Others
15-612: In terms of Ihsan : The Shafi'i school or Shafi'ism ( Arabic : ٱلْمَذْهَب ٱلشَّافِعِيّ , romanized : al-madhhab al-shāfiʿī ) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam . It was founded by the Muslim scholar , jurist , and traditionist al-Shafi'i ( c. 767–820 CE ), "the father of Muslim jurisprudence", in the early 9th century. The other three schools of Sunnī jurisprudence are Ḥanafī , Mālikī and Ḥanbalī . Like
30-572: A righteous person, a doer of good ( muhsin ), but a truly good and righteous person is both a Muslim and a true person of faith. Some Islamic scholars explain ihsan as being the inner dimension of Islam whereas shariah is often described as the outer dimension. Ihsan "constitutes the highest form of worship" ( ibadah ). It is excellence in work and in social interactions. For example, ihsan includes sincerity during Muslim prayers and being grateful to parents, family, and God. Madhhab Too Many Requests If you report this error to
45-599: Is an Arabic term meaning "to do beautiful things", "beautification", "perfection", or "excellence" (Arabic: husn , lit. ' beauty ' ). Ihsan is a matter of taking one's inner faith ( iman ) and showing it in both deed and action, a sense of social responsibility borne from religious convictions. In Islam , Ihsan is the Muslim responsibility to obtain perfection, or excellence, in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and although they cannot see Him, they undoubtedly believe that He
60-531: Is constantly watching over them. That definition comes from the Hadith of Gabriel in which Muhammad states, "[Ihsan is] to worship God as though you see Him, and if you cannot see Him, then indeed He sees you". ( Al-Bukhari and Al-Muslim ). According to Muhammad's hadith "God has written ihsan on everything". Ihsan is one of the three dimensions of the Islamic religion ( ad-din ): In contrast to
75-607: Is currently lost. Al-Shāfiʿī fundamentally criticised the concept of judicial conformism (the Istiḥsan ). Al-Shāfiʿī ( c. 767 –820 AD) visited most of the great centres of Islamic jurisprudence in the Middle East during the course of his travels and amassed a comprehensive knowledge of the different ways of legal theory. He was a student of Mālik ibn Anas , the founder of the Mālikī school of law, and of Muḥammad Shaybānī ,
90-467: The Sufis have focused their attention on ihsan . Those who are muhsin are a subset of those who are mu'min , and those who are mu'min are a subset of muslims : From the preceding discussion it should be clear that not every Muslim is a man or woman of faith ( mu'min ), but every person of faith is a Muslim . Furthermore, a Muslim who believes in all the principles of Islam may not necessarily be
105-635: The Swahili Coast in Africa and coastal South Asia and Southeast Asia ). One who ascribes to the Shafi'i school is called a Shafi'i , Shafi'ite or Shafi'ist ( Arabic : ٱلشَّافِعِيّ , romanized : al-shāfiʿī , pl. ٱلشَّافِعِيَّة , al-shāfiʿiyya or ٱلشَّوَافِع , al-shawāfiʿ ). Including: The fundamental principle of the Shafiʽ;i thought depends on
120-812: The Baghdad Ḥanafī intellectual. The Shafiʽi school is presently predominant in the following parts of the world: The Shafiʽi school is one of the largest school of Sunni madhhabs by number of adherents. The demographic data by each fiqh, for each nation, is unavailable and the relative demographic size are estimates. In Hadith : In Tafsir : In Fiqh : In Usul al-Fiqh : In Arabic language studies : In Theology : In Philosophy : In Sufism In history Statesmen From Middle East and North Africa : From Southeast Asia : From South Asia : Primary sources Scholarly sources Ihsan Ihsan ( Arabic : إحسان ʾiḥsān , also romanized ehsan ),
135-693: The decisive source of law (over traditional doctrines of earlier thoughts). In order of priority, the sources of jurisprudence according to the Shafiʽi thought, are: The school rejected dependence on local community practice as the source of legal precedent. The concept of Istishab was first introduced by the later Shafiʽi scholars. Al-Shafiʽi also postulated that "penal sanctions lapse in cases where repentance precedes punishment". Views on FGM The school does not differentiate male and female circumcision and considers female circumcision ( Female Genital Mutilation ) alongside male circumcision to be wajib (obligatory). This makes it unique among
150-416: The emphases of islam (what one should do) and iman (why one should do), the concept of ihsan is primarily associated with intention. One who "does what is beautiful" is called a muhsin . It is generally held that a person can only achieve true Ihsan with the help and guidance of God , who governs all things. While traditionally Islamic jurists have concentrated on islam and theologians on iman ,
165-626: The four primary Sunni schools of Jurisprudence as the only one to fully require FGM. The groundwork legal text for the Shafiʽi law is al-Shafiʽi's al-Risala ("the Message"), composed in Egypt . It outlines the principles of Shafiʽi legal thought as well as the derived jurisprudence. A first version of the Risālah , al-Risalah al-Qadima , produced by al-Shafiʽi during his stay in Baghdad ,
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#1732783485527180-763: The idea that "to every act performed by a believer who is subject to the Law there corresponds a statute belonging to the Revealed Law or the Shari'a ". This statute is either presented as such in the Qurʾān or the Sunnah or it is possible, by means of analogical reasoning ( Qiyas ), to infer it from the Qurʾān or the Sunnah. As-Shafiʽi was the first jurist to insist that Ḥadīth were
195-485: The other schools of fiqh, Shafiʽi recognize the First Four Caliphs as the Islamic prophet Muhammad 's rightful successors and relies on the Qurʾān and the "sound" books of Ḥadīths as primary sources of law. The Shafi'i school affirms the authority of both divine law-giving (the Qurʾān and the Sunnah ) and human speculation regarding the Law. Where passages of Qurʾān and/or the Ḥadīths are ambiguous,
210-829: The rise of the Ottomans and the Safavids . Traders and merchants helped to spread Shafiʽi Islam across the Indian Ocean , as far as India and Southeast Asia . The Shafiʽi school is now predominantly found in parts of the Hejaz and the Levant , Lower Egypt , Somalia , Yemen and Indonesia , and among the Kurdish people , in the North Caucasus and generally all across the Indian Ocean ( Horn of Africa and
225-560: The school seeks guidance of Qiyās (analogical reasoning). The Ijmā' (consensus of scholars or of the community) was "accepted but not stressed". The school rejected the dependence on local traditions as the source of legal precedent and rebuffed the Ahl al-Ra'y (personal opinion) and the Istiḥsān (juristic discretion). The Shafiʽi school was widely followed in the Middle East until
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