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44-738: The alphabet was initially devised by Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in 1835 during the Illyrian movement in ethnically Croatian parts of the Austrian Empire . It was largely based on Jan Hus 's Czech alphabet and was meant to serve as a unified orthography for three Croat-populated kingdoms within the Austrian Empire at the time, namely Croatia , Dalmatia and Slavonia , and their three dialect groups, Kajkavian , Chakavian and Shtokavian , which historically utilized different spelling rules. A slightly modified version of it

88-587: A Croatian linguist , politician , journalist and writer . He was one of the central figures of the pan-Slavist Illyrian movement . He was born in Krapina (then in Varaždin County , Kingdom of Croatia , Austrian Empire ) on August 8, 1809. His father Johann Gay was a German immigrant from the Kingdom of Hungary , and his mother was Juliana ( née Schmidt), the daughter of a German immigrant arriving in

132-625: A branch that moved to the village of Markušovce . Ljudevit completed high school in Varaždin , Zagreb and Karlovac , and he studied philosophy in Vienna and Graz (graduated in 1828) and law in Budapest (1829-1831). Gaj started publishing very early; his 36-page booklet on stately manors in his native district, written in his native German , appeared already in 1826 as Die Schlösser bei Krapina . In Buda in 1830 Gaj's Latin alphabet

176-610: A keyboard that has Ű next to backspace. The German " Ä " and " ß ", the Polish " Ł ", and the Croatian " Đ " are also present. The most common letters in Hungarian are e and a . The list below shows the letter frequencies for the smaller Hungarian alphabet in descending order (sample: 9620 letters). Note that some letters were omitted (notably, Dz , Dzs , Gy , Í , Ly , Ny , Ty , Ú , Ű ). The Old Hungarian script

220-438: A parallel system. Đuro Daničić suggested in his Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika ("Dictionary of Croatian or Serbian language") published in 1880 that Gaj's digraphs ⟨dž⟩ , ⟨dj⟩ , ⟨lj⟩ and ⟨nj⟩ should be replaced by single letters : ⟨ģ⟩ , ⟨đ⟩ , ⟨ļ⟩ and ⟨ń⟩ respectively. The original Gaj alphabet

264-466: A single letter and a geminate. Similar 'ambiguities', which can occur with compounds (which are highly common in Hungarian) are dissolved and collated by sense. These rules make Hungarian alphabetic ordering algorithmically difficult (one has to know the correct segmentation of a word to sort it correctly), which was a problem for computer software development. The standard Hungarian keyboard layout

308-641: A total of 211 streets in Croatia were named after Ljudevit Gaj, making him the fourth most common person eponym of streets in the country. Hungarian alphabet The Hungarian alphabet ( Hungarian : magyar ábécé , pronounced [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈaːbeːt͡seː] ) is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Hungarian language . The alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet , with several added variations of letters, consisting 44 letters. Over

352-439: Is German-based ( QWERTZ ). This layout allows direct access to every character in the Hungarian alphabet. The letter "Í" is often placed left of the space key, leaving the width of the left Shift key intact. "Ű" may be located to the left of Backspace, making that key smaller, but allowing for a larger Enter key. Ű being close to Enter often leads to it being typed instead of hitting Enter, especially when one has just switched from

396-641: Is a writing system formerly used for the Hungarian language. It was derived from the Old Turkic script . Its usage began to decline after the Kingdom of Hungary adopted the Latin alphabet. Epigraphic evidence for the use of the Old Hungarian script in medieval Hungary dates to the 10th century. At the turn of the 11th century, with the coronation of Stephen I of Hungary , Hungary became a kingdom and

440-455: Is also used in names. Other letter for this sound is Ėė (rarely). A more open variety of /ɛ/ , close to [æ] , may be denoted as Ää in the Hungarian linguistics literature. The digraph ch also exists in some words ( technika , monarchia ) and is pronounced the same as h . In names, however, it is pronounced like cs as well as like h or k (as in German) (see below). The letter Y

484-532: Is buried at Mirogoj Cemetery . The Latin alphabet used in the Serbo-Croatian language is credited to Gaj's Kratka osnova Hrvatskog pravopisa . Gaj followed the example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the Czech orthography , making one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. Following Vuk Karadžić 's reform of Cyrillic in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed

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528-769: Is mostly limited to the context of linguistics, while in mathematics, ⟨j⟩ is commonly pronounced jot , as in the German of Germany . The missing four letters are pronounced as follows: ⟨q⟩ as ku , kju , or kve ; ⟨w⟩ as duplo v , duplo ve (standard in Serbia), or dvostruko ve (standard in Croatia) (rarely also dubl ve ); ⟨x⟩ as iks ; and ⟨y⟩ as ipsilon . Digraphs ⟨ dž ⟩ , ⟨ lj ⟩ and ⟨ nj ⟩ are considered to be single letters: The Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet

572-468: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/ ). When clarity is needed, they are pronounced similar to the German alphabet : a, be, ce, če, će, de, dže, đe, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, elj, em, en, enj, o, pe, er, es, eš, te, u, ve, ze, že . These rules for pronunciation of individual letters are common as far as the 22 letters that match the ISO basic Latin alphabet are concerned. The use of others

616-798: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa, e.g. /ʃə/).: In the 1990s, there was a general confusion about the proper character encoding to use to write text in Latin Croatian on computers. The preferred character encoding for Croatian today is either the ISO 8859-2 , or the Unicode encoding UTF-8 (with two bytes or 16 bits necessary to use the letters with diacritics). However, as of 2010, one can still find programs as well as databases that use CP1250 , CP852 or even CROSCII. Digraphs ⟨dž⟩ , ⟨lj⟩ and ⟨nj⟩ in their upper case, title case and lower case forms have dedicated Unicode code points as shown in

660-399: Is no Macedonian Latin keyboard supported on most systems. For example, š becomes sh or s , and dž becomes dzh or dz . The standard Gaj's Latin alphabet keyboard layout for personal computers is as follows: Ljudevit Gaj Ljudevit Gaj ( Croatian: [ʎûdeʋit ɡâːj] ; born Ludwig Gay ; Hungarian : Gáj Lajos ; 8 August 1809 – 20 April 1872) was

704-566: Is not part of the alphabet. Each sign shown above counts as a letter in its own right in Hungarian. Some, such as the letter ⟨ó⟩ and ⟨ő⟩, are inter-filed with the letter preceding it when sorting words alphabetically, whereas others, such as ⟨ö⟩, have their own place in collation rather than also being inter-filed with ⟨o⟩. While long vowels count as different letters, long (or geminate) consonants do not. Long consonants are marked by duplication: e.g. ⟨tt⟩, ⟨gg⟩, ⟨zz⟩ ( ette 'he ate' (det.obj.), függ 'it hangs', azzal 'with that'). For

748-451: Is only used in loanwords and several digraphs (gy, ly, ny, ty), and thus in a native Hungarian word, Y never comes as the initial of a word, except in loanwords. So, for native Hungarian words, the capital Y only exists in all caps or small caps formats, such as the titles of newspapers. Old spellings (sometimes similar to German orthography) used in some Hungarian names and their corresponding pronunciation according to modern spelling include

792-563: Is used for the romanization of Macedonian . It further influenced alphabets of Romani languages that are spoken in Southeast Europe , namely Vlax and Balkan Romani . The alphabet consists of thirty upper and lower case letters: Gaj's original alphabet contained the digraph ⟨dj⟩ , which Serbian linguist Đuro Daničić later replaced with the letter ⟨đ⟩ . The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

836-589: The Czech orthography , using one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. He used diacritics and the digraphs lj and nj . The book helped Gaj achieve nationwide fame. In 1834, he succeeded where fifteen years before Đuro Matija Šporer had failed: he obtained an agreement from the royal government of the Habsburg monarchy to publish a Croatian daily newspaper. He was known as an intellectual leader thereafter. On 6 January 1835, Novine Horvatske ("The Croatian News") appeared, and on 10 January

880-654: The Latin alphabet was adopted as official script. The runic script was first mentioned in the 13th century Chronicle of Simon of Kéza , where he stated that the Székelys may use the script of the Blaks . Johannes Thuróczy wrote in the Chronica Hungarorum that the Székelys did not forget the Scythian letters and these are engraved on sticks by carving. Its usage between the 11th and 19th centuries

924-864: The Slovene Lands since the 1830s: the traditional bohoričica , named after Adam Bohorič , who codified it; the dajnčica , named after Peter Dajnko ; and the metelčica , named after Franc Serafin Metelko . The Slovene version of Gaj's alphabet differs from the Serbo-Croatian one in several ways: As in Serbo-Croatian, Slovene orthography does not make use of diacritics to mark accent in words in regular writing, but headwords in dictionaries are given with them to account for homographs . For instance, letter ⟨e⟩ can be pronounced in four ways ( /eː/ , /ɛ/ , /ɛː/ and /ə/ ), and letter ⟨v⟩ in two ( [ʋ] and [w] , though

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968-417: The smaller (or basic) and greater (or extended ) Hungarian alphabets, differing by the inclusion or exclusion of the letters Q , W , X , Y , which can only be found in foreign words and traditional orthography of names. (As for Y, however, it exists as part of four digraphs.) As an auxiliary letter sometimes Ë is used in academic documents to show different pronunciation of spoken dialects, though it

1012-445: The 11th edition of Hungarian orthography (1984). Prior to that, they were allowed to separate as two-letter combinations ⟨d⟩+⟨z⟩ and ⟨d⟩+⟨zs⟩. The pronunciation given for the following Hungarian letters is that of standard Hungarian . Form 2. ∅ 3. [x] 4. [ç] 2. /ʎ/ [n] The letter ë is not part of the Hungarian alphabet; however, linguists use this letter to distinguish between

1056-510: The 1770s. The Gajs were originally of Burgundian Huguenot origin. They arrived to the Kingdom of Hungary in Batizfalva (now Batizovce , Slovakia ) in 16th or 17th century. Thence they became serfs of Mariassy de Markusfalva and Batizfalva families in 18th century. As there were a lot of ethnic Germans in that area, the Gajs were soon Germanised. Ljudevit's father originates from

1100-472: The 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet it has five letters with an acute accent , two letters with an umlaut , two letters with a double acute accent , eight letters made up of two characters , and one letter made up of three characters . In some other languages, characters with diacritical marks would be considered variations of the base letter, however in Hungarian, these characters are considered letters in their own right. One sometimes speaks of

1144-568: The Croatian-Slavonic orthography"), which was the first common Croatian orthography book. It was not the first ever Croatian orthography work, as it was preceded by works of Rajmund Đamanjić (1639), Ignjat Đurđević and Pavao Ritter Vitezović . Croats had previously used the Latin script, but some of the specific sounds were not uniformly represented. Versions of the Hungarian alphabet were most commonly used, but others were too, in an often confused, inconsistent fashion. Gaj followed

1188-421: The alphabet are used to represent the equivalent Cyrillic letters. Also, Macedonian uses the letter dz , which is not part of the Serbo-Croatian phonemic inventory. As per the orthography, both lj and ĺ are accepted as romanisations of љ and both nj and ń for њ. For informal purposes, like texting, most Macedonian speakers will omit the diacritics or use a digraph- and trigraph-based system for ease as there

1232-428: The di- and tri-graphs a simplification rule normally applies (but not when the compound is split at the end of a line of text due to hyphenation), only the first letter being duplicated, e.g. An exception is made at the joining points of compound words , for example: je gygy űrű 'engagement ring' ( jegy + gyűrű ) rather than * jeggyűrű . Hyphenation of individual letters ⟨Dz⟩ and ⟨dzs⟩ were changed in

1276-407: The difference is not phonemic ). Also, it does not reflect consonant voicing assimilation: compare e.g. Slovene ⟨odpad⟩ and Serbo-Croatian ⟨otpad⟩ ('junkyard', 'waste'). Romanization of Macedonian is done according to Gaj's Latin alphabet with slight modification. Gaj's ć and đ are not used at all, with ḱ and ǵ introduced instead. The rest of the letters of

1320-516: The example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the Czech orthography , making one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. Following Vuk Karadžić 's reform of Cyrillic in the early nineteenth century, in the 1830s Ljudevit Gaj did the same for latinica , using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies, resulting in

1364-405: The following: On áá : Generally, y in historic spellings of names formed with the -i affix (not to be confused with a possessive -i- of plural objects, as in szava i !) can exist after many other letters (e.g.: Tele k y , Rákó cz y , Dé zs y ). Here are listed only examples which can be easily misread because of such spelling. Examples: In early editions the article a/az

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1408-589: The literary supplement Danicza horvatzka, slavonzka y dalmatinzka ("The Croatian, Slavonian , and Dalmatian Daystar"). The "Novine Horvatske" were printed in Kajkavian dialect until the end of that year, while "Danic[z]a" was printed in Shtokavian dialect along with Kajkavian. In early 1836, the publications' names were changed to Ilirske narodne novine ("The Illyrian People's News") and Danica ilirska ("The Illyrian Morning Star"), respectively. This

1452-485: The presence of an accent, the one without the accent is put before the other one. (The situation is the same for lower and upper-case letters: in alphabetical ordering, varga is followed by Varga .) The polygraphic consonant signs are treated as single letters. The simplified geminates of multigraphs (see above) such as <nny>, <ssz> are collated as <ny>+<ny>, <sz>+<sz> etc., if they are double geminates, rather than co-occurrences of

1496-613: The same operation on the Latin script , using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one symbol correlation between Cyrillic and Latin as applied to the Serbian or Croatian parallel system. The Slovenian alphabet , introduced in the mid-1840s, is also a variation of Gaj's Latin alphabet , from which it differs by the lack of the letters ć and đ. Gaj married 26-year-old Paulina Krizmanić , niece of an abbott, in 1842 at Marija Bistrica . They had five children: daughter Ljuboslava, and sons Velimir, Svetoslav, Milivoje, and Bogdan. In 2008,

1540-517: The second (and third) character as well. Thus ("The Rules of Hungarian Orthography", a book edited by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences ): While the characters with diacritical marks are considered separate letters, vowels that differ only in length are treated the same when ordering words. Therefore, for example, the pairs O/Ó and Ö/Ő are not distinguished in ordering, but Ö follows O. In cases where two words are differentiated solely by

1584-424: The table below, However, these are included chiefly for backwards compatibility with legacy encodings which kept a one-to-one correspondence with Cyrillic; modern texts use a sequence of characters. Since the early 1840s, Gaj's alphabet was increasingly used for Slovene . In the beginning, it was most commonly used by Slovene authors who treated Slovene as a variant of Serbo-Croatian (such as Stanko Vraz ), but it

1628-407: The two kinds of short e sounds of some dialects. This letter was first used in 1770 by György Kalmár, but has never officially been part of the Hungarian alphabet, as the standard Hungarian language does not distinguish between these two sounds. However, the ë sound is pronounced differently from the e sound in 6 out of the 10 Hungarian dialects and the sound is pronounced as ö in 1 dialect. It

1672-469: Was because historians at the time hypothesised Illyrians had been Slavic and were the direct forefathers of the present-day South Slavs . In addition to his intellectual work, Gaj was also a poet. His most popular poem was " Još Hrvatska ni propala " ("Croatia is not in ruin yet"), which was written in 1833. Gaj died in Zagreb , Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , Austria-Hungary , in 1872 at the age of 62. He

1716-693: Was eventually revised, but only the digraph ⟨dj⟩ has been replaced with Daničić's ⟨đ⟩ , while ⟨dž⟩ , ⟨lj⟩ and ⟨nj⟩ have been kept. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of Gaj's Latin alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

1760-586: Was later accepted by a large spectrum of Slovene-writing authors. The breakthrough came in 1845, when the Slovene conservative leader Janez Bleiweis started using Gaj's script in his journal Kmetijske in rokodelske novice ("Agricultural and Artisan News"), which was read by a wide public in the countryside. By 1850, Gaj's alphabet (known as gajica in Slovene) became the only official Slovene alphabet , replacing three other writing systems that had circulated in

1804-512: Was later adopted as the formal Latin writing system for the unified Serbo-Croatian standard language per the Vienna Literary Agreement . It served as one of the official scripts in the unified South Slavic state of Yugoslavia alongside Vuk's Cyrillic alphabet . A slightly reduced version is used as the alphabet for Slovene , and a slightly expanded version is used for modern standard Montenegrin. A modified version

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1848-458: Was mostly designed by Ljudevit Gaj , who modelled it after Czech (č, ž, š) and Polish (ć), and invented ⟨lj⟩ , ⟨nj⟩ and ⟨dž⟩ , according to similar solutions in Hungarian (ly, ny and dzs, although dž combinations exist also in Czech and Polish). In 1830 in Buda , he published the book Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskog pravopisanja ("Brief basics of

1892-473: Was published via "Concise Basis for a Croatian-Slavonic Orthography", which was the first common Croatian orthography book (after the works of Ignjat Đurđević and Pavao Ritter Vitezović ). The book was printed bilingually, in Croatian and German . The Croatians used the Latin alphabet , but some of the specific sounds were not uniformly represented. Gaj followed the example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and

1936-444: Was written according to the following rules: The abbreviated form of the conjunction és (and), which is always written today as s , was likely to be written with an apostrophe before — ’s (e.g. föld ’s nép ). The di- and the trigraphs are capitalised in names and at the beginning of sentences by capitalising the first glyph of them only. In abbreviations and when writing with all capital letters, however, one capitalises

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