First Serbian Uprising
72-402: Hadži-Prodan's rebellion Second Serbian Uprising First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813) [REDACTED] Revolutionary Serbia Supported by: [REDACTED] Russian Empire (1807–12) Second Serbian Uprising (1815–1817) [REDACTED] Serbian rebels Second Serbian Uprising : The Serbian Revolution ( Serbian : Српска револуција / Srpska revolucija )
144-651: A vassal state , semi-independent but nominally responsible to the Porte. In mid-1815, the first negotiations began between Obrenović and Marashli Ali Pasha, the Ottoman governor. The result was acknowledgment of a Serbian Principality by the Ottoman Empire. Although a vassal state of the Porte (yearly tax tribute), it was, in most respects, an independent state. By 1817, Obrenović succeeded in forcing Marashli Ali Pasha to negotiate an unwritten agreement, thus ending
216-811: A blockade of the Adriatic Sea after the signing of the Treaty of Tilsit (July 1807), which brought merchant shipping to a standstill, a measure which seriously affected the economy of the Dalmatian port cities. An attempt by joint Franco-Italian force to seize the British-held Dalmatian island of Vis (Lissa) failed on 22 October 1810. In August 1813, the Austrian Empire again declared war on France. Austrian troops led by generals Christoph von Lattermann and Franz Tomassich invaded
288-447: A ceasefire. The later period (1817–1835) witnessed a peaceful consolidation of political power of the increasingly autonomous Serbia, culminating in the recognition of the right to hereditary rule by Serbian princes in 1830 and 1833 and the territorial expansion of the young monarchy. The adoption of the first written Constitution in 1835 abolished feudalism and serfdom , and made the country suzerain . The term Serbian Revolution
360-604: A general massacre of knezes. Secondly, they learned that Karađorđe was planning to return from exile in Russia. The anti-Karađorđe faction, including Miloš Obrenović, was anxious to forestall Karađorđe and keep him out of power. Fighting resumed at Easter in 1815, and Miloš became supreme leader of the new revolt. When the Ottomans discovered this they sentenced all of its leaders to death. The Serbs fought in battles at Ljubic, Čačak, Palez, Požarevac and Dublje and managed to reconquer
432-501: A governor-general, introduced civil law (the Napoleonic Code civil ) across the provinces. The seat of the governor-general was at Laybach. The governors-general were: The population (1811) was given at 460,116 for the intendancy of Ljubljana, 381,000 for the intendancy of Karlovac, 357,857 for the intendancy of Trieste and 305,285 for the intendancy of Zara, in total 1,504,258 for all of Illyria. A French decree emancipated
504-541: A gradual but effective reduction of Turkish power and Serbian institutions inevitably filled the vacuum. Despite opposition from the Porte, Miloš created the Serbian army , transferred properties to the young Serbian bourgeoisie and passed the "homestead laws" which protected peasants from usurers and bankruptcies. New school curriculum and the re-establishment of the Serbian Orthodox Church reflected
576-624: A major social break with the past. The rule of Miloš Obrenović consolidated the achievements of the Uprisings, leading to the proclamation of the first constitution in the Balkans and the establishment of the first Serbian institution of higher learning still in existence, the Great Academy of Belgrade (1808). In 1830 and again in 1833, Serbia was recognized as an autonomous principality, with hereditary princes paying annual tribute to
648-760: A move known as the Slaughter of the Knezes . According to historical sources of the city of Valjevo , the heads of the murdered men were put on public display in the central square to serve as an example to those who might plot against the rule of the Janissaries. The event triggered the start of the Serbian Revolution with the First Serbian Uprising aimed at putting an end to the 370 years of Ottoman occupation of modern Serbia. During
720-658: A stop in Ljubljana on April 28, 1797. Upon the 1805 Battle of Austerlitz and the Peace of Pressburg , French troops once again occupied parts of Slovene territory. Supply of the French troops and steep war dues were a huge burden for the population of the occupied territories. The foundation of the provincial brigades in June 1808 and extensive preparations for the new war did not stop Napoleon's Grande Armée , which completely defeated
792-893: The Austrian troops at the Battle of Wagram on July 6, 1809. After the Austrian defeat, the Illyrian Provinces were created by the Treaty of Schönbrunn on 14 October 1809, when the Austrian Empire ceded the territories of western ("Upper") Carinthia with Lienz in the East Tyrol , Carniola , Gorizia and Gradisca , the Imperial Free City of Trieste , the March of Istria , and the Croatian lands southwest of
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#1732765627447864-506: The Battle of Tarvis in March 1797, led by General Napoleon Bonaparte . The occupation caused huge civil disturbances. The French troops under the command of General Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte tried to calm the worried population by issuing special public notices that were published also in Slovene . During the withdrawal of the French army, the commanding general Bonaparte and his escort made
936-535: The Code Napoléon throughout the area and led a vast infrastructural expansion. During 1810, the French authorities established the Écoles centrales in Croatia and Slovenia. Although the respective states were allowed to speak and work in their native languages, French was designated as the official language and much of the federal administration was conducted as such. French rule contributed significantly to
1008-549: The First French Empire that existed under Napoleonic Rule from 1809 to 1814. The province encompassed large parts of modern Italy and Croatia , extending their reach further east through Slovenia , Montenegro , and Austria . Its capital was Ljubljana ( German : Laybach, Laibach ). It encompassed six départements , making it a relatively large portion of territorial France at the time. Parts of Croatia were split up into Civil Croatia and Military Croatia,
1080-532: The First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813), Serbia perceived itself as an independent state for the first time after 300 years of Ottoman and short-lasting Austrian occupations. Encouraged by the Russian Empire, the demands for self-government within the Ottoman Empire in 1804 evolved into a war of independence by 1807. Combining patriarchal peasant democracy with modern national goals the Serbian revolution
1152-636: The Hatt-i Sharif (1830), formally recognized the Principality of Serbia as a vassal state with Miloš Obrenović I as its hereditary Prince. Revolutionary Serbia Revolutionary Serbia ( Serbian : Устаничка Србија / Ustanička Srbija ), or Karađorđe 's Serbia ( Serbian : Карађорђева Србија / Karađorđeva Srbija ), refers to the state established by the Serbian revolutionaries in Ottoman Serbia ( Sanjak of Smederevo ) after
1224-643: The Illyrian provinces and elsewhere, while the Ottoman Serbs were still subjects to a religion-based tax that treated them as second class citizens. During the Austrian occupation of Serbia (1788–91), many Serbs served as soldiers and officers in Habsburg armies, where they acquired knowledge about military tactics, organization and weapons. Others were employed in administrative offices in Hungary or in
1296-710: The Jews ; in effect the decree abolished a Habsburg regulation which had forbidden Jews to settle within Carniola. Despite the fact that not all French laws applied to the territory of the Illyrian Provinces, Illyrian offices were accountable to ministries in Paris and to the Higher Court of Paris. Inhabitants of the Illyrian Provinces had Illyrian nationality. Initially the official languages were French, Italian and German, but in 1811 Croatian and Slovenian were further added,
1368-490: The Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea and expanding his empire east. Bonaparte installed four governors to disseminate French bureaucracy, culture, and language. The most famous and influential governor was Auguste de Marmont , who undertook the bulk of Bonaparte's bidding in the area. Marmont was succeeded by Henri Gatien Bertrand (1811–12), Jean-Andoche Junot (1812–13), and Joseph Fouché (1813–14). Marmont pushed
1440-586: The Pashaluk of Belgrade . Miloš advocated a policy of restraint : captured Ottoman soldiers were not killed and civilians were released. His announced goal was not independence but an end to abusive misrule. Wider European events now helped the Serbian cause. Political and diplomatic means in negotiations between the Prince of Serbia and the Ottoman Porte , instead of further war clashes coincided with
1512-737: The Porte . Finally, de facto independence came in 1867, with the withdrawal of Ottoman garrisons from the principality; de jure independence was formally recognized at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. New circumstances, such as the Austrian occupation of Serbia , rise of the Serbian elite across the Danube , Napoleon's conquests in the Balkans , and reforms in the Russian Empire, exposed Serbs to new ideas. They could now clearly compare how their compatriots made progress in Christian Austria,
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#17327656274471584-503: The Principality of Serbia , as it gained semi-independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1817. Between July and October 1806 Petar Ičko , an Ottoman dragoman (translator-diplomat) and representative of the Serbian rebels, negotiated a peace treaty known in historiography as " Ičko's Peace ". Ičko had been sent to Constantinople twice in the latter half of 1806 to negotiate peace. The Ottomans seemed ready to grant Serbia autonomy following rebel victories in 1805 and 1806, also pressured by
1656-602: The Russian Empire , which had taken Moldavia and Wallachia ; they agreed to a sort of autonomy and clearer stipulation of taxes in January 1807, by which time the rebels had already taken Belgrade . The rebels rejected the treaty and sought Russian aid to their independence, while the Ottomans had declared war on Russia in December 1806. A Russo-Serbian alliance treaty was signed on 10 June 1807. On 10 July 1807,
1728-544: The Second Serbian uprising . The same year, Karađorđe, the leader of the First Uprising (and Obrenović's rival for the throne) returned to Serbia and was assassinated by Obrenović's orders; Obrenović subsequently received the title of Prince of Serbia . During the intermezzo period ("virtual autonomy" – the negotiation process between Belgrade and Constantinople 1817–1830) Prince Miloš Obrenović I secured
1800-531: The abolition of all Serbian institutions and the return of Ottoman Turks to Serbia. Despite losing the battle, tensions nevertheless persisted. In 1814 an unsuccessful Hadži Prodan's revolt was launched by Hadži Prodan Gligorijević, one of the veterans of the First Serbian Uprising. He knew the Turks would arrest him, so he decided to resist them. Miloš Obrenović, another veteran, felt the time
1872-521: The freedom of religion and formal, written rule of law , both of which the Ottoman Empire had failed to provide. It also called on Serbs to stop paying taxes to the Porte , deemed unfair as based on religious affiliation. Apart from dispensing with poll tax on non-Muslims ( jizya ), the revolutionaries also abolished all feudal obligations in 1806, only 15 years after the French Revolution , peasant and serf emancipation thus representing
1944-491: The Danube). Another role model was the Russian Empire, the only independent Slavic and Orthodox country, which had recently reformed itself and was now a serious menace to the Turks. The Russian experience implied hope for Serbia. Other Serbian thinkers found strengths in the Serbian nation itself. Two top Serbian scholars were influenced by Western learning to turn their attention to Serbia's own language and literature. One
2016-432: The French on Croatian and Slovene territories reflects also in the surnames and house names of French origin, in frescoes, and other paintings depicting French soldiers as well as in rich immovable cultural heritage (roads, bridges, fountains). In 1929, a national ceremony was held in Ljubljana during which a monument was erected to Napoleon and Illyria at French Revolution Square. It was filmed by Janko Ravnik . One of
2088-597: The Illyrian Provinces, while the Treaty of Paris (30 May 1814) formally reduced French territory to the 1792 borders. The appearance of Austrian forces in the Bay of Kotor region caused the Prince-Bishop of Montenegro to turn over the territory to Austrian administration on 11 June. The British withdrew from the Dalmatian islands as the final part of the handover of these islands to their Austrian allies in July 1815, following
2160-414: The Illyrian Provinces. Lattermann operated in northern parts, while Tomassich invaded Dalmatia. The strategic port of Trieste was taken on 29 October. Croat troops enrolled in the French army switched sides. Zara (now called Zadar ) surrendered to Austrian and British forces after a 34-day siege on 6 December 1813. In the regions of Dubrovnik and Kotor local insurrections forced the French to retreat into
2232-543: The Illyrian provinces saw an administrative reorganization, when the country was divided initially in four – Laybach (Ljubljana), Karlstadt (Karlovac), Trieste (Trst), Zara (Zadar) – on 15 April in seven provinces ( intendances , similar to French départements ). Each province was further subdivided into districts , and these into cantons . A province ( intendancy ) was governed by a provincial intendant, districts were administered by subdelegates (each district capital that
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2304-597: The Illyrian provinces. Proclamations were published in the provinces' official newspaper, the Official Telegraph of the Illyrian Provinces ( Télégraphe officiel des Provinces Illyriennes ). The newspaper was established by Marmont. In 1813, the French author Charles Nodier worked in Ljubljana as the last editor of the journal, significantly renovated it, and published it in French, Italian, and German. The "French gift" of letting Slovene be used at school
2376-512: The Ottomans in October 1813, Belgrade became a scene of brutal revenge, with hundreds of its citizens massacred and thousands sold into slavery as far as Asia. After the Pashalik of Belgrade fell back to the Ottoman rule, various acts of violence and confiscation of people's properties took place. Islamized Serbs and Albanians especially took part in such actions. Direct Ottoman rule also meant
2448-655: The Russians over autonomy under the Ottomans (as set by the " Ičko's Peace "). Karađorđe was to receive arms, and military and medical missions, which proved to be a turning point in the Serbian Revolution . Rule was divided between Grand Vožd Karađorđe, the Narodna Skupština (People's Assembly) and the Praviteljstvujušči Sovjet (Governing Council), established in 1805. The Governing Council
2520-572: The Serbian national interest. Unlike the Serbian medieval tradition , Prince Miloš separated education from religion, on the grounds that he could oppose the Church through independent education ( secularism ) more easily. By that time the Great Academy in Belgrade had been in operation for decades (since 1808). The Akkerman Convention (1828), the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) and finally,
2592-527: The Serbian rebels under Karađorđe signed an alliance with the Russian Empire during the First Serbian Uprising . After the Ottoman Empire had allied itself with Napoleon 's France in late 1806, and was subsequently at war with Russia and Britain , it sought to meet the demands of the Serbian rebels. At the same time, the Russians offered the Serbs aid and cooperation. The Serbs chose alliance with
2664-449: The administration, the economy, army supply, order and peace, judiciary, and foreign policy. In 1811, the government system was reorganized, with the formation of ministries ( popečiteljstva ) instead of nahija -representatives. 44°48′39″N 20°27′45″E / 44.81083°N 20.46250°E / 44.81083; 20.46250 Illyrian provinces The Illyrian Provinces were an autonomous province of France during
2736-399: The beginning of the 20th century, when liberal Croatian and Slovene intellectuals began to praise the French for liberation from Austrian rule. It could also be established today that the short period of the Illyrian Provinces marked the beginning of an enhanced awareness of the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity. The Congress of Vienna confirmed Austria in the possession of
2808-485: The capital of Serbia . Serbs responded to Ottoman brutalities by establishing separate institutions: Governing Council (Praviteljstvujušči Sovjet), the Great Academy (Velika škola), the Theological Academy (Bogoslovija) and other administrative bodies. Karađorđe and other revolutionary leaders sent their children to the Great Academy, which had among its students Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787–1864),
2880-590: The charter of the University of Ljubljana). They established the first botanic garden at the city's edge, redesigned the streets and made vaccination of children obligatory. At Karlovac, the headquarters of the Croatian military, a special French-language military school was established in 1811. The linguist Jernej Kopitar and the poet Valentin Vodnik succeeded in instructing the authorities at that time that
2952-609: The cities. Insurrection in the Bay of Kotor region was aided by Montenegrin forces. Arrival of British naval forces led to the siege of Kotor, forcing French garrison to surrender on 3 January 1814. In the region of Dubrovnik, a provisional Ragusan administration was established, hoping for the restoration of the Republic. After the Siege of Dubrovnik , the French garrison surrendered on 27 January 1814, thus effectively ending French rule in
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3024-558: The conclusion of the Battle of Waterloo . The capital was established at Laybach , i.e. Ljubljana in modern Slovenia . According to Napoleon's Decree on the Organization of Illyria ( Decret sur l'organisation de l'Illyrie ), issued on April 15, 1811, the Central Government of the Illyrian Provinces ( Gouvernement general des provinces d'Illyrie ) in Ljubljana consisted of the governor-general ( gouverneur-général ),
3096-556: The emperor or the governor-general, depending on their relevance and/or size of the subdivision unit in which they served. List of provinces ( intendances ) and districts: Two Chambers of Commerce were established, at Trieste and at Ragusa. The ecclesiastical administration was reorganized in accordance with the new political borders; two archdioceses were established with seats at Ljubljana and Zara , with suffragan dioceses at Gorizia , Capodistria , Sebenico , Spalato and Ragusa (1811). The French administration, headed by
3168-470: The first Minister of Education of modern Serbia (1805). The second figure was Vuk Karadžić (1787). Vuk was less influenced by Enlightenment rationalism like Dositej Obradović and more by Romanticism , which romanticized rural and peasant communities. Vuk collected and published Serbian epic poetry, work that helped to build Serbian awareness of a common identity based in shared customs and shared history. This kind of linguistic and cultural self-awareness
3240-547: The first Minister of Education of Serbia in 1811. Following the Treaty of Bucharest (May 1812) and French invasion of Russia in June 1812, the Russian Empire withdrew its support for the Serb rebels; unwilling to accept anything less than independence , a quarter of Serbia's population (at the moment around 100,000 people) were exiled into Habsburg Empire, including the leader of the Uprising, Karađorđe Petrović . Recaptured by
3312-543: The former Illyrian Provinces. In 1816 they were reconstituted without Dalmatia and Croatia, yet now with all of Carinthia, as a Kingdom of Illyria , which was formally abolished only in 1849, even though the civil administration of the Croatian districts had already been placed under Hungarian administration in 1822. The memory of the French and of the Emperor Napoleon is embedded in Croatian and Slovene traditions, in their folk art and folk songs. The presence of
3384-608: The former served as a residential space for French immigrants and Croatian inhabitants and the latter as a military base to check the Ottoman Empire . In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded the region with his Grande Armée after key wins during the War of the Fifth Coalition forced the Austrian Empire to cede parts of its territory. Integrating the land into France was Bonaparte's way of controlling Austria's access to
3456-427: The general intendant of finance ( intendant général des finances ) and the commissioner of the judiciary ( commissaire de justice ). With two judges of the Appellate Court in Ljubljana they formed the Minor Council ( Petit conseil ) as the supreme judicial and administrative authority of the Provinces. The area initially consisted of eleven departments , though the subdivision was never completely enacted: In 1811,
3528-460: The inhabitants of the Illyrian Provinces with the achievements of the French Revolution and with contemporary bourgeois society . They introduced equality before the law, compulsory military service and a uniform tax system, and also abolished certain tax privileges, introduced modern administration, separated powers between the state and the church (the introduction of the civil wedding , keeping civil registration of births etc.), and nationalized
3600-476: The judiciary. French presence in this region saw to a diffusion of French culture and the creation of the Illyrian Movement . The name "Illyrian" was probably suggested to Napoleon by Auguste de Marmont, who was influenced by the civic and revolutionary intelligentsia in Dalmatia, Dubrovnik and Carinthia, and wanted to use it to support the sense of commonality of the peoples living in the Provinces, which went beyond Napoleon's basic geostrategic rationale to form
3672-406: The judiciary. The occupants made all the citizens theoretically equal under the law for the first time. The French also founded a university ( École centrale ) in 1810 (which was disbanded in 1813, when Austria regained control, but whose Basic Decree of 4 July 1810, which ordered the reorganization of the former Austrian lycees in Ljubljana and Zara into écoles centrales , is now considered
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#17327656274473744-464: The language of the inhabitants living in the present-day Slovenian part of the Illyrian Provinces was actually Slovene . Although at the time of the Illyrian Provinces the educational reform did not come to life to its fullest ability, it was nevertheless of considerable social significance. The plan for reorganisation of the school system provided for education in elementary and secondary schools in Slovene in Slovenian areas. There were 25 gymnasia in
3816-416: The latter becoming official for the first time in history. Among the main changes the French empire brought were the overhaul of administration, the changing of the schooling system – creating universities and making Slovene a learning language – and the usage of the Napoleonic Code and the Penal Code . Although the French did not entirely abolish the feudal system , their rule familiarized in more detail
3888-441: The murdered Serbian nobles were put on public display in the central square to serve as an example to those who might plot against Ottoman rule. The event triggered the start of the Serbian Revolution aimed at putting an end to the 370 years of Ottoman occupation. The first part of the period, from 1804 to 1817, was marked by a violent struggle for independence from the Ottoman Empire with two armed uprisings taking place, ending with
3960-439: The national revolution of the Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, which erupted shortly after the brutal annexation of the country to the Ottoman Empire and the failed Hadži Prodan's revolt. The revolutionary council proclaimed an uprising in Takovo on April 23, 1815, with Miloš Obrenović chosen as the leader (while Karađorđe was still in exile in Austria). The decision of the Serb leaders was based on two reasons. First, they feared
4032-451: The occupied zone. They began to travel in search of trade and education, and were exposed to European ideas about secular society , politics, law and philosophy, including both rationalism and Romanticism . They met with the values of the French Revolution , which would affect many Serbian merchants and educated people. There was an active Serbian community in the southern Habsburg Empire , from where ideas made their way southwards (across
4104-404: The political rules within the framework of Metternich 's Europe. Prince Miloš Obrenović , an astute politician and able diplomat , in order to confirm his hard won loyalty to the Porte in 1817 ordered the assassination of Karađorđe Petrović . The final defeat of Napoleon in 1815 raised Turkish fears that Russia might again intervene in the Balkans . To avoid this the sultan agreed to make Serbia
4176-412: The provinces even after the Austrian Empire recovered the area in 1813-1814. Napoleon introduced a greater national self-confidence and awareness of freedoms, as well as numerous political reforms. He introduced equality before the law, compulsory military service for men, a uniform tax system, abolished certain tax privileges, introduced modern administration, separated church and state and nationalized
4248-412: The provinces, though historians have discussed the extents of the influence of historical ideas of Illyrism both in France and locally, as well as a Neoclassicist allusion to the ancient names of the Dalmatian coast, known as Illyria in antiquity and Illyricum during the Roman era . The Slovene Lands , ruled by the Habsburg monarchy , were first occupied by the French Revolutionary Army after
4320-419: The realization of the idea of Slovene as a teaching language possible. Although French rule in the Illyrian Provinces was short-lived and did not enjoy great popular support, it significantly contributed to greater national self-confidence and awareness of freedoms, especially in the Slovene lands. The opinion of Napoleon 's rule and the Illyrian Provinces changed significantly at the end of the 19th century and
4392-400: The reformer of the Serbian alphabet . Belgrade was repopulated by local military leaders, merchants and craftsmen, but also by an important group of enlightened Serbs from the Habsburg Empire who gave a new cultural and political framework to the egalitarian peasant society of Serbia. Dositej Obradović , a prominent figure of the Serbian Enlightenment , the founder of the Great Academy, became
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#17327656274474464-455: The river Sava to the French Empire . These territories lying north and east of the Adriatic Sea were amalgamated with the former Venetian territories of Dalmatia and Istria , annexed by Austria in the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio , and the former Republic of Ragusa , which all had just been adjudicated to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1805 and 1808, into the Illyrian Provinces, technically part of France. The Royal Navy imposed
4536-406: The start of the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire in 1804. The Sublime Porte first officially recognized the state as autonomous in January 1807, however, the Serbian revolutionaries rejected the treaty and continued fighting the Ottomans until 1813. Although the first uprising was crushed, it was followed by the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815, which resulted in the creation of
4608-578: Was Dositej Obradović (1743), a former priest who left for Western Europe. Disappointed that his people had so little secular literature which was mainly written not in the vernacular but either in Old Church Slavonic or in newly emerging Russo-Serbian hybrid language called Slavo-Serbian , he decided to bring written language closer to vernacular Serbian language common people spoke and thus assembled grammars and dictionaries, wrote some books himself and translated others. Others followed his lead and revived tales of Serbia's medieval glory . He later became
4680-402: Was a national uprising and constitutional change in Serbia that took place between 1804 and 1835, during which this territory evolved from an Ottoman province into a rebel territory , a constitutional monarchy , and modern Serbia. In 1804, the Ottoman Janissary decided to execute all prominent nobles throughout Central Serbia, a move known as the Slaughter of the Knezes . The heads of
4752-416: Was a central feature of German nationalism in this period, and Serbian intellectuals now applied the same ideas to the Balkans. In 1804, the Janissary that ruled Serbia at the time, having taken power in the Sanjak of Smederevo in defiance of the Sultan, feared that the Sultan would make use of the Serbs to oust them. To forestall this they decided to execute all prominent nobles throughout Central Serbia,
4824-427: Was attracting thousands of volunteers among the Serbs from across the Balkans and Central Europe. The Serbian Revolution ultimately became a symbol of the nation-building process in Southeast Europe , provoking peasant unrest among the Christians in both Greece and Bulgaria . Following a successful siege with 25,000 men, on 8 January 1807 the charismatic leader of the revolt, Karađorđe Petrović , proclaimed Belgrade
4896-414: Was coined by a German academic historiographer, Leopold von Ranke , in his book Die Serbische Revolution , published in 1829. These events marked the foundation of modern Serbia . The period is further divided as follows: The Proclamation (1809) by Karađorđe in the capital Belgrade represents the probable peak of the first phase. It called for national unity, drawing on Serbian history to demand
4968-409: Was established by recommendation of the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Czartoryski and on the proposal of some of the voivodes ( Jakov and Matija Nenadović , Milan Obrenović , Sima Marković ). The idea of Boža Grujović, the first secretary, and Matija Nenadović, the first president, was that the council would become the government of the new Serbian state. It had to organize and supervise
5040-404: Was not a province capital had a subdelegation with a subdelegate, similar to French subprefect ) and in cantons justices of the peace had their seats. Municipalities – with municipal council, mayor and deputy mayors in larger municipalities; or council, municipality president-syndic and deputy president-deputy syndic – were units of local government. All officials and councillors were appointed by
5112-412: Was not right for an uprising and did not provide assistance. Hadži Prodan's Uprising soon failed and he fled to Austria. After a riot at a Turkish estate in 1814, the Turkish authorities massacred the local population and publicly impaled 200 prisoners at Belgrade. By March 1815, Serbs had held several meetings and decided upon a new revolt. The Second Serbian Uprising (1815–1817) was a second phase of
5184-481: Was one of the most important reforms and it won the sympathy of members of the so-called "Slovene National Awakening Movement". Marmont's school reform introduced, in the fall of 1810, a uniform four-year primary school and an extended network of lower and upper gymnasiums and crafts schools. Valentin Vodnik , author of the poem "Illyria Arise", wrote numerous school books for primary schools and lower gymnasiums; since textbooks (and teachers) were scarce, these books made
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