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35-613: The word žandarmerija is a French loanword (" gendarmerie "), and is pronounced "zhandarmeriya". The Žandarmerija corps date back to the Principality of Serbia , established on June 28, 1860, and originally consisted of 120 infantrymen and 15 cavalrymen. From 15 to 17 June 1862, the Serbian Gendarmerie played a crucial role in the conflicts around the Čukur fountain in Belgrade - a little more than 100 gendarmes opposed

70-686: A Turkish force several hundred times stronger and practically saved Belgrade and Serbia. The 1884 Law on the Gendarmerie established the State Gendarmerie which was organized into detachments with one detachment in Belgrade and every district town. In 1919, the Gendarmerie became an integral part of the Royal Army of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , tasked for watching over public order and security, maintaining order and peace and ensuring

105-701: A civilian police force, such as the Israel Border Police or "Magav", which is the gendarmerie branch of the civilian Israel Police . A few forces which are no longer considered military retain the title "gendarmerie" for reasons of tradition. For instance, the French language title of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC) (i.e., Royal Gendarmerie of Canada) because this force traditionally had some military-style functions (although separate from

140-648: A force should be defined as a gendarmerie (e.g. Mexico's Federal Police , Brazil's Military Police , or the former British South Africa Police until 1980). Some historical military units, such as South West Africa 's Koevoet , were only defined as police for political reasons. In Russia , the modern National Guard (successor of the Internal Troops of Russia ) are military units with quasi-police duties but historically, different bodies within Imperial Russia 's Special Corps of Gendarmes performed

175-440: A threat to internal security, by either committing or sponsoring terrorism or rebellion , without actually declaring war . Governmental responsibility for internal security will generally rest with an interior ministry , as opposed to a defence ministry . Depending on the state, a state's internal security will be maintained by either the ordinary police or more militarised security forces (known as gendarmerie or, literally,

210-569: A variety of functions as an armed rural constabulary, urban riot control units, frontier guards, intelligence agents and political police. Prior to the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922, some policing was based on the Royal Irish Constabulary — initially an armed force located in police barracks, routinely unarmed after the 1880s when most civil unrest had subsided. Some consider this a gendarmerie, although this

245-460: Is Vidovdan (Saint Vitus). Gendarmerie A gendarmerie ( / ʒ ɒ n ˈ d ɑːr m ər i , ʒ ɒ̃ -/ ) is a military force with law enforcement duties among the civilian population. The term gendarme ( English: / ˈ ʒ ɒ n d ɑːr m / ) is derived from the medieval French expression gens d'armes , which translates to " men-at-arms " ( lit.   ' people of arms ' ). In France and some Francophone nations ,

280-532: Is common to many time periods and cultures. Being a French concept, the French Gendarmerie has been the most influential model for such an organisation. Many countries that were once under French rule and influence have a gendarmerie. Italy, Belgium , Luxembourg and Austria have had gendarmeries through Napoleonic influence for instance but, while Italy still has the Italian equivalent known as

315-767: Is more common. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) uses gendarmery as the principal spelling, whereas Merriam-Webster uses gendarmerie as the principal spelling. These forces are normally titled "gendarmerie", but gendarmeries may bear other titles, for instance the Carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza in Italy , the National Republican Guard in Portugal , the Guardia Civil in Spain ,

350-563: Is organized as independent unit in order to be able to execute every-day duties on its territory of jurisdiction although, if needed, can provide assistance to other detachments as well. The structure of the detachment is as follows: In addition to the detachments deployed throughout the country, the Gendarmery has one specialized unit: the Diving Unit of the Gendarmery ( Ronilačka jedinica Žandarmerije ), headquartered in Belgrade. It

385-461: Is tasked with conducting special actions in water-dominated environments and consists of three specialist teams: intervention team, searching team and nautical team. The following equipment is in operational use as of 2024: Since its re-establishment in 2001, the Gendarmery has had eight Commanders: The anniversary is celebrated on 28 June, in memory of the day in 1860 when the Gendarmery was established. The unit's slava or its saint's feast day

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420-675: Is tendentious as the subsequent Garda Síochána of the Irish Free State were also uniformly armed but not described as a gendarmerie. In China , after numerous reorganizations and transfers of control between the PLA and the MPS , the People's Armed Police , a gendarmerie service, was created on 19 June 1982. The establishment of the PAP highlighted the efforts to increase the professionalization of

455-835: The Royal Marechaussee in the Netherlands or Internal Troops / National Guard in Ukraine and Russia . As a result of their duties within the civilian population, gendarmeries are sometimes described as " paramilitary " rather than " military " forces (especially in the English-speaking world where policing is rarely associated with military forces) although this description rarely corresponds to their official status and capabilities. Gendarmes are very rarely deployed in military situations, except in humanitarian deployments abroad. A gendarmerie may come under

490-541: The European Gendarmerie Force . Internal security Internal security is the act of keeping peace within the borders of a sovereign state or other self-governing territories , generally by upholding the national law and defending against internal security threats. This task and role differs from border security . Responsibility for internal security may range from police to paramilitary forces, and in exceptional circumstances,

525-659: The Ivory Coast and the Republic of the Congo ) adopted a gendarmerie after independence. A similar concept exists in Eastern Europe in the form of internal troops , which are present in many countries of the former Soviet Union and its former allied countries. The word gendarme is a singular extracted from Old French gens d'armes ( pronounced [ʒɑ̃ d‿ aʁm] ), meaning " men-at-arms ". From

560-785: The Late Middle Ages to the Early Modern period, the term referred to a heavily armoured cavalryman of noble birth , primarily serving in the French army. The word gained policing connotations only during the French Revolution , when the Maréchaussée of the Ancien Régime was renamed to Gendarmerie . Historically, the spelling in English was gendarmery , but now the French spelling gendarmerie

595-771: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is referred to in French as the Gendarmerie royale du Canada (GRC). However the RCMP is a mainly civilian organisation within Public Safety Canada . It is not part of the Canadian Department of National Defence , but does have a paramilitary wing and they have been awarded the status of a regiment of dragoons, with a military battle standard displaying their battle honours following service in World War I. Those honours include Northwest Canada, South Africa, The Great War, and

630-679: The Special Police Units ( Posebna Jedinica Policije , PJP). One of its first major assignments of newly-formed Gendarmery was the capture of the suspects in the assassination of Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić . That same year, the Counter-Terrorist Unit was established within Gendarmery, but was separated in 2007 to become an independent unit within the Police. In 2005 the Persons and Infrastructure Protection Unit

665-707: The internal troops ). Other specialized internal security agencies may exist to augment these main forces, such as border guards , special police units , or aspects of the state's intelligence agencies . In some states, internal security may be the primary responsibility of a secret police force. The level of authorized force used by agencies and forces responsible for maintaining internal security might range from unarmed police to fully armed paramilitary organizations, or employ some level of less-lethal weaponry in between. For violent situations, internal security forces may contain some element of military type equipment such as non-military armored vehicles . Depending on

700-434: The military itself. Threats to the general peace may range from minor civil unrest , large scale violence , or even an armed insurgency . Threats to internal security may be directed at either the state's citizens , or the organs and infrastructure of the state itself, and may range from petty crime , serious organized crime , political or industrial unrest, or even domestic terrorism . Foreign powers may also act as

735-674: The Canadian Army), and have even been awarded battle honours and has retained its status as a regiment of dragoons . The Argentine National Gendarmerie is a military force in terms of training, identity and public perception, and was involved in combat in the Falklands War ; however, it is classified as a "security force" not an "armed force", to exercise jurisdiction over the civilian population under Argentine law. Since different countries may make different use of institutional terms such as "gendarmerie", there are cases in which

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770-601: The Carabinieri, with a second more specialized agency called Guardia di Finanza, Belgium and Austria's gendarmeries have merged with the civil police (in, respectively, 2001 and 2005). Many former French colonies, especially in Africa, also have gendarmeries. The Dutch Royal Marechaussee was created by King William I to replace the French Gendarmerie after French rule ended. The national police force of Canada,

805-505: The French gendarmerie. In comparison to civilian police forces, gendarmeries may provide a more disciplined force whose military capabilities (e.g., armoured group in France with armoured personnel carriers ) make them more capable of dealing with armed groups and with all types of violence. On the other hand, the necessity of a more stringent selection process for military service, especially in terms of physical prowess and health, restricts

840-507: The Second World War. A common gendarmerie symbol is a flaming grenade , first used as insignia by the French force. Gendarmes play an important role re-establishing law and order in conflict areas, a task which is suited to their purpose, training and capabilities. Gendarmeries are widely used for internal security and in peacekeeping operations, for instance in the former Yugoslavia and in Ivory Coast , sometimes via

875-407: The authority of a ministry of defence (e.g. Algeria , Netherlands and Poland ), a ministry of the interior (e.g. Argentina , Romania , Turkey and Ukraine ) or even both ministries at once (e.g. Chile , France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain). Generally there is some coordination between ministries of defence and the interior over the use of gendarmes. In addition, some gendarmeries can be part of

910-531: The authority of civilian police agencies. Since these are not strictly military forces, however, they are not considered gendarmerie. In France, the gendarmerie is in charge of rural areas and small towns (typically less than 10,000 inhabitants) which represent 95% of the territory and close to 50% of the population. Besides its territorial organization, it has crowd and riot control units (the Gendarmerie Mobile , along with some corresponding units in

945-644: The civilian police), counter-terrorism and hostage rescue ( GIGN , again along with some corresponding units in the civilian police), maritime surveillance, police at sea and coast guard ( Gendarmerie maritime ), control and security at airports and air traffic police ( Gendarmerie des transports aériens ), official buildings guard, honorary services and protection of the President ( Garde Républicaine ), mountain rescue ( Peloton de Gendarmerie de Haute Montagne ) and security of nuclear weapons sites. The use of military organisations to police civilian populations

980-596: The execution of the laws. The Gendarmerie was subordinated to the Minister of Military Affairs in terms of supply, discipline and military training, and in terms of use, training, maintenance of public security and gendarmerie service - to the Ministry of the Internal Affairs. After World War II gendarmery was disbanded only to be re-established more than half a century later, in 2001, after the disbandment of

1015-531: The gendarmerie is a branch of the armed forces that is responsible for internal security in parts of the territory (primarily in rural areas and small towns in the case of France), with additional duties as military police for the armed forces. It was introduced to several other Western European countries during the Napoleonic conquests . In the mid-twentieth century, a number of former French mandates and colonial possessions (such as Lebanon , Syria ,

1050-401: The nature of the specific state's form of government , enforcing internal security will generally not be carried out by a country's military forces, whose primary role is external defense, except in times of extreme unrest or other state of emergency , short of civil war . Often, military involvement in internal security is restricted to authorized military aid to the civil power as part of

1085-695: The organization of the state, internal security forces may have jurisdiction on national or federal levels. As the concept of internal security refers to the entity of the state and its citizens, persons who are threats to internal security may be designated as an enemy of the state or enemy of the people . Persons detained by internal security forces may either be dealt with by the normal criminal justice system, or for more serious crimes against internal security such as treason , they may face special measures such as secret trials . In times of extreme unrest, internal security actions may include measures such as internment (detention without trial). Depending on

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1120-413: The pool of potential recruits in comparison to those from which a civilian police force could select. The growth and expansion of gendarmerie units worldwide has been linked to an increasing reluctance by some governments to use military units typically entrusted with external defence for combating internal threats. A somewhat related phenomenon has been the formation of paramilitary units which fall under

1155-560: The security apparatus, as well as the absorption of numerous PLA demobilized personnel, in the wake of growing unrest. In 2014, the Mexican Federal Police , a heavily armed force which has many attributes of a gendarmerie, created a new seventh branch of service called the National Gendarmerie Division. The new force would initially number 5,000 personnel and was created with the assistance of

1190-527: The term may become confusing. For instance, in the French-speaking Cantons of Switzerland the "gendarmeries" are the uniformed civil police (see: Gendarmerie (Switzerland) ). In Chile, the word "gendarmerie" refers for historic reasons to the prison service (the " Chilean Gendarmerie "), while the actual gendarmerie force is called the "carabineros". In some cases, a police service's military links are ambiguous and it can be unclear whether

1225-783: Was established, to carry out close protection and technical protection tasks. In 2011 the Gendarmery was reorganized and the First Quick Response Detachment was established, consisting of the specialist companies of all Gendarmery detachments along with the Diving Center. The Gendarmery's missions include: It may also perform any duties decreed in the laws and regulations. Gendarmery is organized in four " detachments " ( odredi ), battalion-size units, each with their own territorial jurisdiction (based in Belgrade , Novi Sad , Niš , and Kraljevo ). Detachment

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