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37-477: A number of liberal laws, advocated by Mouzinho da Silveira had come into effect in Portugal. These included the abolition of chapels with an income of less than 200,000 reais per year, the abolition of tax on the transfer of ownership in real estate , except for sale or exchange of lands in connection with church tithes and special jurisdictions; the suppression of the distilling and wine exporting privileges of

74-558: A commemorative monument was inaugurated in Castelo de Vide, many of the cities of the country have homages to the Mouzinho da Silveira, including schools and roadways. Castelo de Vide Castelo de Vide ( European Portuguese pronunciation: [kɐʃˈtɛlu ðɨ ˈvidɨ] ) is a municipality in Portugal, with a population of 3,407 inhabitants in 2011, in an area of 264.91 square kilometres (102.28 sq mi). It

111-579: A direct part in the revolution itself, but stood out as the most capable men among those who defended it. The revolution of 9 September was one of the few in Portuguese history that began with a popular civil society movement, which only later received support from the military. Mouzinho da Silveira José Xavier Mouzinho da Silveira (12 July 1780 in Castelo de Vide – 4 April 1849 in Lisbon )

148-527: A liberal monarchy, and departed on 25 January 1832 for Terceira , from Belle-Isle . He was appointed Ministro e Secretário de Estado dos Negócios da Fazenda ( Minister and Secretary of State for Finance Affairs ) and interim Ministro dos Negócios Eclesiásticos ( Ministry of Ecclesiastical Affairs ) and Ministro da Justiça ( Minister of Justice ) in Angra on 2 March 1832. On 23 April 1832, accompanied by Peter IV, he traveled to Ponta Delgada , before departing

185-544: A limited group of the landed wealthy, which was enriched and added to its already extensive properties. Most people continued to live in poverty. The country's economy continued to be highly dependent on the United Kingdom , particularly since the 1810 treaty that allowed preferential access to the Portuguese market for British goods. Portugal continued to lack manufacturing and remained backward in comparison with many other European countries. Another cause of discontent

222-542: A reform in the judicial system. In this short span, and during the civil war, Mouzinho affirmed his position as one of the more important personalities of Liberalism in Portugal. While the tax system has evolved significantly, Mouzinho was responsible for the foundations of the Supreme Court of Justice and re-structuring of the Public Ministry. During the month of December 1832, and month of January 1833, he

259-403: Is unclear when humans settled Castelo de Vide, although archaeologists suggest the decision came from the morphology of the soil and from a territorial strategy to occupy and conquer land. The establishment of a fortification helped fix a new population to the territory and, at the same, functioned as a strategic border fortress. Castelo de Vide became its own municipality in 1276, before which it

296-655: The Sala dos Passos Perdidos , in the Palace of São Bento , Mouzinho da Silveira was homaged with an oil painting by Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro , while a comparable painting in Municipal hall of Lisbon, painted by José Rodrigues (executed in 1866) honours the politician, and in the Grão Vasco Museum ( Viseu ) a similar painting of Mouzinho by Columbano was framed. While, in the secondary centenary of his birth (1980)

333-400: The 14th century the settlement slowly expanded outside the castle walls. The southern flanks, with good southerly exposure and a gentle slope, allowed easy settlement, while the northern and western exposures expanded later due to wind and steep cliff faces. The growth of the settlement occurred along the main road leading to the castle, and followed the expansion of religious buildings outside

370-591: The Azores with an expeditionary force to Mindelo . While in the Azores, Mouzinho promulgated 24 decrees and ordinances to reform the administration of the islands’ government. He disembarked in Mindelo on 8 July, where he traveled to Porto, encircled by Miguelist forces . After their defeat, he remained in Porto, promulgating several reforms, publishing 20 decrees and ordinance. On 9 August, in complete disagreement with

407-560: The Chamber of Deputies on 15 February, and remained in this post until 1840, and continued to intervene on matters of public finances. In 1842 he became a candidate for deputy to the Alentejo, but lost by two votes. On 1 December 1844, Mouzinho was charged with elaborating a general regulation for the customs-houses. His personal finances improved in 1846, but his hopes for his son were dashed, and his personal health began to deteriorate, at

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444-551: The Chamber of Deputies, where he remained until 1836, always uncompromising in his defense of his legislation and maintaining a constant intervention in matters of the public finances. In the 1835 elections he was re-elected deputy for the Alentejo. On 16 August 1836, he refused to pledge allegiance to the 1822 Constitution, and resigned from his post as Director of Customs. He was imprisoned, and when released, he returned to exile in France. He returned to Portugal in 1839, returning to

481-654: The Companhia de Vinhos and the Alto Duero, and the establishment of a new judiciary structure, with new court circuits called "distritos de relacionamento". These reforms were significant changes aimed at putting into practice the principles of free trade and economic liberalism embraced by the government established under the Constitutional Charter of 1826 . These reforms did not meet with the expected success. The sale of national property only benefited

518-704: The Ministry of Finance in Estremoz , in addition to visiting the comarcas of Évora and Ourique , which he was unable to complete, being dispatched on 11 April to the Alfândega Grande do Açúcar ( Great Sugar Customshouse ) in Lisbon, where he began exercising his role on 15 May. From this position he was named Minister for Finances on 28 May 1823. Surviving the expulsions of the Vilafrancada , Mouzinho

555-650: The city welcomed the movement with open arms. As the representatives disembarked they were met by a giant crowd, shouting slogans in favour of the revolution and for the Constitution of 1822. Queen Maria II and the government had no means to fight the revolution, all the less since the National Guard has declared its loyalty to the movement, and relinquished power to its leaders, the Count of Linhares , Sá da Bandeira and Passos Manuel . None of these had taken

592-628: The consultative commission that substituted the Council of State, during the Regency, in the name of Queen Maria II of Portugal . On 6 June, he was also asked to join the Chamber of Deputies' Finance Commission, the council responsible for collecting funds and loans necessary to subsidize the Liberal cause. While in Paris, he was invited to accompany Peter IV during his campaign to return Portugal to

629-580: The corridors of government, Mouzinho was able to promulgate the decree of 12 June 1823, revoking the taxes and 10% special fees, which were established by law in March 1823. During the Abrilada , Mouzinho was arrested (30 April 1824), and imprisoned in the Monastery of Batalha , where he remained until 14 May, when he was liberated, along with other political prisoners. By decree, on 8 August 1825, Mouzinho

666-414: The country at the time. With his wife and child in Paris, Mouzinho attempted to reinforce his son’s education, that included languages (including German), chemistry and other sciences, which were not available in Portugal. Mouzinho also attempted to force his son into copperage, which Mouzinho had already established, but had never attained the level of income that he once had. On 7 February 1831, he joined

703-474: The death of his father, in May 1799, he assumed the head of the household, obtaining financial independence. Always frugal, Mouzinho kept copious registers of his receipts and personal expenses, including them later in his autobiography. He returned to Castelo de Vide where, between 1803 and 1804, he occupied his time with tasks associated with the family estate, especially after the death of his maternal grandmother. At

740-803: The elections of October 1826, he was elected deputy for the Alentejo , becoming part of the commission for finances, in the Chamber of Deputies, centering his parliamentary activities on material associated with taxation and management of the national heritage. Feeling the need to go into exile with the ascendancy of King Miguel , in March 1828, he requested a years sabbatical to travel, and left Lisbon on 3 April 1828, arriving in Paris on 15 April. He remained in Paris until 1832, developing studies on taxation, while maintaining an intense letter-writing exchange with friends and family in Portugal. During this period, his patrimonial situation deteriorated significantly, reflecting his absence from Portugal and economic crisis of

777-488: The end of 1804, he left for Lisbon where, until 1897, he attended the royal court, an obligation of his family’s position. He was present in Lisbon at the arrival of French troops, under the command of Junot (in November 1807), during the first French Invasion of Portugal . Having completed the obligations that had called him to Lisbon, Mouzinho da Silveira opted not to return to Castelo de Vide, where he might have joined

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814-548: The final ten years of his life, Mouzinho da Silveira retired from public life, before his untimely death. Mouzinho da Silveira was born on 12 July 1780, in Castelo de Vide , son of a wealthy rural property-owner. After learning arithmetic, Latin and Greek, he departed for Porto in October 1796, where he remained until June of the following year, taking preparatory classes for Law classes (which he registered for in October 1797). He completed his studies on 19 July 1802. Following

851-451: The general election of 17 July. The outgoing government of the Duke of Terceira won a clear majority (79 seats to 41 for the opposition), but when the opposition representatives from Oporto arrived in Lisbon on 9 September, various pamphlets and other publications had already circulated in the capital, spreading revolutionary ideas and attacking the government. For the most part, the people of

888-537: The magisterium (the legal body of Portuguese magistrates). Instead, he took office on 1 March 1809, as a juiz de fora (itinerant judge) for Marvão , where he had lived over the previous three years (preparing the defenses during the Napoleonic invasion). At the end of his mandate, he returned to Lisbon (on 15 October 1812), before once again heading out, this time for Castelo Branco , where he worked from 29 May 1813 to 22 November 1816. Returning to Lisbon, Mouzinho

925-435: The progress of public finances, particularly with loans obtained by Palmela , and harassed by his opponents, who accused him of radicalism and folly, he sought a resignation from the positions he held, which was granted on 3 December 1832 by Pedro IV. He abandoned the Ministry exactly nine months after being nominated, leaving behind 44 decrees and ordinances, that were the base of the modern Portuguese tax system, and introduced

962-468: The ravines in Vide and Nisa. At the beginning of the 16th century, toward the end of King John III 's reign, the wool industry became important in the region. This resulted in Castelo de Vide's inhabitants being referred to as Cardadores (" carders "). Castelo de Vide had 885 inhabitants in 1527, rising to 1,400 by 1572 and 1,600 by 1603; this population growth resulted from growth in agricultural production,

999-402: The stronghold's defensive conditions, including moving a well into the interior and a new line of walls protecting the citadel and houses previously outside the walls. A tower keep was constructed flush with the southern walls in order to better defend the southern passage. All these improvements proved useful during Portugal's conflicts with Castile , when siege engines were used. Throughout

1036-479: The time that his wife began residing in Paris. José Xavier Mouzinho da Silveira died in Lisbon, on 4 April 1849, after a fall on his staircase, caused when he was moving a piano, resulting in his being crushed. Starting in 1875, with erection of a monument in the parish of Margem, municipality of Gavião , sculpted by Célestin Anatole Calmels, many Portuguese community have honored this notable citizen. In

1073-488: The walls. This road bisected two sides of the hill and one side was occupied by a Jewish quarter inhabited by Jews expelled from Castile and Aragon . Written documents attest to the existence of Castelo de Vide's Jewish community and quarter throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. The 14th-century Synagogue of Castelo de Vide in Santa Maria da Devesa still stands, and despite Portugal's expulsion of Jews in 1496

1110-746: Was a Portuguese statesman, jurist and politician, as well as one of the most important personalities of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 , responsible for legislation and administrative reforms that shaped Portuguese institutions, taxation and justice in the period after the Constitutional Charter. Imprisoned after the Abrilada , he became one of the most uncompromising defenders of the Charter, remaining in exile for several years after 1828, and only returning in 1834 to defend his legislative agenda, exiling himself once again in 1836. In

1147-454: Was confirmed as Minister by decree on 31 May, but immediately fired by decree on 19 June 1823. Referring to this nomination, Mouzinho wrote: "Being administrator of the customs house, I was obligated, against my will, to be Minister of Finance on 29 May 1823, and surviving the reestablishment of the absolute monarchy, I was fired on the 15th and returned to my job in the customshouse, retaining my honors as Minister" In this short passage through

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1184-583: Was elevated to the honors of Noble Knight of the Royal Household ( Portuguese : Casa Real ). He continued to occupy positions of fiscal oversight; he was named on 12 November 1825 to the Board responsible for elaborating a general customs authority for Lisbon, and began working on the boards responsible for the revision of the 1810 treaty with the United Kingdom, and in 1825, with Brazil. In

1221-401: Was named Provedor of the comarca for Portalegre . Having arrived on 21 January 1817, he took up his post on 5 March and continued in this role until 2 January 1821. Following the Liberal Revolution of 1820 , Mouzinho da Silveira ran in the elections, although he was unsuccessful in obtaining a posting in the Chamber of Deputies. In February 1821, he was entrusted with the collections for

1258-419: Was part of Marvão . In 1299 Rui de Pina wrote that Castelo de Vide remained a weak stronghold, stating "lugar etã mais chão q forte" ( the locality is more place then strong ). Afonso Sanches, son of king Afonso III , rebuilt the fortification walls, and his brother King Denis continued the task, with work completed during the reign of King Afonso IV sometime in the 14th century. These changes improved

1295-555: Was placed in the task of obtaining funds for Liberal forces participating in the Barra de Lisboa (the city was still in the control of Miguelist forces), and developed activities in Vigo . Continuing to disagree with the condition of the public finances, he was fired from these tasks, and renominated Director of Customs. However, he left for a new period of exile in Paris on 19 March 1833. He returned to Portugal on 11 September 1834, and joined

1332-658: Was the fact that the Constitutional Charter of 1826 , granted by King Pedro IV , lacked legitimacy as it had not been passed by a constituent assembly. The Mutiny of La Granja de San Ildefonso in Spain against Queen Maria Christina in August 1836 gave Portuguese liberals further encouragement. The revolutionary movement started in Oporto , where radicals calling for the restoration of the Constitution of 1822 were returned in

1369-454: Was used by Marranos as a religious sanctuary and school until the 16th century. Today it houses a small museum dedicated to Castelo de Vide's historical Jewish community. Many of the perceptions of the town came from the 16th century drawings of Duarte d'Armas. At that time the settlement was dedicated to agriculture (cultivation of wine grapes, cotton, olives, fruits, and cereals) and raising cattle, while watermills were constructed along

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