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84-494: A Shakespeare garden is a themed garden that cultivates some or all of the 175 plants mentioned in the works of William Shakespeare . In English-speaking countries, particularly the United States, these are often public gardens associated with parks, universities, and Shakespeare festivals. Shakespeare gardens are sites of cultural, educational, and romantic interest and can be locations for outdoor weddings. Signs near

168-432: A landscape design feature that can be the central feature of an ornamental, all-season landscape, but can be little more than a humble vegetable plot. It is a source of herbs, vegetables, fruits, and flowers, but it is also a structured garden space, a design based on repetitive geometric patterns. The kitchen garden has year-round visual appeal and can incorporate permanent perennials or woody plantings around (or among)

252-411: A bust of Shakespeare. The requisite mulberry tree was from a cutting sent by the critic Sir Sidney Lee , a slip said to be from the mulberry at New Place. Elms were planted by E. H. Sothen and Julia Marlowe , oaks by William Butler Yeats , and a circular bed of roses sent by the mayor of Verona, from the traditional tomb of Juliet, planted by Phyllis Neilson Terry, niece of Ellen Terry . Birnam Wood

336-518: A design and as a record of what has been planted. A planting strategy is a long-term strategy for the design, establishment and management of different types of vegetation in a landscape or garden. Planting can be established by directly employed gardeners and horticulturalists or it can be established by a landscape contractor (also known as a landscape gardener). Landscape contractors work to drawings and specifications prepared by garden designers or landscape architects. Garden furniture may range from

420-535: A difference! There's a daisy . I would give you some violets , but they wither'd all when my father died. They say he made a good end. Shakespeare devotes five History plays Henry VI, Part 1 , 2 , 3 ; Richard III , Henry VIII to the Wars of the Roses which lasted from 1455 to 1485. This dynastic struggle between two houses (York and Lancaster) was resolved when Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, and founded

504-416: A formal garden may include: The English landscape garden style practically swept away the geometries of earlier English and European Renaissance formal gardens. William Kent and Lancelot "Capability" Brown were leading proponents, among many other designers. The naturalistic English garden style (French: Jardin anglais , Italian: Giardino all'inglese , German: Englischer Landschaftsgarten ) of

588-511: A garden can be affected by the nature of its boundaries, both external and internal, and in turn the design can influence the boundaries, including via creation of new ones. Planting can be used to modify an existing boundary line by softening or widening it. Introducing internal boundaries can help divide or break up a garden into smaller areas. The main types of boundary within a garden are hedges, walls and fences. A hedge may be evergreen or deciduous, formal or informal, short or tall, depending on

672-523: A great deal to the bountiful aesthetic of the partly revived but largely invented " English cottage garden " tradition dating from the 1870s. Few attempts were made in revived garden plans to keep strictly to historical plants, until the National Trust led the way in the 1970s with a knot garden at Little Moreton Hall , Cheshire, and the restored parterre at Hampton Court Palace (1977). The conventions of Shakespeare Gardens were familiar enough in

756-573: A lower maintenance, more sustainable landscape. Wardour Street Wardour Street ( / ˈ w ɔːr d ɔːr / ) is a street in Soho , City of Westminster, London. It is a one-way street that runs north from Leicester Square , through Chinatown , across Shaftesbury Avenue to Oxford Street . Throughout the 20th century the West End street became a centre for the British film industry and

840-429: A malady Most incident to maids; bold oxlips and The crown imperial; lilies of all kinds." ( The Winter's Tale , IV,4) [REDACTED] Media related to Shakespeare gardens at Wikimedia Commons Garden design Whether gardens are designed by a professional or an amateur, certain principles form the basis of effective garden design, resulting in the creation of gardens to meet the needs, goals, and desires of

924-496: A name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." is Ophelia 's speech from Hamlet : Ophelia : There's rosemary , that's for remembrance. Pray you, love, remember. And there is pansies , that's for thoughts. Laertes : A document in madness! Thoughts and remembrance fitted. Ophelia : There's fennel for you, and columbines . There's rue for you, and here's some for me. We may call it herb of grace o' Sundays. O, you must wear your rue with

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1008-407: A particular impression. The soils of the site will affect what types of plant may be grown, as will the garden's climate zone and various microclimates . The locational context of the garden can also influence its design. For example, an urban setting may require a different design style in contrast to a rural one. Similarly, a windy coastal location may necessitate a different treatment compared to

1092-766: A patio set consisting of a table, four or six chairs and a parasol , through benches, swings, various lighting, to stunning artifacts in brutal concrete or weathered oak. Patio heaters , that run on bottled butane or propane , are often used to enable people to sit outside at night or in cold weather. A picnic table is used for the purpose of eating a meal outdoors such as in a garden room . The materials used to manufacture modern patio furniture include stones , metals, vinyl , plastics, resins , glass, and treated woods. Garden lighting can be an important aspect of garden design. In most cases, various types of lighting techniques may be classified and defined by heights: safety lighting, uplighting, and downlighting. Safety lighting

1176-638: A rectilinear formal design were a feature of the stately homes . The introduction of the parterre was at Wilton House in the 1630s. In the early eighteenth century, the publication of Dezallier d'Argenville , La théorie et la pratique du jardinage (1709) was translated into English and German, and was the central document for the later formal gardens of Continental Europe. Traditional formal Spanish garden design evolved with Persian garden and European Renaissance garden influences. The internationally renowned Alhambra and Generalife in Granada , built in

1260-481: A sheltered inland site. The quality of a garden's soil can have a significant influence on a garden's design and its subsequent success. Soil influences the availability of water and nutrients, the activity of soil micro-organisms, and temperature within the root zone, and thus may have a determining effect on the types of plants which will grow successfully in the garden. However, soils may be replaced or improved to make them more suitable. Traditionally, garden soil

1344-538: A smooth expanse of lawn is often considered essential to a garden. However, garden designers may use other surfaces, for example those "made up of loose gravel, small pebbles, or wood chips" to create a different appearance and feel. Designers may also use the contrast in texture and color between different surfaces to create an overall pattern in the design. Surfaces for paths and access points are chosen for practical as well as aesthetic reasons. Issues such as safety, maintenance and durability may need to be considered by

1428-533: A tree. Aline Kilmer, widow of the soldier poet, Joyce Kilmer , made a visit in 1919, and the actor, Otis Skinner and the humorist, Stephen Leacock . David Belasco came to plant two junipers. The Colorado Shakespeare Garden is a Public Garden founded in 1991 by herbalist Marlene Cowdrey. Eight gardens line a courtyard on the University of Colorado campus in Boulder, Colorado. The gardens are placed near to

1512-609: A wider, though still strictly Shakespearian scope. There was eglantine (Penzance briar) in full flower now, and honeysuckle and gillyflowers and plenty of pansies for thoughts, and yards of rue (more than usual this year), and so Perdita's garden was gay all the summer. Here then, this morning, Lucia seated herself by the sundial, all in black, on a stone bench on which was carved the motto 'Come thou north wind, and blow thou south, that my garden spices may flow forth.' Sitting there with Pepino's poems and The Times she obscured about one-third of this text, and fat little Daisy would obscure

1596-507: Is Old Soho ; then down to Coventry Street is Princes Street . For the length of Leicester Square it is Whicomb Street and finally Hedge Lane , which now starts at Panton Street rather than James Street. By the end of the 18th century, Horwood , on a large map of 1799, uses the same names but not Old Soho and Hedge Lane . This leaves just Wardour , Princes and Whitcomb streets. The houses have individual numbers by then, and are shown in detail on Horwood's map. The names are much

1680-409: Is a specific kind of formal garden, laid out in the manner of André Le Nôtre ; it is centered on the façade of a building, with radiating avenues and paths of gravel, lawns, parterres and pools ( bassins ) of reflective water enclosed in geometric shapes by stone coping, with fountains and sculpture. The French formal garden style has origins in fifteenth-century Italian Renaissance garden , such as

1764-706: Is adapted to the climate , geography and hydrology and should require no pesticides , fertilizers and watering to maintain, given that native plants have adapted and evolved to local conditions over thousands of years. However, these applications may be necessary for some preventive care of trees and other vegetation in areas of degraded or weedy landscapes. Native plants suit today's interest in low-maintenance gardening and landscaping, with many species vigorous and hardy and able to survive winter cold and summer heat. Once established, they can flourish without irrigation or fertilization, and are resistant to most pests and diseases. Many municipalities have quickly recognized

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1848-469: Is also given to the maintenance needs of the garden, including the time or funds available for regular maintenance, which can affect the choice of plants in terms of speed of growth, spreading or self-seeding of the plants, whether annual or perennial , bloom-time, and many other characteristics. Important considerations in the garden design include how the garden will be used, the desired stylistic genre (formal or informal, modern or traditional, etc.), and

1932-444: Is another feature, and a maze of yew . The major Shakespeare garden is that imaginatively reconstructed by Ernest Law at New Place , Stratford-on-Avon, in the 1920s. He used a woodcut from Thomas Hill, The Gardiners Labyrinth (London 1586), noting in his press coverage when the garden was in the planning stage, that it was "a book Shakespeare must certainly have consulted when laying out his own Knott Garden ". The same engraving

2016-435: Is improved by amendment, the process of adding beneficial materials to the native subsoil and particularly the topsoil . The added materials, which may consist of compost , peat , sand, mineral dust, or manure, among others, are mixed with the soil to the preferred depth. The amount and type of amendment may depend on many factors, including the amount of existing soil humus, the soil structure (clay, silt, sand, loam, etc.),

2100-470: Is shown as SO HO , the middle part Whitcomb Street and the remainder, from James Street south, is Hedge Lane . It is not clear from the map where the boundary between SO HO and Whitcombe Street is—probably somewhere between Compton Street and Gerrard Street . These three names are on the Morden and Lea map of 1682. Wardour Street was renamed and building began in 1686, as shown by a plaque formerly on

2184-441: Is shown to have about 24 houses, and additionally a large "Gaming House" roughly on the present-day northwest corner of Leicester Square . The map also shows a large windmill, about 50 yards to the west of what is now St Anne's Church , roughly on the current alignment of Great Windmill Street . The name Colmanhedge Lane did not last, and a 1682 map by Ogilby and Morgan shows the lane split into three parts. The northern part

2268-490: Is the garden design tradition of Chinese and Japanese gardens . The Zen garden of rocks, moss and raked gravel is an example. The Western model is an ordered garden laid out in carefully planned geometric and often symmetrical lines. Lawns and hedges in a formal garden need to be kept neatly clipped for maximum effect. Trees, shrubs , subshrubs and other foliage are carefully arranged, shaped and continually maintained. A French formal garden or jardin à la française ,

2352-436: Is the most practical application. However, it is more important to determine the type of lamps and fittings needed to create the desired effects. Light regulates three major plant processes: photosynthesis , phototropism , and photoperiodism . Photosynthesis provides the energy required to produce the energy source of plants. Phototropism is the effect of light on plant growth that causes the plant to grow toward or away from

2436-641: The English Landscape Garden style, and subsequently the French landscape garden , and was strongly influenced by the picturesque art movement. A planting plan gives specific instructions, often for a contractor about how the soil is to be prepared, what species are to be planted, what size and spacing is to be used and what maintenance operations are to be carried out under the contract. Owners of private gardens may also use planting plans, not for contractual purposes, as an aid to thinking about

2520-856: The Moorish Al-Andalus era, have influenced design for centuries. The Ibero-American Exposition of 1929 World's Fair in Seville , Spain was located in the celebrated Maria Luisa Park ( Parque de Maria Luisa ) designed by Jean-Claude Nicolas Forestier . Formal gardening in the Italian and French manners was reintroduced at the turn of the twentieth century. Beatrix Farrand 's formal Italian garden areas at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C., and Achille Duchêne 's restored French water parterre at Blenheim Palace in England are examples of

2604-718: The Villa d'Este , Boboli Gardens , and Villa Lante in Italy. The style was brought to France and expressed in the gardens of the French Renaissance . Some of the earliest formal parterres of clipped evergreens were those laid out at Anet by Claude Mollet , the founder of a dynasty of nurserymen-designers that lasted deep into the 18th century. The Gardens of Versailles are an ultimate example of jardin à la française , composed of many different distinct gardens, and designed by André Le Nôtre. English Renaissance gardens in

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2688-735: The Zoroastrian elements of sky, earth, water and plants. Planting in ancient and Medieval European gardens was often a mix of herbs for medicinal use, vegetables for consumption, and flowers for decoration. Purely aesthetic planting layouts developed after the Medieval period in Renaissance gardens , as are shown in late-Renaissance paintings and plans. The designs of the Italian Renaissance garden were geometrical and plants were used to form spaces and patterns. The gardens of

2772-426: The annual plants . A Shakespeare garden is a themed garden that cultivates plants mentioned in the works of William Shakespeare . In English-speaking countries, particularly the United States, these are often public gardens associated with parks, universities, and Shakespeare festivals. Shakespeare gardens are sites of cultural, educational, and romantic interest and can be locations for outdoor weddings. Signs near

2856-485: The popular music scene. There has been a thoroughfare on the site of Wardour Street on maps and plans since they were first printed, the earliest being Elizabethan . In 1585, to settle a legal dispute, a plan of what is now the West End was prepared. The dispute was about a field roughly where Broadwick Street is today. The plan was very accurate and clearly gives the name Colmanhedge Lane to this major route across

2940-456: The 1730s and on transformed private and civic garden design across Europe. The French landscape garden subsequently continued the style's development on the Continent. A cottage garden uses an informal design, traditional materials, dense plantings, and a mixture of ornamental and edible plants. Cottage gardens go back many centuries, but their popularity grew in 1870s England in response to

3024-507: The 1920s that E.F. Benson sets the opening of Mapp and Lucia (1931) in the not-quite-recently widowed Lucia's " Perdita 's Garden" at Riseholme , in words that epitomise Benson's dry touch: Perdita's garden requires a few words of explanation. It was a charming little square plot in front of the timbered façade of the Hurst, surrounded by yew-hedges and intersected with paths of crazy pavement, carefully smothered in stone-crop, which led to

3108-704: The 54th Sonnet of Shakespeare, and verses from the Star Spangled Banner . Her leading of all present in the singing of the National Anthem brought the impressive event to a close." In later years the Cleveland Shakespeare Garden continued to be enriched at every Shakespearean occasion. Willows flanking the fountain were planted by William Faversham and Daniel Frohman. Vachel Lindsay planted a poplar and recited his own Shakespeare tribute. Novelist Hugh Walpole also planted

3192-559: The Elizabethan period but not mentioned in Shakespeare's plays or poetry. A rock garden, also known as rockery or alpine garden , is a type of garden that features extensive use of rocks and stones, along with plants native to rocky or alpine environments. Rock garden plants tend to be small, both because many of the species are naturally small, and so as not to cover up the rocks. They may be grown in troughs (containers), or in

3276-421: The Elizabethan period but not mentioned in Shakespeare's plays or poetry. In January or February 1631 Sir Thomas Temple, 1st Baronet, of Stowe , was eager to send his man for cuttings from the grapevines at New Place , Stratford, the home of Shakespeare's retirement. Temple's surviving letter, however, makes no note of a Shakespeare connection: he knew the goodness of the vines from his sister-in-law, whose house

3360-466: The Elizabethan sundial from Wardour Street in the centre. It was gay in spring with those flowers (and no others) on which Perdita doted. There were 'violets dim', and primroses and daffodils, which came before the swallow dared and took the winds (usually of April) with beauty. But now in June the swallow had dared long ago, and when spring and the daffodils were over, Lucia always allowed Perdita's garden

3444-515: The French Renaissance and Baroque jardin à la française era continued the formal garden planting aesthetic. In Asia the asymmetrical traditions of planting design in Chinese gardens and Japanese gardens originated in the Jin dynasty (266–420) of China. The gardens' plantings have a controlled but naturalistic aesthetic. In Europe the arrangement of plants in informal groups developed as part of

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3528-722: The Tudor dynasty. Shakespeare uses the historic symbolism of the Red Rose of Lancaster, the White Rose of York, and ends this sequence of plays in Richard III (V,5,19) with the line "We will unite the white rose and the red." That union is the Tudor Rose with its white and red petals. All the plants Shakespeare names in his plays are mentioned in classical medical texts or medieval herbal manuals . An early Shakespeare garden

3612-647: The WPA built Mary Rippon Theatre, which is the major performance space for the Colorado Shakespeare Festival. The gardens are: Founder's, Kitchen, War of the Roses, Midsummer Night's Dream, Knot, Canon, Elizabethan, and a Highlight garden featuring each performance season's plants. Members of the Colorado Shakespeare Gardens are volunteers interested in gardens or Shakespeare or both. They research, design, plant, and maintain

3696-644: The area. From 1935, the Shim Sham Club , an unlicensed jazz club popular with black and gay audiences run by Ike Hatch , and its successor the Rainbow Roof, were at 37 Wardour Street. The Flamingo Club was situated at numbers 33-37 from 1957 until 1967. The Vortex Club at 203 Wardour Street is mentioned in a song by the Jam , "A-Bomb in Wardour Street". Based in the discothèque Crackers, in 1977

3780-420: The benefits of natural landscaping due to municipal budget constraints and reductions and the general public is now benefiting from the implementation of natural landscaping techniques to save water and create more personal time. Native plants provide suitable habitat for native species of butterflies, birds, pollinators , and other wildlife. They provide more variety in gardens by offering myriad alternatives to

3864-745: The centuries, and in the different cultures Islamic dynasties came to rule in Asia, the Near East , North Africa, and the Iberian Peninsula . Some styles and examples include: Garden design history and precedents from the Mediterranean region include: A formal garden in the Persian and European garden design traditions is rectilinear and axial in design. The equally formal garden, without axial symmetry (asymmetrical) or other geometries,

3948-439: The character of the garden. For example, a rose garden is generally not successful in full shade, while a garden of hostas may not thrive in hot sun. As another example, a vegetable garden may need to be placed in a sunny location, and if that location is not ideal for the overall garden design goals, the designer may need to change other aspects of the garden. In some cases, the amount of available sunlight can be influenced by

4032-656: The climate of the local area, may limit the available sunlight. Or, substantial changes in the light conditions of the garden may not be within the gardener's means. In this case, it is important to plan a garden that is compatible with the existing light conditions. Garden design and the Islamic garden tradition began with creating the Paradise garden in Ancient Persia , in Western Asia. It evolved over

4116-819: The club hosted early concerts by punk bands such as Siouxsie and the Banshees , the Slits and Adam and the Ants . From 1964 to 1988, number 90 was the site of the Marquee Club , and since the late 1960s, number 159 has been the home of the St Moritz nightclub. The Eric Gilder School of Music was at 195 Wardour Street (its original building is now demolished). The street is home to more than 30 restaurants and bars north of Shaftesbury Avenue . South of Shaftesbury Avenue there are many well-known Chinese restaurants including

4200-732: The designer. Gardens designed for public access need to cope with heavier foot traffic and hence may use surfaces – such as resin-bonded gravel – that are rarely used in private gardens. Planting design requires design talent and aesthetic judgement combined with a good level of horticultural, ecological and cultural knowledge. It includes two major traditions: formal rectilinear planting design (Persia and Europe); and formal asymmetrical (Asia) and naturalistic planting design . Persian gardens are credited with originating aesthetic and diverse planting design. A correct Persian garden will be divided into four sectors with water being very important for both irrigation and aesthetics. The four sectors symbolize

4284-408: The fields from what is described as "The Waye from Vxbridge to London" ( Oxford Street ) to what is now Cockspur Street . The old plan shows that this lane follows the modern road almost exactly, including bends at Brewer Street and Old Compton Street . The road is also a major thoroughfare on Faithorne and Newcourt 's map surveyed between 1643 and 1647. Although they do not give it a name, it

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4368-408: The gardener. The location of trees, other shade plants, garden structures, or, when designing an entire property, even buildings, might be selected or changed based on their influence in increasing or reducing the amount of sunlight provided to various areas of the property. In other cases, the amount of sunlight is not under the gardener's control. Nearby buildings, plants on other properties, or simply

4452-495: The gardens with oversight from CU. The various gardens are designed to display Elizabethan gardening techniques as well as feature plants. There is an audio-visual tour. Daphne High School Daphne, Alabama Created by Agricultural Dept., 2021 That come before the swallow dares, and take The winds of March with beauty; violets dim, But sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes Or Cytherea's breath; pale primroses, That die unmarried, ere they can behold Bright Phœbus in his strength,

4536-404: The ground. The plants will usually be types that prefer well-drained soil and less water. The usual form of a rock garden is a pile of rocks, large and small, aesthetically arranged and with small gaps between, where the plants are rooted. Some rock gardens are designed and built to look like natural outcrops of bedrock. Stones are aligned to suggest a bedding plane and plants are used to conceal

4620-452: The house at the corner with Broadwick Street. Sir Edward Wardour owned land in the area, and Edward Street was what is now the stretch of Broadwick Street between Wardour Street and Berwick Street , as shown by Roque. Neither side of the street was fully built up by 1720. John Rocque shows both roads very clearly on his large-scale map of 1746 . From Oxford Street south to Meard Street is now Wardour Street ; then south to Compton Street

4704-735: The importance and value of natural plantings were an influence in Europe and the United States. Also influential half a century later was Margery Fish , whose surviving garden at East Lambrook Manor emphasizes, among other things, native plant life and the natural patterns produced by self-spreading and self-seeding. The earliest cottage gardens were far more practical than modern versions—with an emphasis on vegetables and herbs, along with fruit trees, beehives, and even livestock if land allowed. Flowers were used to fill any spaces in between. Over time, flowers became more dominant. Modern day cottage gardens include countless regional and personal variations of

4788-696: The joints between the stones. This type of rock garden was popular in Victorian times, often designed and built by professional landscape architects. The same approach is sometimes used in modern campus or commercial landscaping , but can also be applied in smaller private gardens. The Japanese rock garden , in the west often referred to as "Zen garden", is a special kind of rock garden which contains few plants. Some rock gardens incorporate bonsai . Rock gardens have become increasingly popular as landscape features in tropical countries such as Thailand. The combination of wet weather and heavy shade trees, along with

4872-631: The large Wong Kei at 41–43. A London County Council blue plaque on Wong Kei's commemorates costume designer and wigmaker Willy Clarkson whose business was based in the building. The street crosses, or meets with, Lisle Street , Gerrard Street, Rupert Court, Dansey Place, Shaftesbury Avenue, Winette Street, Tisbury Court, Old Compton Street, Brewer Street, Bourchier Street, Peter Street, Tyler's Court, Flaxman Court, Broadwick Street, St Anne's Court , Sheraton Street, D'Arblay Street , Hollen Street, Noel Street and Oxford Street. The street signs of Wardour Street appear in both English and Chinese , where

4956-519: The latter part of the century. Wright was used for picture frames by the new National Gallery from at least 1856, when they made the large new frame for the Adoration of the Magi by Paolo Veronese that is still in place. The phrase " Wardour Street English " denotes the use of near-obsolete words purely for effect. An example is anent , a preposition , meaning "concerning". This usage derives from

5040-413: The light. Photoperiodism is a plant's response or capacity to respond to photoperiod, a recurring cycle of light and dark periods of constant length. While sunlight is not always easily controlled by the gardener, it is an important element of garden design. The amount of available light is a critical factor in determining what plants may be grown. Sunlight will, therefore, have a substantial influence on

5124-567: The modern formal garden. The Conservatory Garden in Central Park of New York City features a formal garden, as do many other parks and estates such as Filoli in California. The simplest formal garden would be a box-trimmed hedge lining or enclosing a carefully laid out flowerbed or garden bed of simple geometric shape, such as a knot garden . The more developed and elaborate formal gardens contain statuary and fountains. Features in

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5208-601: The more structured Victorian English estate gardens that used restrained designs with massed beds of brilliantly colored greenhouse annuals. They are more casual by design, depending on grace and charm rather than grandeur and formal structure. The influential British garden authors and designers, William Robinson at Gravetye Manor in Sussex, and Gertrude Jekyll at Munstead Wood in Surrey, both wrote and gardened in England. Jekyll's series of thematic gardening books emphasized

5292-440: The more traditional English cottage garden. The traditional kitchen garden, also known as a potager, is a seasonally used space separate from the rest of the residential garden – the ornamental plants and lawn areas. Most vegetable gardens are still miniature versions of old family farm plots with square or rectangular beds, but the kitchen garden is different not only in its history, but also its design. The kitchen garden may be

5376-518: The numbering of premises was rationalised around 1896. In the late 19th century, Wardour Street was known for (sometimes slightly shoddy) furniture stores, antique shops, and dealers in artists' supplies. A complicated succession of members of the Wright family were in business in a variety of art and furniture-related fields between 1827 and 1919 at numbers 22 (the first and last), and also 23, 26, 134 and 144, with at least two businesses run by cousins in

5460-518: The often planted introduced species , cultivars , and invasive species . The indigenous plants have co-evolved with animals, fungi and microbes, to form a complex network of relationships. They are the foundation of their native habitats and ecosystems , or natural communities. Such gardens often benefit from the plants being evolved and habituated to the local climate, pests and herbivores, and soil conditions, and so may require fewer to no soil amendments , irrigation, pesticides, and herbicides for

5544-559: The once great number of antique shops in the area. The Paris-born luthier Georges Chanot III had a shop and violin-making business at no. 157 for many years. During this period, it became a centre of the British film industry , with the big production and distribution companies having their headquarters in the street. By the end of the century most of the big film companies had moved elsewhere, leaving some smaller independent production houses and post-production companies still based in

5628-567: The orchestra played selections from Mendelssohn 's "Midsummer Night's Dream," and the Normal School Glee Club sang choral setting of "Hark, Hark, the Lark" and "Who Is Sylvia?" A group of high school pupils in Elizabethan costume escorted the guests to the garden entrance and stood guard during the planting of the dedicatory elms.... Miss Marlowe climaxed the proceedings by her readings of Perdita's flower scene from A Winter's Tale,

5712-410: The plants usually provide relevant quotations. A Shakespeare garden usually includes several dozen species, either in herbaceous profusion or in a geometric layout with boxwood dividers. Typical amenities are walkways and benches and a weather-resistant bust of Shakespeare. Shakespeare gardens may accompany reproductions of Elizabethan architecture . Some Shakespeare gardens also grow species typical of

5796-410: The plants usually provide relevant quotations. A Shakespeare garden usually includes several dozen species, either in herbaceous profusion or in a geometric layout with boxwood dividers. Typical amenities are walkways and benches and a weather-resistant bust of Shakespeare. Shakespeare gardens may accompany reproductions of Elizabethan architecture . Some Shakespeare gardens also grow species typical of

5880-465: The rest..." Shakespeare grew up in a small town with gardens, surrounded by meadow, river and woodlands. His references to trees, herbs, kitchen and flower garden plants are correct botanically, and are a source for plants' names and uses in Elizabethan times. English ships exploring the New World brought back new plants to join the local ones being designed for estates or in the kitchen garden outside

5964-417: The same on Greenwood 's map of 1827, although the area at the southern end had been redeveloped. The road now ends at Pall Mall East, and the boundary between Wardour and Princes streets may have moved north a little. By 1846, Cruchley 's new plan of London shows change at the southern end. Wardour , Princes and Whitcomb streets stay the same; however, Whitcomb Street loses a few hundred yards at

6048-452: The soil acidity/alkalinity, and the choice of plants to be grown. One source states that, "conditioning the soil thoroughly before planting enables the plants to establish themselves quickly and so play their part in the design." However, not all gardens are, or should be, amended in this manner, since many plants prefer an impoverished soil. In this case, poor soil is better than a rich soil that has been artificially enriched. The design of

6132-407: The southern end, and from James Street to Pall Mall is now Dorset Place . In Victorian times, Princes Street is still shown on the 1871 Ordnance Survey map. Stanford 's Map of Central London 1897, at 6 inches (15 cm) to a mile (1:10560), has just two names, Wardour Street from Oxford Street to Coventry Street, and Whitcomb Street south from there. It has remained like this since, though

6216-621: The style of the garden and purpose of the boundary. A wall has a strong foundation beneath it at all points, and is usually – but not always – built from brick, stone or concrete blocks. A fence differs from a wall in that it is anchored only at intervals, and is usually constructed using wood or metal (such as iron or wire mesh). Boundaries may be constructed for several reasons: to keep out livestock or intruders, to provide privacy, to create shelter from strong winds and provide micro-climates, to screen unattractive structures or views, and to create an element of surprise. In temperate western gardens,

6300-573: The tradeswoman's door. The Elizabethans gave symbolic meaning to certain plants, as Ophelia's speech (below) illustrates. Shakespeare uses individual plants, gardens, gardening knowledge and skills (e.g. pruning), forests and other landscapes to describe character and place, set or shift tone and mood, make allusions perhaps that in prose would prove politically dangerous. The best known reference in Shakespeare of plants used for symbolic purposes, aside from passing mention, as in Romeo and Juliet , "What's in

6384-406: The use of heavy weed mats to stop unwanted plant growth, has made this type of arrangement ideal for both residential and commercial gardens due to its easier maintenance and drainage. Natural landscaping, also called native gardening, is the use of native plants , including trees, shrubs, groundcover , and grasses which are indigenous to the geographic area of the garden. Natural landscaping

6468-431: The users or owners of the gardens. Elements of garden design include the layout of hardscape such as paths, walls, water features, sitting areas and decking , and the softscape , that is, the plants themselves, with consideration for their horticultural requirements, their season-to-season appearance, lifespan, growth habit , size, speed of growth, and combinations with other plants and landscape features. Consideration

6552-431: The way the garden space will connect to the home or other structures in the surrounding areas. All of these considerations are subject to the limitations of the prescribed budget. A garden's location can have a substantial influence on its design. Topographical landscape features such as steep slopes, vistas, hills, and outcrops may suggest or determine aspects of design such as layout and can be used and augmented to create

6636-464: Was added in the anniversary year 1916 to Central Park , New York City. In honour of the Bard and the reading of literature, this area is one of eight designated Quiet Zones. It included a graft from a mulberry tree said to have been grafted from one planted by Shakespeare in 1602; that tree was cut down by Rev. Francis Gastrell, owner of New Place, however The tree blew down in a summer storm in 2006 and

6720-686: Was nearby. The revival of interest in the flowers mentioned in Shakespeare's plays arose with the revival of flower gardening in the United Kingdom. An early document is Paul Jerrard, Flowers from Stratford-on-Avon (London 1852), in which Jerrard attempted to identify Shakespeare's floral references, in a purely literary and botanical exercise, such as those by J. Harvey Bloom ( Shakespeare's Garden London:Methuen, 1903) or F.G. Savage, ( The Flora and Folk Lore of Shakespeare Cheltenham:E.J. Burrow, 1923). This parallel industry continues today. A small arboretum of some forty trees mentioned by Shakespeare

6804-531: Was planted in 1988 to complement the garden of Anne Hathaway's Cottage in Shottery, a mile from Stratford-on-Avon. "Visitors can sit on the specially designed bench, gaze at the cottage, press a button and listen to one of four Shakespearean sonnets read by famous actors," the official website informs the prospective visitor. A live willow cabin made of growing willows, inspired by lines in Twelfth Night ,

6888-730: Was removed. This garden is located near the Delacorte Theater that houses the New York Shakespeare Festival . According to information available on the Central Park web pages, the Shakespeare Garden there does still contain some of the flowers and plants mentioned in his plays. The rich weave of associations engendered by Shakespeare Gardens is exemplified in the Shakespeare Garden of Cleveland, Ohio, where herb-bordered paths, converge on

6972-571: Was represented by sycamore maples from Scotland. The sundial was Byzantine, presented by the Shakespearean actor, Robert Mantell. Jars planted with ivy and flowers were sent by Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree , Rabindranath Tagore — as the "Shakespeare of India"— and Sarah Bernhardt . The Shakespeare Garden inaugural exercises took place on April 14th, 1916, the tercentenary year... E. H. Sothen and Julia Marlowe were guests of honor. After speeches of welcome by city officials and Mayor Harry L. Davis,

7056-600: Was used in laying out the Queen's Garden behind Kew Palace in 1969. Ernest Law's, Shakespeare's Garden, Stratford-upon-Avon (1922), with photographic illustrations showing quartered plats in patterns outlined by green and grey clipped edgings, each centred by roses grown as standards, must have supplied impetus to many flower-filled revivalist Shakespeare's gardens of the 20s and 30s. For Americans, Esther Singleton produced The Shakespeare Garden (New York, 1931). Singleton's and Law's plantings, as with most Shakespeare gardens, owed

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