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30-460: The first Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) was created by Marvin Zuckerman and others in 1964. This was considered Form I and Form II was similar, though slightly revised. Analysis and use of these two forms showed that there was more than one dimension to sensation seeking behavior. This paper found that there were four components to sensation seeking: thrill; social; visual; and antisocial. Form III

60-502: A personality instrument called the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) which purports to measure individual differences in terms of their sensory preferences. The Sensation Seeking Scale was designed to measure how much stimulation a person requires and the excitement that is admitted. Zuckerman hypothesized that people who are high sensation seekers require a lot of stimulation to reach their Optimal Level of Arousal . When

90-591: A reliable personality dimension. In 1975, Zuckerman commenced a series of presentations at international meetings in Europe. Zuckerman credits Hans Eysenck's work into the biological approach to personality as being inspirational, before spending a year with Hans Eysenck at the Maudsley Hospital in London. He also credits Eysenck for giving him the opportunity to work with David Fulker , and Sybil Eysenck on

120-399: Is also a Spanish version and Swedish scale designed for children, for these scales the ages range from 11 to 15 and 12 to 15 respectively. A study conducted on children using a Brief Sensation Seeking Scale for Children (BSSS-C) suggested that children high on sensation seeking would run a high risk of engaging in risky behavior at a young age. Another version of the sensation seeking scale is

150-608: Is an American clinical community psychologist and professor of social psychology at the University of Connecticut , known for his research into HIV/AIDS treatment and HIV/AIDS denialism . Kalichman is also the director of the Southeast HIV/AIDS Research & Education Project in Atlanta , Georgia, and Cape Town, South Africa , and the editor of the journal AIDS and Behavior . He is the developer of

180-634: Is in marketing and advertisement. The truth campaign is one company that uses the BSSS to try to determine whether or not students will smoke. They used a 4-question version of the BSSS to try to determine if young people who scored higher on the BSSS were also more likely to smoke. They were then also able to use people who did score higher on this scale to test anti-smoking messages before using them in advertisements. In recent years, experiments have been conducted with rats. When given cortisol, researchers saw that some rats would become more addicted and need more of

210-835: The Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (a state-trait self-report measure of anxiety, depression, and hostility). At the Institute, Zuckerman undertook research into anxiety and sensory deprivation (funded by NIMH grants) which ultimately led him to develop his well known Sensation Seeking Scale . Subsequently, in 1969, he accepted an academic position in the Department of Psychology at the University of Delaware , where he spent more than 30 years teaching and undertaking research into sensation seeking and personality. His biochemical, psychophysiological and genetic studies demonstrated that sensation seeking

240-565: The Psychobiology of Personality , and writing new books on sensation seeking and personality science, respectively. Sensation seeking is described as a personality trait construct that is defined by the search for feelings and experiences that are "varied, novel, complex and intense." Zuckerman developed the sensation seeking construct during his tenure at the University of Delaware. His sensation seeking research led him to create

270-568: The Sexual Compulsivity Scale . Kalichman completed a B.A. (Psychology) from the University of South Florida in 1983 and then a further PhD in clinical community psychology. Kalichman stated in 2009 that "While working in South Africa I became aware of the devastating effects that AIDS denial was having in that country. The former President Thabo Mbeki had enlisted AIDS denialists among his advisors and bought into

300-569: The Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS). This is one that was developed by Hoyle et al. They developed the first BSSS in 2002 to fill the need of a practical application of the Sensation Seeking Scale. The reason that the original does not work well is that it is a 40 question test while the BSSS is only 8 questions and still carries reasonable reliability and validity. The biggest commercial use for this

330-513: The SSS-IV, the SSS-VI measures the same four subfacets. There are a total of 128 items that are divided between experience scales and intentions scales, where each items falls into a 3-point Likert -type scale. The current form, Form V (SSS-V) of the Sensation Seeking Scale is the most used scale when measuring sensation seeking. This scale is a 40-item self-report that measures all four components. It

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360-511: The US, Kalichman spent a year infiltrating HIV denialist groups. He argues that denialism is often a coping strategy , and that followers are often anti-government, anti-establishment, and prone to cognitive distortions ; he says that leaders in denialism exhibit paranoid personality disorder . Kalichman developed the Sexual Compulsivity Scale which is a measure of a high libido, hypersexuality and sexual addiction. The Sexual Compulsivity Scale

390-437: The adult version, with the exception of items involving substance abuse and sexual activity. Three factors are measured in the children's scale: thrill and adventure seeking, drug and alcohol attitudes, and social disinhibition. Children aged 7 through 12 years were used to measure the reliability and validity of the scale. The scale was later changed to appropriately included items regarding substance use and sexual activity. There

420-475: The boredom susceptibility. In the same study, research found that high levels of DRD4, a dopamine receptor, was a predictor for the sensation seeking component of thrill seeking. Enhancing Zuckerman's notion that sensation seeking is a psycho-biological interaction. This scale has been used in a variety of research studies and it has been used often when researching college students. Studies include how likely students are to play drinking games, condom use during sex

450-471: The cortisol to keep the same high. When done with neurotransmitters; epinephrine, nor-epinephrine, serotonin, and 5-hydroxytryptamine there was a relationship with personality traits. Though these test are more difficult to produce in human subjects, due to ethical concerns. Research in human participants has also been done. Researchers provided either d-amphetamine or a placebo pill. Those participants, both men and women would take larger amounts, more often of

480-466: The d-amphetamine pill where ranked higher on the sensation seeking scale. This study however, did not have significant findings for the thrill seeking components in participants. Another experiment included salivary testosterone (Sal-T) taken from young men, all of whom had some certain psychological disorder including; bipolar, depression, ADHD, and addiction. Those men with higher testosterone levels also have higher levels of sensation seeking, especially

510-509: The director of the Southeast HIV/AIDS Research & Education Project in Atlanta (Georgia, USA) and Cape Town (South Africa); the editor of the journal AIDS and Behavior ; and the author of Denying AIDS: Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience, and Human Tragedy , an examination of HIV/AIDS denialism . Royalties from the book fund antiretroviral drugs for people with HIV/AIDS in Africa. He

540-402: The factors to thrill and adventure seeking, drug and alcohol attitudes and social disinhibition. Items from the Sensation Seeking Scale include: In the late 1950s, Zuckerman and colleagues conducted a study using a sensory deprivation isolation chamber and recorded participants' reactions. Reactions ranged from anxiety or boredom to hallucinations and cognitive inefficiency. A standardized test

570-465: The first sensation seeking scale was formed, SSS General Scale. Since then revisions have been made to the original scale. The SSS-II General Scale can still be used, but it does not include the four component scales that are largely measured with the more updated versions. The 22-item scale was originally developed to have a much more narrow construct validity when it came to predicting sensory deprivation responses. Experiments done using this scale showed

600-753: The genetics of sensation seeking at the Maudsley Institute in London. Zuckerman has written hundreds of highly influential research articles, book chapters, and many prominent books. He also serves on the editorial board of Personality and Individual Differences , which was founded by Hans Eysenck (Editor-in-Chief). Zuckerman retired in September 2002, aged 74 years and resided in Philadelphia where he wrote journal articles and invited book chapters for international handbooks until shortly before his death. as well as having revised his 1991 book

630-450: The idea that scientists are debating the cause of AIDS. Mbeki’s misguided AIDS policies resulted in over 330,000 senseless deaths and 35,000 babies who were needlessly infected with HIV. I was aware of the failure to offer treatment for South Africans living with HIV/AIDS and I knew that AIDS denial was to blame". Kalichman began researching denialism after reading the work of Nicoli Nattrass and after encountering further HIV denialists in

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660-551: The possibility of subfactors existing within each item. These factors are later used to form the SSS Form IV. The SSS-IV scale has 72 items that are unevenly distributed among the four factors, thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility. It also includes the SSS-II General Scale. Research on drinking, extreme sports and drugs were done using these scales. Just like

690-533: The stimulation or sensory input is not met, the person finds the experience unpleasant. Zuckerman argues that sensation seeking is one of many "core traits" that describe human personality, and is independent of other major dimensions of personality (e.g., Extraversion-Introversion, Neuroticism-Stability, and Psychoticism - as measured in the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire or EPQ-R). Seth C. Kalichman Seth C. Kalichman

720-474: Was a major biologically-based trait construct. Also, his research into augmenting/reducing of the cortical evoked potential provided a reliable model of brain functioning in high and low sensation seekers. Zuckerman spent sabbaticals with eminent colleagues Hans Eysenck, Jeffrey Gray, and Robert Plomin, in England, where factor analytic studies showed that a combination of impulsivity and sensation seeking formed

750-401: Was developed to assess tendencies toward sexual preoccupation and hyper-sexuality drawing on items of persons who self-identify as having a ‘sexual addiction’ and from sexual addictions self-help group. The scale has been shown to predict rates of sexual behaviors, numbers of sexual partners, practice of a variety of sexual behaviors, and histories of sexually transmitted diseases. Kalichman is

780-472: Was meant to shorten the test and is estimated to take about 20 minutes to complete. Each subscales is presented with 10 items and the SSS total score is used to measure sensation seeking as an overall score. The SSS was only designed with adults and late adolescent in mind, so a new scale was sought out for children. Sensation Seeking Scale for Children (SSSC) was introduced in 1991, and held a similar resemblance to

810-608: Was measured with a sensation seeking scale made by Seth C. Kalichman , and the likelihood of drug use and gambling. Marvin Zuckerman Marvin Zuckerman (March 21, 1928, in Chicago – November 8, 2018 ) was Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Delaware . Zuckerman is best known for his research into the psychobiological basis of human personality , sensory deprivation, mood state measurement, and sensation seeking . His work

840-546: Was particularly inspired by eminent research psychologists, Hans Eysenck ( 3rd most highly cited psychologist ) and Arnold Buss . Zuckerman earned his Ph.D. at New York University in 1954 in clinical psychology. He then took up a position at Norwich State Hospital in Connecticut where subsequently he was hired at the Institute for Psychiatric Research undertaking personality assessments and where he constructed

870-428: Was sought out to help predict these reactions, but at the time there was no such test. They began to construct their own scale and began with the optimal level of stimulation and optimal level of arousal theories as the bases of the scale. These two theories can be traced back to Wilhelm Wundt and Sigmund Freud . They opt to put items into a forced-choice form to avoid responses that were socially desirable and with that

900-452: Was the introduction of an experimental form with 113 items on it. In 1971, the scale was further revised to Form IV and the sensation seeking components were revised with it to include: thrill, experience, disinhibition and boredom susceptibility. This scale also had some reliability issues and the scoring and so in 1978 it was revised one more time to the current Form V. In 1993 a new scale was developed for children. The scale slightly changed

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