and Egypt region, while the selective breeding of purebred/pedigreed cat breeds only started 150 years ago. Written and oral histories of various animals or pedigrees of certain types of horse have been kept throughout history, though breed registry stud books trace back to about the 13th century, at least in Europe , when pedigrees were tracked in writing, and

646-585: The Principality of Lippe , and the horses were raised to provide mounts for the ruling Lippe family . The centre of breeding was at Detmold until 1680, when it was moved to the stables of the Jagdschloss Lopshorn  [ de ] near Augustdorf . The horses were kept all year round on the heathland of the Senne and in the neighbouring Teutoburger Forest . Numbers were never very high;

684-471: The breed standard for each breed. Modern breeders created cat breeds, which are actually feline hybrids between a wild cat species and the domestic cat species ( Felis catus ). A famous example of such a hybrid cat breed is the Savannah cat ( Felis catus × Leptailurus serval ), which is produced by crossing wild servals with domestic cats. Some natural, ancient breeds of cat that have

722-558: The English language in 1410 as "pee de Grewe", "pedegrewe" or "pedegru", each of those words being borrowed to the Middle French "pié de grue", meaning "crane foot". This comes from a visual analogy between the trace of the bird's foot and the three lines used in the English official registers to show the ramifications of a genealogical tree. Sometimes the word purebred is used synonymously with pedigreed , but purebred refers to

760-586: The Senner as "critical". In the Rote Liste of the Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen , it is listed in Category I, "extremely endangered". In 2015 the total breeding population was reported at twenty-five head – nineteen mares and six stallions. The principal coat colours are bay and grey ; black and chestnut also occur. Some horses show primitive markings including

798-527: The animal having a known ancestry, and pedigree refers to the written record of breeding. Not all purebred animals have their lineage in written form. For example, until the 20th century, the Bedouin people of the Arabian Peninsula only recorded the ancestry of their Arabian horses via an oral tradition , supported by the swearing of religiously based oaths as to the asil or "pure" breeding of

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836-414: The animal. Conversely, some animals may have a recorded pedigree or even a registry, but not be considered "purebred". Today the modern Anglo-Arabian horse, a cross of Thoroughbred and Arabian bloodlines, is considered such a case. A purebred dog is a dog of a modern breed of dog , with written documentation showing the individual purebred dog's descent from its breeds' foundation stock . In dogs,

874-530: The authority as to whether a given breed is listed as a "horse" or a "pony". There are also a number of " color breed ", sport horse , and gaited horse registries for horses with various phenotypes or other traits, which admit any animal fitting a given set of physical characteristics, even if there the trait is not a true-breeding characteristic. Other recording entities or specialty organizations may recognize horses from multiple breeds, or are recording designer crossbreds . Such animals may be classified here as

912-418: The breed. Purebred are those animals that have been bred-up to purebred status as a result of using full blood animals to cross with an animal of another breed. Artificial breeding via artificial insemination or embryo transfer is often used in sheep and cattle breeding to quickly expand, or improve purebred herds. Embryo transfer techniques allow top quality female livestock to have a greater influence on

950-574: The early twentieth century, after the First World War , there was some addition of Andalusian blood. The Lopshorn castle was destroyed by fire in 1945. In 1946 the remaining Senner stock was dispersed to various owners. In 1999, some were introduced to the Moosheide  [ de ] nature reserve to assist in conservation grazing . In 2007 the FAO listed the conservation status of

988-496: The hundreds of millions of cats worldwide, almost none have any purebred ancestors, nor belong to a specific breed, because purebred cats are a human invention of the last 150 years and selectively bred from foundation stock by breeders in closed off lineages. Approximately 3–4% of the cats in the US are purchased from breeders. Not all breeders sell registered pedigree cats. In France, approximately 4% of cats are pedigreed. Worldwide

1026-423: The number of breeding mares averaged about forty. Breeding records were kept from the early years of the eighteenth century, and a stud-book started in 1713. There were four dam lines in the breed; only one of these, dating to 1725, survives. From the late seventeenth century, some Arab blood was introduced; English Anglo-Arab and Thoroughbred blood was introduced towards the end of the eighteenth century. In

1064-660: The number of pedigreed cats is somewhat lower, and is estimated at approximately 1–2%. By definition all cats belonging to a specific breed are pedigreed cats with a known and formally registered ancestry with one of the cat registries , also known as the cat’s “paperwork” or pedigree. The list of cat breeds is quite large: most cat registries actually recognize between 30 and 75 breeds of cats, and several more are in development, with one or more new breeds being recognized each year on average, having distinct features ( phenotype ) and lineage . Nowadays, there exist over 100 cat breeds and varieties recognized by at least one of

1102-401: The official cat registries . The purpose of the registry of cat breeds is to develop and maintain a healthy breed by controlling inbreeding and the spread of hereditary diseases , and regulating the well-being of the cats. Owners and breeders compete in cat shows to see whose animal bears the closest resemblance (best conformance ) to an idealized definition, based on breed type and

1140-416: The passing on of undesirable characteristics or even a collapse of a breed population due to inbreeding depression . Therefore, there is a question, and often heated controversy, as to when or if a breed may need to allow "outside" stock in for the purpose of improving the overall health and vigor of the breed. Because pure-breeding creates a limited gene pool , purebred animal breeds are also susceptible to

1178-933: The practice of declaring a type of horse to be a breed or a purebred became more widespread. Certain horse breeds , such as the Andalusian horse and the Arabian horse , are claimed by aficionados of the respective breeds to be ancient, near-pure descendants from an ancient wild prototype, though mapping of the horse genome as well as the mtDNA and y-DNA of various breeds has largely disproved such claims. Most domesticated farm animals among others can also have true-breeding breeds and breed registries , particularly cattle , water buffaloes , sheep , goats , donkeys , guinea pigs , chickens , fancy pigeons , domestic ducks , rabbits , and pigs . While animals bred strictly for market sale are not always purebreds, or if purebred may not be registered, most livestock producers value

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1216-430: The preference of a given breed registry, most miniature horse breeds are listed as "horses", not ponies.) There are some registries that accept horses (and sometimes ponies and mules) of almost any breed or type for registration. Color is either the only criterion for registration or the primary criterion. These are called " color breeds ", because unlike "true" horse breeds, there are few other physical requirements, nor

1254-420: The presence of purebred genetic stock for the consistency of traits such animals provide. It is common for a farm's male breeding stock in particular to be of purebred, pedigreed lines. In cattle, some breeders associations make a difference between "purebred" and "full blood". Full blood cattle are fully pedigreed animals, where every ancestor is registered in the herdbook and shows the typical characteristics of

1292-529: The process of selective breeding . When the lineage of a purebred animal is recorded, that animal is said to be pedigreed . Purebreds breed true-to-type which means the progeny of like-to-like purebred parents will carry the same phenotype , or observable characteristics of the parents. A group of like purebreds is called a pure-breeding line or strain. In the world of selective animal breeding , to "breed true" means that specimens of an animal breed will breed true-to-type when mated like-to-like; that is, that

1330-426: The progeny of any two individuals of the same breed will show fairly consistent, replicable and predictable characteristics, or traits with sufficiently high heritability. A puppy from two purebred dogs of the same breed, for example, will exhibit the traits of its parents, and not the traits of all breeds in the subject breed's ancestry. Breeding from too small a gene pool, especially direct inbreeding , can lead to

1368-422: The restricted gene pool caused by pure-breeding is known as hybrid vigor , which generally results in healthier animals. A pedigreed animal is one that has its ancestry recorded. Often this is tracked by a major registry . The number of generations required varies from breed to breed, but all pedigreed animals have papers from the registering body that attest to their ancestry. The word "pedigree" appeared in

1406-432: The second sense. New breeds of dog are constantly being created, and there are many websites for new breed associations and breed clubs offering legitimate registrations for new or rare breeds. When dogs of a new breed are "visibly similar in most characteristics" and have reliable documented descent from a "known and designated foundation stock", then they can then be considered members of a breed, and, if an individual dog

1444-486: The term breed is used two ways: loosely, to refer to dog types or landraces of dog (also called natural breeds or ancient breeds); or more precisely, to refer to modern breeds of dog, which are documented so as to be known to be descended from specific ancestors, that closely resemble others of their breed in appearance, movement, way of working and other characters; and that reproduce with offspring closely resembling each other and their parents. Purebred dogs are breeds in

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