69-523: A service provider ( SP ) is an organization that provides services, such as consulting, legal, real estate, communications, storage, and processing services, to other organizations. Although a service provider can be a sub-unit of the organization that it serves, it is usually a third-party or outsourced supplier. Examples include telecommunications service providers (TSPs), application service providers (ASPs), storage service providers (SSPs), and internet service providers (ISPs). A more traditional term
138-610: A Bystander (1978) – is an autobiography . He is the co-author of a book on Japanese painting , and made eight series of educational films on management topics. He also penned a regular column in the Wall Street Journal for 10 years and contributed frequently to the Harvard Business Review , The Atlantic Monthly , and The Economist . His work is especially popular in Japan , even more so after
207-410: A company should only seek to subcontract in those areas in which it demonstrated no special ability. The business strategy outlined by his slogan recommended that companies should take advantage of a specialist provider's knowledge and economies of scale to improve performance and achieve the service needed. In 2009, by way of recognition, Peter Drucker posthumously received a significant honor when he
276-514: A consultant on international economic policy to the Board of Economic Warfare . In 1943, Drucker became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Then from 1950 to 1971, Drucker was a professor of management at New York University . In 1954, Drucker to wrote The Practice of Management , a book he set out to write after finding a lack of books specifically about business management at
345-559: A consultant to businesses and nonprofit organizations well into his nineties. Among Drucker's early influences was the Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter , a friend of his father's, who impressed upon Drucker the idea of the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship. Drucker was also influenced, in a much different way, by John Maynard Keynes , whom he heard lecture in 1934 in Cambridge . "I suddenly realized that Keynes and all
414-419: A different country from the one where the software will be used. The global software R&D services market, as contrasted to information technology outsourcing (ITO) and business process outsourcing (BPO), is rather young and currently is at a relatively early stage of development. Canada, India, Ireland , and Israel were the four leading countries as of 2003. Although many countries have participated in
483-587: A full IT organization/service outsource via managed services or MSPs (managed service providers) to limited product feature delivery via ASPs ( application service providers ). This business-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Outsourcing Outsourcing is a business practice in which companies use external providers to carry out business processes , that would otherwise be handled internally. Outsourcing sometimes involves transferring employees and assets from one firm to another. The term outsourcing , which came from
552-479: A government outsourcing arrangement poses difficulties. There are many outsourcing models, with variations by country, year and industry. Japanese companies often outsource to China, particularly to formerly Japanese-occupied cities. German companies have outsourced to Eastern European countries with German-language affiliation, such as Poland and Romania . French companies outsource to North Africa for similar reasons. For Australian IT companies, Indonesia
621-446: A half page cartoon showing someone who had just ordered a pizza online, and was seeking help to download it. Step-in rights allow the client or a nominated third party the right to step-in and intervene, in particular to directly operate the outsourced services or to appoint a new operator. Circumstances where step-in rights may be contractually invoked may include supplier insolvency , a force majeure event which prevents or impedes
690-676: A journalist, writing for Der Österreichische Volkswirt ( The Austrian Economist ). Drucker then moved to Frankfurt , where he took a job at the Daily Frankfurter General-Anzeiger . While in Frankfurt, he also earned a doctorate in international law and public law from the Goethe University Frankfurt in 1931. In 1933, Drucker left Germany for England. In London , he worked as a security analyst for an insurance company, then as
759-577: A major motivation for offshoring. Cost savings from economies of scale and specialization can also motivate outsourcing, even if not offshoring. Since about 2015 indirect revenue benefits have increasingly become additional motivators. Another motivation is speed to market. To make this work, a new process was developed: "outsource the outsourcing process". Details of managing DuPont 's chief information officer Cinda Hallman 's $ 4 billion 10-year outsourcing contract with Computer Sciences Corporation and Accenture were outsourced, thus avoiding "inventing
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#1732776062665828-731: A major source for the advantages of a highly educated labor force, a large bilingual population, stable democratic government, and similar time zones as the U.S. It takes only a few hours to travel between Costa Rica and U.S. Companies such as Intel , Procter & Gamble , HP, Gensler , Amazon and Bank of America have big operations in Costa Rica. Unlike outsourced manufacturing, outsourced white collar workers have flextime and can choose their working hours, and for which companies to work. Clients benefit from remote work , reduced office space, management salary, and employee benefits as these individuals are independent contractors . Ending
897-481: A process if we'd done it in-house". A term subsequently developed to describe this is midsourcing . Outsourcing can offer greater budget flexibility and control by allowing organizations to pay for the services and business functions they need, when they need them. It is often perceived to reduce hiring and training specialized staff, to make available specialized expertise, and to decrease capital, operating expenses, and risk. "Do what you do best and outsource
966-401: A sense of community and dignity in a modern society organized around large institutions. As a business consultant, Drucker disliked the term "guru", though it was often applied to him; "I have been saying for many years", Drucker once remarked, "that we are using the word 'guru' only because ' charlatan ' is too long to fit into a headline." As a young writer, Drucker wrote two pieces – one on
1035-498: A sympathetic way. He assumed that his readers were intelligent, rational, hardworking people of goodwill. If their organizations struggled, he believed it was usually because of outdated ideas, a narrow conception of problems, or internal misunderstandings. Drucker developed an extensive consulting business built around his personal relationship with top management. He became legendary among many of post-war Japan's new business leaders trying to rebuild their war-torn homeland. He advised
1104-474: Is service bureau . IT professionals sometimes differentiate between service providers by categorizing them as type I, II, or III. The three service types are recognized by the IT industry although specifically defined by ITIL and the U.S. Telecommunications Act of 1996 . Type III SPs provide IT services to external customers and subsequently can be referred to as external service providers (ESPs) which range from
1173-417: Is "a liberal art", and he infused his management advice with interdisciplinary lessons from history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, culture and religion. He also believed strongly that all institutions, including those in the private sector, have a responsibility to the whole of society. "The fact is," Drucker wrote in his 1973 Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices , "that in modern society there
1242-483: Is annulled or suspended. If a contract has a clause granting step-in rights, then there is a right, though not an obligation, to take over a task that is not going well, or even the entire project. When and How are important: "What is the process for stepping-in" must be clearly defined in the collateral warranty . Peter Drucker Peter Ferdinand Drucker ( / ˈ d r ʌ k ər / ; German: [ˈdʀʊkɐ] ; November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005)
1311-404: Is no other leadership group but managers. If the managers of our major institutions, and especially of business, do not take responsibility for the common good , no one else can or will." Drucker was intrigued by employees who knew more about certain subjects than their bosses or colleagues, and yet had to cooperate with others in a large organization. Rather than simply glorify the phenomenon as
1380-427: Is one of the major choice of offshoring destination. Near-shore location, common time zone and adequate IT work force are the reasons for offshoring IT services to Indonesia. Another approach is to differentiate between tactical and strategic outsourcing models. Tactical models include: Strategic consultancy includes for business process improvement . When offshore outsourcing knowledge work, firms heavily rely on
1449-466: Is pure R&D or run-of-the-mill IT outsourcing. Focusing on software quality metrics is a good way to maintain track of how well a project is performing. Globalization and complex supply chains , along with greater physical distance between higher management and the production-floor employees often requires a change in management methodologies, as inspection and feedback may not be as direct and frequent as in internal processes. This often requires
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#17327760626651518-436: Is relocating a business process to another country but does not imply or preclude another company. In practice, the concepts can be intertwined, i.e. offshore outsourcing , and can be individually or jointly, partially or completely reversed, as described by terms such as reshoring , inshoring , and insourcing . Global labor arbitrage can provide major financial savings from lower international labor rates, which could be
1587-406: Is when on-site hardware interacts with outside identity services. This contrasts with an "all in-the-cloud" service scenario, where the identity service is built, hosted and operated by the service provider in an externally hosted, cloud computing infrastructure. Offshore software R&D is the provision of software development services by a supplier (whether external or internal) located in
1656-608: The 2016 U.S. presidential election "the most disruptive change agent for the outsourcing industry", especially the renewed "invest in America" goal highlighted in campaigning, but the magazine tepidly reversed direction in 2019 as to the outcome for employment. In the case of armament acquisition, section 323 of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2014 requires military personnel "to solicit information from all U.S.-owned arsenals regarding
1725-529: The General Electric library in Crotonville, New York . The Saturday Review and Business Week praised The Practice of Management as groundbreaking. Drucker went to California in 1971, where he developed one of the country's first executive MBA programs for working professionals at Claremont Graduate University (then known as Claremont Graduate School). From 1971 until his death, he
1794-562: The Peter F. Drucker Foundation for Nonprofit Management , now the Leader to Leader Institute , from 1990 through 2002. In 1969 he was awarded New York University 's highest honor, its Presidential Citation. For his article, "What Makes an Effective Executive", Harvard Business Review honored Drucker in the June 2004 with his seventh McKinsey Award – the most awarded to an individual. Drucker
1863-560: The Peter F. Drucker and Masatoshi Ito Graduate School of Management – was established in 1987 and continues to be guided by Drucker's principles. The annual Global Peter Drucker Forum was first held in 2009, the centenary of Drucker's birth. Peter Drucker married Doris Schmitz in 1937; they had four children. On November 11, 2005, Peter Drucker died of natural causes in Claremont, California , aged 95. Doris died in October 2014 at
1932-623: The Corporation , criticized General Motors while it was considered the most successful corporation in the world. Many of GM's executives considered Drucker persona non grata for a long time afterward. Although Alfred P. Sloan refrained from personal hostility toward Drucker, he considered Drucker's critiques of GM's management to be "dead wrong". Drucker was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President George W. Bush on July 9, 2002. He also received honors from
2001-577: The International Association of Outsourcing Professionals gave recognition to Electronic Data Systems Corporation's Morton H. Meyerson who, in 1967, proposed the business model that eventually became known as outsourcing. The growth of offshoring of IT-enabled services, although not universally accepted, both to subsidiaries and to outside companies (offshore outsourcing) is linked to the availability of large amounts of reliable and affordable communication infrastructure following
2070-564: The U.S. in 2007, which could exceed 400 times more than average workers—a gap 20 times bigger than it was in 1965, is not a factor. Other reasons include reducing and controlling operating costs, improving company focus, gaining access to world-class capabilities, tax credits, freeing internal resources for other purposes, streamlining or increasing efficiency for time-consuming functions, and maximizing use of external resources. For small businesses, contracting/subcontracting/"outsourcing" might be done to improve work-life balance . Following
2139-480: The U.S., where Peter Drucker became a freelance journalist writing for Harper's and The Washington Post . In 1939, Drucker joined Sarah Lawrence College in Bronxville, New York as a part-time economics instructor. Drucker was fired in 1941 after refusing to sign a faculty manifesto that he said "viciously and falsely attacked the liberal president of Brooklyn College , Harry Gideonse ," who had supported
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2208-602: The UK against Nazi Germany in the Battle of Britain . His 1939 book, The End of Economic Man , attracted attention of Bennington College president Lewis Webster Jones , who invited Drucker to lecture on the book. Despite some faculty objections, Jones hired Drucker as a professor of politics and philosophy at Bennington, a position Drucker would hold from 1942 to 1949. With the U.S. engaged in World War II , Drucker also became
2277-449: The United States' financial center would shift from New York to Washington. Others maintain that one of Drucker's core concepts, " management by objectives ," is flawed and has never really been proven to work effectively. Critic Dale Krueger said that the system is difficult to implement and that companies often wind up overemphasizing control, as opposed to fostering creativity, to meet their goals. Drucker's classic work, Concept of
2346-412: The adding of management layers in the 1950s and 1960s to support expansion for the sake of economy of scale, corporations found that agility and added profits could be obtained by focusing on core strengths; the 1970s and 1980s were the beginnings of what later was named outsourcing. Kodak 's 1989 "outsourcing most of its information technology systems" was followed by others during the 1990s. In 2013,
2415-463: The area of call-center outsourcing, especially when combined with offshoring, agents may speak with different linguistic features such as accents , word use and phraseology, which may impede comprehension. In 1979, Nobel laureate Oliver E. Williamson wrote that the governance structure is the "framework within which the integrity of a transaction is decided", and that "because contracts are varied and complex, governance structures vary with
2484-416: The assimilation of new communication methods such as voice over IP , instant messaging , and issue tracking systems , new time management methods such as time tracking software , and new cost- and schedule-assessment tools such as cost estimation software . The term "transition methodology" describes the process of migrating knowledge, systems, and operating capabilities between the two sides. In
2553-655: The availability of technical personnel at offshore locations. One of the challenges in offshoring engineering innovation is a reduction in quality. Co-sourcing is a hybrid of internal staff supplemented by an external service provider. Co-sourcing can minimize sourcing risks, increase transparency, clarity and lend toward better control than fully outsourced. Co-sourcing services can supplement internal audit staff with specialized skills such as information risk management or integrity services, or help during peak periods, or similarly for other areas such as software development or human resources. Identity management co-sourcing
2622-537: The bank. Richard Baldwin 's 2006 The Great Unbundling work was followed in 2012 by Globalization's Second Acceleration (the Second Unbundling) and in 2016 by The Great Convergence: Information Technology and the New Globalization . It is here, rather than in manufacturing, that the bits economy can advance in ways that the economy of atoms and things cannot: an early 1990s Newsweek ran
2691-424: The brilliant economic students in the room were interested in the behavior of commodities", Drucker wrote, "while I was interested in the behavior of people". Over the next 70 years, Drucker's writings would be marked by a focus on relationships among human beings, as opposed to the crunching of numbers. His books were filled with lessons on how organizations can bring out the best in people, and how workers can find
2760-410: The business, government, and nonprofit sectors of society. He is one of the best-known and most widely influential thinkers and writers on the subject of management theory and practice. His writings have predicted many of the major developments of the late twentieth century, including privatization and decentralization; the rise of Japan to economic world power; the decisive importance of marketing; and
2829-559: The capability of that arsenal to fulfill the manufacturing requirement" when undertaking a make-or-buy analysis. Furthermore, there are growing legal requirements for data protection , where obligations and implementation details must be understood by both sides. This includes dealing with customer rights. UK government policy notes that certain services must remain in-house, citing the development of policy , stewardship of tax spend and retention of certain critical knowledge as examples. Guidance states that specific criteria must govern
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2898-515: The chief economist at a private bank. While in London, Drucker regularly attended John Maynard Keynes seminars at Cambridge University , discovering that he was interested in "the behavior of people" while Keynes and other students focused on "the behavior of commodities." In 1937, Peter Drucker married Doris Schmitz, a classmate from the University of Frankfurt. The Druckers then moved to
2967-650: The conservative German philosopher Friedrich Julius Stahl and another called " The Jewish Question in Germany " – that were burned and banned by the Nazis . In 1939 he published a contemporary analysis of the rise of fascism called "The End of Economic Man". This was his first book, published in New York, in English. In the introduction he refers to " The Jewish Question in Germany " saying "An early excerpt [of this book]
3036-513: The contract between the client and the suppliers, fraud cases have been reported. In April 2005, a high-profile case involved the theft of $ 350,000 from four Citibank customers when call-center workers acquired the passwords to customer accounts and transferred the money to their own accounts opened under fictitious names. Citibank did not find out about the problem until the American customers noticed discrepancies with their accounts and notified
3105-528: The contracting out of a business process (e.g., payroll processing, claims processing), operational, and/or non-core functions, such as manufacturing, facility management , call center /call center support. The practice of handing over control of public services to private enterprises ( privatization ), even if conducted on a limited, short-term basis, may also be described as outsourcing. Outsourcing includes both foreign and domestic contracting, and therefore should not be confused with offshoring which
3174-456: The early 21st century. The digital workforce of countries like India and China are only paid a fraction of what would be minimum wage in the United States. On average, software engineers are getting paid between 250,000 and 1,500,000 rupees (US$ 4,000 to US$ 23,000) in India as opposed to $ 40,000–$ 100,000 in countries such as the U.S. and Canada . Closer to the U.S., Costa Rica has become
3243-758: The effect of what looks like outsourcing from one side and insourcing from the other side can be unexpected; The New York Times reported in 2001 that "6.4 million Americans .. worked for foreign companies as of 2001, [but] more jobs are being outsourced than" [the reverse]. While U.S. companies do not outsource to reduce high top level executive or managerial costs, they primarily outsource to reduce peripheral and "non-core" business expenses. Further reasons are higher taxes, high energy costs, and excessive government regulation or mandates. Mandated benefits like social security , Medicare , and safety protection (e.g. Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations) are also motivators. By contrast, executive pay in
3312-491: The emergence of the information society with its necessity of lifelong learning. In 1959, Drucker coined the term " knowledge worker ", and later in his life considered knowledge-worker productivity to be the next frontier of management. Drucker grew up in what he referred to as a "liberal" Lutheran Protestant household in Austria-Hungary . His mother Caroline Bondi had studied medicine and his father Adolf Drucker
3381-554: The epitome of human progress, Drucker analyzed it, and explained how it challenged the common thinking about how organizations should be run. His approach worked well in the increasingly mature business world of the second half of the twentieth century. By that time large corporations had developed the basic manufacturing efficiencies and managerial hierarchies of mass production . Executives thought they knew how to run companies, and Drucker took it upon himself to poke holes in their beliefs, lest organizations become stale. But he did so in
3450-843: The government of Austria, including the Grand Silver Medal for Services to the Republic of Austria in 1974, the Grand Gold Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria in 1991 and the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class in 1999 and the Order of the Sacred Treasure , 3rd class; June 24, 1966, from the government of Japan. Drucker was the Honorary Chairman of
3519-766: The heads of General Motors , Sears , General Electric , W.R. Grace and IBM , among many others. Over time he offered his management advice to nonprofits like the American Red Cross and the Salvation Army . His advice was eagerly sought by the senior executives of the Adela Investment Company , a private initiative of the world's multinational corporations to promote investment in the developing countries of Latin America . Drucker's 39 books have been translated into more than thirty-six languages. Two are novels, and one – Adventures of
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#17327760626653588-573: The identification of such services, and that "everything else" could potentially be outsourced. Inflation, high domestic interest rates, and economic growth pushed India's IT salaries 10–15%, making some jobs relatively "too" expensive, compared to other offshoring destinations. Areas for advancing within the value chain included research and development, equity analysis, tax-return processing, radiological analysis, and medical transcription . Although offshoring initially focused on manufacturing, white-collar offshoring/outsourcing has grown rapidly since
3657-500: The mastermind behind the administrative controls at GM. In 1943 Brown invited him in to conduct what might be called a "political audit": a two-year social-scientific analysis of the corporation. Drucker attended every board meeting, interviewed employees, and analyzed production and decision-making processes. The resulting book, Concept of the Corporation , popularized GM's multidivisional structure and led to numerous articles, consulting engagements, and additional books. GM, however,
3726-618: The nature of the transaction". University of Tennessee researchers have been studying complex outsourcing relationships since 2003. Emerging thinking regarding strategic outsourcing is focusing on creating a contract structure in which the parties have a vested interest in managing what are often highly complex business arrangements in a more collaborative, aligned, flexible, and credible way. Reduced security, sometimes related to lower loyalty may occur, even when 'outsourced' staff change their legal status but not their desk. While security and compliance issues are supposed to be addressed through
3795-475: The offshore outsourcing of software development, their involvement in co-sourced and outsourced Research & Development (R&D) was somewhat limited. Canada, the second largest by 2009, had 21%. As of 2018, the top three were deemed by one "research-based policy analysis and commentary from leading economists" as China, India and Israel." Gartner Group adds in Russia , but does not make clear whether this
3864-403: The outsourced service provision, where the client believes that there is a substantial risk to the provision of the services, or where performance fails to meet a defined critical level of service. Suitable clauses in a contract may provide for the outsourced service provider to pay any additional costs which are faced by the client and specify that the provider's obligation to provide the services
3933-478: The phrase outside resourcing , originated no later than 1981 at a time when industrial jobs in the United States were being moved overseas, contributing to the economic and cultural collapse of small, industrial towns. In some contexts, the term smartsourcing is also used. The concept, which The Economist says has "made its presence felt since the time of the Second World War ", often involves
4002-502: The publication of " What If the Female Manager of a High-School Baseball Team Read Drucker's Management" , a novel that features the main character using one of his books to great effect, which was also adapted into an anime and a live action film . His popularity in Japan may be compared with that of his contemporary W. Edwards Deming . The Wall Street Journal researched several of his lectures in 1987 and reported that he
4071-464: The rest" has become an internationally recognized business tagline first "coined and developed" in the 1990s by management consultant Peter Drucker . The slogan was primarily used to advocate outsourcing as a viable business strategy. Drucker began explaining the concept of "outsourcing" as early as 1989 in his Wall Street Journal article entitled "Sell the Mailroom". From Drucker's perspective,
4140-472: The telecommunication and Internet expansion of the late 1990s. Services making use of low-cost countries included: In the early 21st century, businesses increasingly outsourced to suppliers outside their own country, sometimes referred to as offshoring or offshore outsourcing . Other options subsequently emerged including: nearshoring, crowdsourcing , multisourcing , strategic alliances / strategic partnerships , strategic outsourcing. Forbes considered
4209-649: Was a lawyer and high-level civil servant. Drucker was born in Vienna, Austria, in the 19th district of Vienna-Döbling . He grew up in a home where intellectuals, high government officials, and scientists would meet to discuss new ideas. These included Joseph Schumpeter , Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig von Mises . Hans Kelsen was his uncle. After graduating from Döbling Gymnasium in 1927, Drucker found few opportunities for employment in post- World War I Vienna, so he moved to Hamburg , Germany, first working as an apprentice at an established cotton trading company, then as
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#17327760626654278-509: Was an Austrian American management consultant, educator, and author, whose writings contributed to the philosophical and practical foundations of modern management theory . He was also a leader in the development of management education , and invented the concepts known as management by objectives and self-control , and he has been described as "the champion of management as a serious discipline". Drucker's books and articles, both scholarly and popular, explored how humans are organized across
4347-538: Was hardly thrilled with the final product. Drucker had suggested that the auto giant might want to re-examine a host of long-standing policies on customer relations, dealer relations, employee relations and more. Inside the corporation, Drucker's counsel was viewed as hypercritical. GM's revered chairman, Alfred Sloan , was so upset about the book that he "simply treated it as if it did not exist," Drucker later recalled, "never mentioning it and never allowing it to be mentioned in his presence." Drucker taught that management
4416-645: Was inducted into the Junior Achievement US Business Hall of Fame in 1996. He received 25 honorary doctorates from American, Belgian, Czech, English, Spanish and Swiss universities. His 1954 book The Practice of Management was voted the third most influential management book of the 20th century in a poll of the Fellows of the Academy of Management . In Claremont, California, Eleventh Street between College Avenue and Dartmouth Avenue
4485-503: Was inducted into the Outsourcing Hall of Fame for his outstanding work in the field. The biggest difference between outsourcing and in-house provision is with regards to the difference in ownership: outsourcing usually presupposes the integration of business processes under a different ownership, over which the client business has minimal or no control. This requires the use of outsourcing relationship management . Sometimes
4554-495: Was published as a pamphlet by an Austrian Catholic and Anti-Nazi in ... 1936". Drucker's career as a business thinker took off in 1942, when his initial writings on politics and society won him access to the internal workings of General Motors (GM) , one of the largest companies in the world at that time. His experiences in Europe had left him fascinated with the problem of authority. He shared his fascination with Donaldson Brown ,
4623-555: Was renamed "Drucker Way" in October 2009 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Drucker's birth. Drucker was posthumously honored when he was inducted into the Outsourcing Hall of Fame in recognition of his outstanding contributions in the field. In 2018, Drucker was named the world's most influential business thinker on the Thinkers50.com list. At Claremont Graduate University , the Peter F. Drucker Graduate Management Center – now
4692-418: Was sometimes loose with the facts. Drucker was off the mark, for example, when he told an audience that the English language was the official language for all employees at Japan's Mitsui trading company. Drucker defended himself: "I use anecdotes to make a point, not to write history." Also, while Drucker was known for his prescience, he was not always correct in his forecasts. He predicted, for instance, that
4761-753: Was the Clarke Professor of Social Science and Management at Claremont. Claremont Graduate University's management school was named the Peter F. Drucker Graduate School of Management in his honor in 1987 (later renamed the Peter F. Drucker and Masatoshi Ito Graduate School of Management ). He established the Drucker Archives at Claremont Graduate University in 1999; the Archives became the Drucker Institute in 2006. Drucker taught his last class in 2002 at age 92. He continued to act as
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