115-579: Shahabuddin Ahmed (1 February 1930 – 19 March 2022) was a Bangladeshi politician who served as the president of Bangladesh from 1996 to 2001, and the chief justice of Bangladesh from 1990 to 1995. He previously served as the acting president during 1990–91 when Hussain Muhammad Ershad resigned from the post. He headed an interim government and held a general election in February 1991. Ahmed
230-531: A guich tribe (vassal tribe serving as a garrison and military force) previously installed in the Kasbah Cherarda by Moulay Isma'il. Sultan Moulay Abdallah, who reigned intermittently during this period and used Fez as a capital, was initially welcomed in 1728–29 as an enemy of the Udayas, but relations between him and the city's population quickly soured due to his choice of governor. He immediately built
345-527: A peace treaty in 1997, the Bangladeshi government is yet to implement many of its commitments to protect adibashi land rights. However, the deletion in 1977 of Bangalee as the nationality term for the country's citizens, in order to be inclusive of non-Bengali minorities, also reflects attempts to build a more cosmopolitan Bangladeshi society. The culture of Bangladesh has evolved with influences from diverse social societies. Bangladesh's main religion
460-461: A vernacular variety of Arabic. Like the inhabitants of other historical urban centers in Morocco, Ahl Fes ( أهل فاس "the people of Fes," referring especially to old elite families) speak their own distinct dialect of Darija. This Fessi dialect has traditionally been regarded as a prestige dialect over other forms of Moroccan Darija—particularly those seen as rural or 'arūbi ( عروبي "of
575-477: A 2024 population of 174 million according to United Nations projections. As per as 2020 estimation research, around 13 million Bangladeshis live abroad in various foreign nations. The estimated total population of all Bangladeshis including the ones who are living in their country and abroad is about 187 million as per 2020–21 estimation. Approximately 99% of the Bangladeshis are Bengalis . East Bengal
690-545: A mixture of Bengali and Tibeto-Burman surnames. Fez, Morocco Fez or Fes ( / f ɛ z / ; Arabic : فاس , romanized : fās ) is a city in northern inland Morocco and the capital of the Fez-Meknes administrative region . It is one of the largest cities in Morocco , with a population of 1.256 million, according to the 2024 census . Located to the northwest of the Atlas Mountains , it
805-531: A nationality, have been referred to by various terms: None of these terms should be conflated with Bengalis , the name of the predominant ethnic group in the country who make up the bulk of all Bangladeshis. The region of Bengal was settled by people of diverse origins, including Indo-Aryan , Dravidian , Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic ancestry, with the most ancient settlements traced back to 4000 BCE. Religions in Bangladesh (2022) Bangladesh has
920-550: A popular uprising which included deadly attacks targeting Europeans as well as native Jewish inhabitants in the Mellah , followed by an even deadlier repression. The first French resident general, Hubert Lyautey , decided to move the administrative capital of the Protectorate to Rabat in 1912–1913, which has remained the capital ever since. A number of social and physical changes took place during this period and across
1035-680: A population of 20,560 in the 2014 census. The municipality possesses a special administrative status as the location of a royal palace (the Dar al-Makhzen or méchouar ), one of four such municipalities (French: communes des méchouars ) in Morocco. The other three are located in Casablanca, Marrakesh, and Rabat. These four municipalities are governed by special provisions that do not apply to ordinary municipalities. The subdivisions of Fez Prefecture are grouped into two electoral districts , North Fez and South Fez, each of which elects four members to
1150-567: A prominent Jewish community , probably consisting of Zenata Berbers who had previously converted to Judaism , as well as a small remaining Christian population for a time. The Jews were especially concentrated in a northeastern district of al-ʿĀliyá , known as Funduq el-Yihoudi (near the present-day Bab Guissa gate). Following the death of Idris II in 828 the region was divided among his sons. The eldest, Muhammad , received Fez, but some of his brothers attempted to break away from his leadership, resulting in an internecine conflict. Although
1265-475: A rebellion in 817–818 against al-Hakam I , were one major component of the immigrant population. These families mainly settled in Madinat Fas . The immigrants from Kairouan and al-Andalus gave the city its Arabic character and would subsequently give their name to the districts of 'Adwat Al-Andalus [ ar ] and 'Adwat al-Qarawiyyin [ ar ] . The city also had
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#17327757240211380-661: A registrar of the High Court of the then East Pakistan in Dhaka. He was elevated to the bench of the High Court on 20 January 1972 and acted on deputation at the Labour Appellate Tribunal for two years, 1973 and 1974. Ahmed was appointed a judge of the appellate division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh on 7 February 1980 and was confirmed in this office on 15 April 1981. Ahmed was the chairman of
1495-740: A role in the Moroccan nationalist movement and in protests against the French colonial regime. Many Moroccan nationalists received their education at the Al-Qarawiyyin University and some of their informal political networks were established thanks to this shared educational background. In July 1930, the students and other inhabitants protested against the Berber Dahir , decreed by the French authorities in May of that year. In 1937,
1610-430: A separate fortified palace in the countryside, Dar Dbibegh , where he resided instead. For nearly three more decades the city remained in more or less perpetual conflict with both the Udayas and the 'Alawi sultans. Starting with the reign of Moulay Muhammad ibn Abdallah , between 1757 and 1790, the country stabilized and Fez finally regained its fortunes. Although its status was partly shared with Marrakesh, it remained
1725-805: A special course in public administration at the University of Oxford . Ahmed joined the Civil Service of Pakistan in 1954, completed training in the Lahore Civil Service Academy and at the University of Oxford. He was sub-divisional officer of Gopalganj and Natore. In addition he was a deputy commissioner of Faridpur . In 1960, he was transferred to the judicial branch. He worked as additional district and session judge of Dhaka and Barisal, and as district and sessions judge of Comilla and Chittagong . In 1967, he served as
1840-414: A village are called Paras , and each para has its own name. Several paras constitute a mauza , the basic revenue and census survey unit. The traditional character of rural villages was changing in the latter half of the 20th century with the addition of brick structures of one or more stories scattered among the more common thatched bamboo huts. Although farming has traditionally been ranked among
1955-486: A village is the family ( poribar or gushti ), generally consisting of a complete or incomplete patrilineally extended household ( chula ) and residing in a homestead ( bari ). The individual nuclear family often is submerged in the larger unit and might be known as the house ( ghor ). Above the bari level, patrilineal kin ties are linked into sequentially larger groups based on real, fictional, or assumed relationships. A significant unit larger than that of close kin
2070-627: Is Islam, which has played a critical part in influencing the country's culture. The official language of Bangladesh is Bengali , which is shared with the neighbouring Indian states of West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura. Bengali dialects vary between different regions of Bangladesh but Standard Bengali is the most widely used. According to the Ethnologue , there are 36 indigenous living languages, which include 17 Sino-Tibetan , 10 Indo-European , 7 Austro-Asiatic and 2 Dravidian languages . The oldest literary inscription in Bangladesh dates back to
2185-662: Is concentrated in Bengal delta, the coastal areas of Chittagong Division and the river valleys of Sylhet-Division. An estimated 3 million Bangladeshi citizens are non-Bengali Muslim immigrants from different parts of South Asia. They include affluent sections of the country's merchant and business class, particularly Nizari Ismailism adherents. They also include former Stranded Pakistanis and their descendants. Bangladesh's non-Bengali Muslims are usually fluent in both Bengali and Hindustani . Also there are over 1 million Rohingya Muslim refugees living in Bangladesh who came here during
2300-428: Is divided into six arrondissements ( مقاطعات ): The municipality of Fez is governed by a 91-member council, elected by direct universal suffrage every six years. The arrondissements of Zouagha and Marininyine elect 17 councillors each; Jnan El Ouard and Saiss elect 16 councillors each; Agdal elects 13, and Fès-Médina elects 12. Executive power is wielded by a president and ten vice-presidents, which are elected by
2415-400: Is increasingly being learned by younger generations. Berber dialects are commonly spoken in the countryside around the city. Historically, the city was one of Morocco's main centers of trade and craftsmanship. The tanning industry, for example, still embodied by tanneries of Fes el-Bali today, was a major source of exports and economic sustenance since the city's early history. Up until
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#17327757240212530-517: Is occupied largely by farmland. Roughly 15 km south of Fes el-Bali is the region's main airport, Fes-Saïs . Further south is the town of Sefrou , while the city of Meknes , the next largest city in the region, is located to the southwest. Northwest of the Middle Atlas mountains, Fez has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ) with a strong continental influence, shifting from relatively cool and wet in
2645-613: Is surrounded by hills and the old city is centered around the Fez River ( Oued Fes ) flowing from west to east. Fez has been called the " Mecca of the West" and the " Athens of Africa". It is also considered the spiritual and cultural capital of Morocco. Founded under Idrisid rule during the 8th–9th centuries CE , Fez initially consisted of two autonomous and competing settlements. Successive waves of mainly Arab immigrants from Ifriqiya ( Tunisia ) and al-Andalus ( Spain / Portugal ) in
2760-420: Is the largest city in Bangladesh and one of the world's most populous megacities . Other important cities include Chittagong , Sylhet , Khulna , Rajshahi , Bogura , Jessore , Barisal , Comilla , Narayanganj and Mymensingh . Most urban centres are rural administrative towns. Urban centres grew in number and population during the 1980s as a result of an administrative decentralization program that featured
2875-439: Is the voluntary religious and mutual benefit association known as "the society" ( shomaj or milat ). Among the functions of a shomaj might be the maintenance of a Mosque and support of a mullah . An informal council of shomaj elders ( matabdars or shordars ) settles disputes taking place in the village . Factional competition between the motobdars is a major dynamic of social and political interaction. Groups of homes in
2990-479: The Allies on January 11, 1944. This resulted in the arrest of nationalist leaders followed by the violent suppression of protests across many cities, including Fez. After Morocco regained its independence in 1956, many of the trends begun under colonial rule continued and accelerated. Much of Fez's bourgeois classes moved to the growing metropolises of Casablanca and the capital, Rabat. The Jewish population
3105-550: The Battle of Wadi al-Laban north of Fez. After the death of Abdallah al-Ghalib a new power struggle emerged. Abd al-Malik , Abdallah's brother, captured Fez with Ottoman support and ousted his nephew Abu Abdullah from the throne. This led to the Battle of Wadi al-Makhazin (also known as Battle of the Three Kings) in which Abd al-Malik's army defeated an invading Portuguese army, ensuring Moroccan independence. Abd al-Malik
3220-578: The Chittagong Hill Tracts and parts of the Sylhet Division , are home to various tribal minorities. Bengali Muslims are the predominant ethnoreligious group of Bangladesh with a population of 150.36 million, which makes up 91.04% of the country's population as of 2022. The minority Bengali Hindu population made up approximately 7.95% of the population of the country according to the 2022 Census Non-Bengali Muslims make up
3335-488: The Fez River . The city is divided between its historic medina (the two walled districts of Fes el-Bali and Fes Jdid ) and the now much larger Ville Nouvelle (New City) along with several outlying modern neighbourhoods. The old city is located in a valley along the banks of the Oued Fes (Fez River) just above its confluence with the larger Sebou River to the northeast. The Fez River takes its sources from
3450-598: The Hafidhiya , the brief civil war that erupted when Abdelhafid challenged his brother Abdelaziz for the throne. The ulama of Fez, led by the Sufi modernist Muhammad Bin Abdul-Kabir Al-Kattani , offered their conditioned support to Abd al-Hafid, which turned the tide of the conflict. Abdelaziz was defeated in the Battle of Marrakesh in 1908. Abdelhafid's reign soon deteriorated and in early 1911
3565-453: The House of Representatives . North Fez consists of the arrondissements of El Mariniyine, Fès-Médina, and Zouagha and the municipality of Méchouar Fès Jdid. South Fez consists of the other three arrondissements of Agdal, Jnan El Ouard, and Saiss, and the three rural municipalities outside the city of Fez. The historic city of Fez consists of Fes el-Bali, the original city on both shores of
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3680-660: The Iberian Peninsula (known as the Megorashim ) in subsequent generations, especially after the 1492 expulsion of Jews from Spain and 1496 expulsion of Jews from Portugal . The 1465 Moroccan revolt overthrew the last Marinid sultan . In 1472 the Wattasids , another Zenata dynasty which had previously served as viziers under the Marinid sultans, succeeded as rulers of Morocco from Fez. They perpetuated
3795-506: The Marinid era (13th–15th centuries), regaining its status as political capital. Numerous new madrasas and mosques were constructed, many of which survive today, while other structures were restored. These buildings are counted among the hallmarks of Moorish and Moroccan architectural styles . In 1276 the Marinid sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub also founded the royal administrative district of Fes Jdid ( lit. ' New Fez ' ), where
3910-481: The Oued Bou Khrareb (mostly rebuilt in later eras). The two cities became increasingly integrated: the open space between the two was filled up by new houses and up to six bridges across the river allowed for easier passage between them. A decade after Dunas, between 1059 and 1061, the two cities were ruled separately by two brothers who were rival Zenata emirs that fought with each other: al-ʿĀliyá
4025-528: The Oued Fes (River of Fez), and the smaller Fez Jdid, founded on higher ground to the west in the 13th century. It is distinct from Fez's now much larger Ville Nouvelle (new city). Fes el-Bali is the oldest continuously inhabited walled city in the Arab world, and one of the largest and oldest urban pedestrian zones (car-free areas) in the whole world. It is the site of the famous Qarawiyyin University and
4140-530: The Royal Palace (Dar al-Makhzen) is still located today, to which extensive gardens were later added. During this period the Jewish population of the city grew and the Mellah (Jewish quarter) was formed on the south side of this new district. After the overthrow of the Marinid dynasty, the growth of Fez stalled and the city subsequently competed with Marrakesh for political and cultural influence. It became
4255-554: The Tafilalt region (the 'Alawi dynasty's ancestral home). Moulay Rashid also built a large new madrasa, the Cherratine Madrasa , in 1670. After Rashid's death, Fez underwent another dark period. Moulay Isma'il , his successor, apparently disliked the city—possibly due to a rebellion there in his early reign—and chose nearby Meknès as his capital instead. Although he did restore or rebuild some major monuments in
4370-519: The Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani , which attract both Moroccan and international (especially West African ) pilgrims. The city and the region still struggle with unemployment and economic precarity. Two municipalities (Arabic: جماعتين حضريتين , French: communes ) in the Fez Prefecture [ ar ] (Arabic: عمالة فاس ) make up the city of Fez. Most of Fez is administered as
4485-539: The 1980s. On December 14, 1990, a general strike was called and led to protests and rioting by university students and youths in Fez. Buildings were burned and looted, including the Hôtel des Mérinides , a luxury hotel overlooking Fes el-Bali and dating to the time of Lyautey. Thousands were arrested and at least five were killed. The government promised to investigate and raise wages, though some of these measures were dismissed by
4600-413: The 19th century the city was the only source of fezzes (also known as the tarboosh ). The last major change to Fez's topography before the 20th century was made during the reign of Moulay Hassan I (1873–1894), who finally connected Fes Jdid and Fes el-Bali by building a walled corridor between them. New gardens and summer palaces, used by the royals and the capital's high society, were built within
4715-547: The 20th century. Starting under Lyautey, one important policy with long-term consequences was the decision to largely forego redevelopment of existing historic walled cities in Morocco and to intentionally preserve them as sites of historic heritage, still known today as " medinas ". Instead, the French administration built new modern cities (the Villes Nouvelles ) just outside the old cities, where European settlers largely resided with modern Western-style amenities. This
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4830-539: The 3rd century BCE. It was found at Mahasthangarh and is written in the Brahmi script . The language is Magadhi Prakrit . The Bengali language developed from Magadhi Prakrit, and it's written from Apabhramsa , between the 7th and 10th centuries. It once formed a single eastern Indo-Aryan language with Assamese and Odia , but later became distinct. It became an official language of the Sultanate of Bengal , where it
4945-477: The Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and R'cif Mosque were rallying points for demonstrations against a violent crackdown on Moroccan protesters in the nearby city of Meknes , which ended with French troops being deployed across Fes el-Bali, including at the mosques themselves. Towards the end of World War II , Moroccan nationalists gathered in Fez to draft a demand for independence which they submitted to
5060-595: The Almoravids. Due to the ferocious resistance they encountered from the local population, the Almohads demolished the city's fortifications. However, due to Fez's continuing economic and military importance, the Almohad caliph Ya'qub al-Mansur ordered the reconstruction of the ramparts. The walls were completed by his successor Muhammad al-Nasir in 1204, giving them their definitive shape and establishing
5175-457: The Arabic word فأس Faʾs , meaning pickaxe . Various legends have been reported to explain this etymology. One tells the story of a gold pickaxe found on site during the city's construction, while another claims that Idris I used a silver and gold pickaxe to dig alongside his workers. Another account reported by Ibn Abi Zar claims that an ancient city named "Sef" had previously existed on
5290-788: The Bengali script. The Bengali Language Movement in East Pakistan was a key catalyst for forming Bangladeshi identity. It is commemorated by UNESCO as International Mother Language Day , as part of worldwide efforts to preserve linguistic heritage. Bangladesh is also home to number of minority indigenous languages, including Santhali , Garo , Marma , Manipuri language ( Meitei language ), Chakma and Bisnupriya Manipuri . Bangladeshi Muslims typically carry surnames that have Arabic , Persian , and Sanskrit origins. Bangladeshi Hindus have Sanskritized Bengali surnames. Many Bangladeshi Christians have Portuguese surnames. Buddhists have
5405-574: The Commission of Inquiry established under the Commission of Inquiry Act on police firing on the students in mid-February 1983. He was the chairman of the National Pay Commission in 1984 and submitted a report on the basis of which upward revision of pay scale was made. Ahmed was appointed the chief justice of Bangladesh on 14 January 1990. Following a public agitation which was led by opposition political parties bent on changing
5520-611: The Idrisid realm was eventually reunified and enjoyed a period of peace under Ali ibn Muhammad and Yahya ibn Muhammad , it fell into decline again in the late 9th century. In the 10th century, the city was contested by the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba and the Fatimid Caliphate of Ifriqiya (Tunisia), who ruled the city through a host of Zenata clients. The Fatimids took the city in 927 and expelled
5635-586: The Idrisids definitively, after which their Miknasa (one of the Zenata tribes) were installed there. The city, along with much of northern Morocco, continued to change hands between the proxies of Córdoba and the proxies of the Fatimids for many decades. Following another successful invasion by Buluggin ibn Ziri in 979 and a brief period of Fatimid control, the forces of Al-Mansur of Cordoba managed to retake
5750-521: The Jewish community in Fez also spoke an Arabic dialect similar to the rest of the city. Modern Standard Arabic and Berber (Tamazight) are Morocco's two official state languages, although French is also widespread as a language of government and law. The primary language of the literary traditions of Fes is Arabic. While the daily spoken language is Darija (the Moroccan Arabic dialect), many people also speak French fluently. English
5865-597: The Saadi sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh took Fez and ousted the last Wattasid sultan Ali Abu Hassun . The Wattasids later retook the city in 1554 with Ottoman support, but this reconquest was short-lived and later that same year the Wattasids were decisively defeated by the Saadis. The Ottomans attempted to invade Morocco after the assassination of Mohammed ash-Sheikh in 1558, but were stopped by his son Abdallah al-Ghalib at
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#17327757240215980-633: The Zawiya of Moulay Idris II, the most important religious and cultural sites, while Fez el-Jdid is the site of the 195 acre Royal Palace, still used by the King of Morocco today. These two historic cities are linked together and are usually referred to together as the "medina" of Fez, though this term is sometimes applied more restrictively to Fes el-Bali only. Fez is becoming an increasingly popular tourist destination and many non-Moroccans are now restoring traditional houses ( riads and dars) as second homes in
6095-526: The age of 92. Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed Park in Gulshan was named after him. Bangladeshis Bangladeshis ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশী [ˈbaŋladeʃi] ) are the citizens and nationals of Bangladesh , a South Asian country centred on the transnational historical region of Bengal along the eponymous bay . Bangladeshi citizenship was formed in 1971, when the permanent residents of
6210-536: The area makes up 10% of Bangladesh's territory. It is home to several indigenous ethnic groups in the three hill districts of Rangamati , Bandarban and Khagrachari . The three largest communities in the region have a Raja as their tribal chief who is recognized by the Government of Bangladesh. There are several Austroasiatic , Tibeto-Burman and Indo-Aryan ethnic groups which inhabit parts of northern and northeastern Bangladesh . The basic social unit in
6325-405: The autocratic system of government and the resignation of the government headed by the then president Hussain Muhammad Ershad , on 6 December 1990, the-then vice-president Moudud Ahmed resigned and Ahmed was appointed the new vice-president. Later that day Ershad resigned and Ahmed took over as the acting president of the country. Ahmed was chosen by all political parties including Ershad to hold
6440-482: The capital again under the 'Alawi dynasty up until 1912. The city consists of two old medina quarters , Fes el-Bali and Fes Jdid, and the much larger modern urban Ville Nouvelle area founded during the French colonial era. The Medina of Fez is listed as a World Heritage Site and is one of the world's largest and oldest urban pedestrian zones (car-free areas). It contains the University of al-Qarawiyyin which
6555-536: The capital of Morocco for the rest of the 'Alawi period up to the 20th century. The 'Alawis continued to rebuild or restore various monuments and undertook a series of extensions to the Royal Palace. The sultans and their entourages also became more and more closely associated with the elites of Fez and other urban centers, with the ulama (religious scholars) of Fez being particularly influential. After Moulay Slimane's death, powerful families from Fez became
6670-470: The capital was moved to Marrakesh under the Almoravids, Fez acquired a reputation for Maliki legal scholarship and remained an important centre of trade and industry. Almoravid impact on the city's structure was such that Yusuf ibn Tashfin is sometimes considered to be the second founder of Fez. In 1145 the Almohad leader Abd al-Mu'min besieged and conquered the city during the Almohad overthrow of
6785-405: The city are 46.7 °C (116 °F) and −8.2 °C (17 °F), respectively. Snowfall on average occurs once every 3 to 5 years. Fez recorded snowfall in three straight years in 2005, 2006 and 2007. According to the 2024 national census , the population of the city of Fez was 1,256,172, which includes the municipalities of Fez proper and Méchouar Fès Jdid (New Fès). Most of the population
6900-537: The city saw a revival and became the capital again, albeit briefly. Moulay Rashid set about restoring the city after a long period of neglect. He built the Kasbah Cherarda (also known as the Kasbah al-Khemis) to the north of Fes Jdid in order to house a large part of his tribal troops. He also restored or rebuilt what became known as the Kasbah an-Nouar, which became the living quarters of his followers from
7015-418: The city was one of the largest in the world, with an estimated population of 200,000. By 1200, Fez and Cairo had probably become the largest Muslim cities. In 1250, Fez regained its status as the capital under the Marinid dynasty . The city reached its golden age in the Marinid period. In 1276, an anti-Marinid revolt resulted in a massacre of the Jewish community that was stopped by the intervention of
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#17327757240217130-431: The city which appear to have been aimed at keeping control over the local population. After the long reign of Ahmad al-Mansur, the Saadi state fell into civil war between his sons and potential successors. Fez became a rival seat of power for a number of brothers vying against other family members ruling from Marrakesh. Both cities changed hands multiple times until the internecine conflict finally ended in 1627. Despite
7245-430: The city's surrounding countryside, the fertile Saïss plains, is an important source of agricultural activity producing primarily cereals , beans , olives , and grapes , as well as raising livestock . Tourism is also a major industry due to the city's UNESCO-listed historic medina . Religious tourism is also present due to the old city's many major zawiyas (Islamic shrines), such as the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II and
7360-420: The city, such as the Zawiya of Moulay Idris II , he also frequently imposed heavy taxes on the city's inhabitants and sometimes even forcibly transferred parts of its population to repopulate other cities in the country. After his death, Morocco was plunged into anarchy and decades of conflict between his sons who vied to succeed him. Fez suffered particularly from repeated conflicts with the Udayas (or Oudayas),
7475-772: The corridor, such as the Jnan Sbil Gardens and the Dar Batha palace. Moulay Hassan also expanded the old Royal Palace itself, extending its entrance up to the current location of the Old Mechouar while adding the New Mechouar, along with the Dar al-Makina , to the north. The expansion separated the Moulay Abdallah neighbourhood to the northwest from the rest of Fes Jdid. Fez played a central role in
7590-493: The council. In 2021, Abdeslam Bekkali, a member of the National Rally of Independents (RNI), succeeded Driss Azami El Idrissi as the new president of the municipality of Fez. The municipality of Méchouar Fès Jdid consists of the neighborhood of Fes Jdid in the old city and forms an enclave within the municipality of Fez. Established in 1992, it is only 1.6 square kilometres (0.62 sq mi) in extent, and recorded
7705-459: The creation of upazilas . Bangladesh is noted for cultural pluralism within a Bengali Muslim majority. Secularism has been an important contributor to the nation's society and ethos. The Bengali language is a fundamental element of Bangladeshi identity. It is a secular language which evolved between the 7th and 10th centuries, with an indigenous alphabet, and unites people of different faiths and regions. The Bengali Language Movement sowed
7820-543: The early 9th century gave the nascent city its Arab character. After the downfall of the Idrisid dynasty, other empires came and went until the 11th century when the Almoravid Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin united the two settlements into what is today's Fes el-Bali ( lit. ' Old Fes ' ) quarter, a.k.a. Medina of Fez. Under Almoravid rule, the city gained a reputation for religious scholarship and mercantile activity. Fez reached its zenith in
7935-404: The first ruler of the new dynasty, had a troubled reign. However, Ibn Atiyya's descendant Dunas ibn Hamama, ruling between 1037 and 1049, was responsible for improving the city's infrastructure. He developed much of Fez's water supply system , which has largely survived up to the present day. Other structures built in his time included hammams (bathhouses), mosques, and the first bridges over
8050-416: The former East Pakistan were transformed into citizens of a new republic. Bangladesh is the world's eighth most populous nation . The vast majority of Bangladeshis are ethnolinguistically Bengalis , an Indo-Aryan people . The population of Bangladesh is concentrated in the fertile Bengal delta , which has been the centre of urban and agrarian civilizations for millennia. The country's highlands, including
8165-419: The interim government that would oversee the neutral election to parliament . He administered the oath of office to his council of advisors at Bangabhaban on 9 December 1990 and held the first meeting on 15 December 1990. After the Fifth National Parliamentary Elections held on 27 February 1991, Ahmed handed over the parliamentary ruling power to the newly elected Prime Minister Khaleda Zia . He resigned from
8280-775: The largest immigrant community; while the Tibeto-Burman Chakmas , who speak the Indo-Aryan Chakma language , are the largest indigenous ethnic group after Indo-Aryan Bengalis. The Austroasiatic Santhals are the largest aboriginal community. The Bangladeshi diaspora is concentrated in the Arab world , North America and the United Kingdom . A significant number of Non-Resident Bangladeshis (NRBs) have dual citizenship in different countries. After Independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Bangladeshis, as
8395-485: The late 19th century, the city was the only place in the world which fabricated the fez hat . The city's commerce was concentrated along its major streets, like Tala'a Kebira , and around the central bazaar known as the Kissariat al-Kifah from which many other souq s (markets) branched off. The crafts industry continues to this day and is still focused in the old city, though largely reliant on tourism. Today,
8510-402: The main players of the country's political and intellectual scene. The Tijani Sufi order, started by Ahmad al-Tijani (d. 1815), has had its spiritual center in Fez since al-Tijani moved here from Algeria in 1789. The order spread quickly among the literary elite of North West Africa and its ulama had significant religious, intellectual, and political influence in Fez and beyond. Until
8625-500: The most desirable occupations, villagers in the 1980s began to encourage their children to leave the increasingly overcrowded countryside to seek more secure employment in the towns. Traditional sources of prestige, such as landholding, distinguished lineage, and religious piety were beginning to be replaced by modern education, higher income, and steadier work. These changes, however, did not prevent rural poverty from increasing greatly. In 2015, 34% of Bangladeshis lived in cities. Dhaka
8740-550: The most richly decorated monuments in Fez. The Jewish quarter of Fez, the Mellah , was created in Fes Jdid at some point during the Marinid period. The exact date and circumstances of its formation are not firmly established, but many scholars date the transfer of the Jewish population from Fes el-Bali to the new Mellah to the 15th century, a period of political tension and instability. In particular, Jewish sources describe
8855-407: The municipality of Fez, while the neighborhood of Fes Jdid is administered separately as the municipality of Méchouar Fès Jdid. Outside of the city, there are also three rural municipalities in the prefecture, Aïn Bida, Oulad Tayeb, and Sidi Harazem. The municipality of Fez has an area of 94 square kilometres (36 sq mi) and recorded a population of 1,091,512 in the 2014 Moroccan census. It
8970-525: The name Fez, only al-ʿĀliyá and al-ʿĀliyá Madinat Idris . It is not known whether the name al-ʿĀliyá ever referred to both urban areas. The two cities were united in 1070 and the name Fās was used for the combined site. The city was first founded in 789 as Madinat Fas on the southeast bank of the Jawhar River (now known as the Fez River ) by Idris I , founder of the Idrisid dynasty . Idris I
9085-465: The new, mainly European-inhabited planned cities, which expanded to occupy lands formerly used by Moroccans outside the city. This separation was partly softened, however, by wealthy Moroccans who started moving into the Ville Nouvelles during this period. By contrast, the old city (medina) of Fez was increasingly settled by poorer rural migrants from the countryside. Fez also played
9200-474: The old city, consisting of Fes el-Bali and Fes Jdid, was classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Social inequalities and economic precarity were accentuated during the repressive reign of King Hassan II and the period known as the Years of Lead (roughly 1975–1990). Fez was strongly affected by unemployment and lack of housing. Austerity measures led to several riots and uprisings across other cities during
9315-447: The opposition. Today Fez remains a regional capital and one of Morocco's most important cities. Many of the former notable families of Fez still make up a large part of the country's political elite. It is also a major tourism destination due to its historical heritage. In recent years efforts have been underway to restore and rehabilitate the old medina, ranging from the restoration of individual monuments to attempts to rehabilitate
9430-478: The perimeter of Fes el-Bali to this day. The Almohads built the Kasbah Bou Jeloud on the site of the former Almoravid kasbah and also built the first kasbah occupying the site of the current Kasbah an-Nouar . Not all the land within the city walls was densely inhabited; much of it was still relatively open and was occupied by crops and gardens used by the inhabitants. During the 12th century,
9545-516: The period of (2016–17) crisis. On 28 September 2018, at the 73rd United Nations General Assembly, Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said there are 1.1–1.3 million Rohingya refugees now settled in Bangladesh. In southeastern Bangladesh, the Chittagong Hill Tracts frontier has a district history. It was an exclusive zone for Tibeto-Burman tribes in Bengal during the British Raj . Today,
9660-485: The presidency on 9 October 1991 and the next day returned to his previous post of chief justice from which he eventually retired on 1 February 1995. Ahmed was elected president unopposed on 23 July 1996 after having been nominated by the Awami League government and sworn in on 9 October the same year. He retired from the office on 14 November 2001. When the Awami League lost the parliamentary elections in 2001 he
9775-628: The region again, expelling the Fatimids permanently. From 980 (or from 986 ), Fez was ruled by a Zenata dynasty from the Maghrawa tribe, who were allies of the Caliphate of Córdoba. They maintained this control even after the Caliphate's collapse in the early 11th century and until the arrival of the Almoravids. Fez continued to grow under Zenata control, even though conflicts between its two settlements, Madinat Fas and al-ʿĀliyá , flared up during periods of political rivalry. Ziri ibn Atiyya ,
9890-400: The region. However, due to social and demographic changes that started in the 20th century such as mass rural migration into the city and the departure of most of the city's old urban elites to Casablanca, these old linguistic features are no longer dominant in the speech of Arabic speakers in Fez today. Prior to the departure of most Jewish residents in the second half of the 20th century,
10005-468: The reunification of the realm after 1627, the Saadis were in full decline and Fez had already suffered considerably from the repeated conquests and reconquests during the conflict. In 1641, Muhammad al-Haj of the Sanhaja Dilā' Sufi order occupied Fez. The time was particularly difficult for Fessi Jews. It was only when the founder of the 'Alawi dynasty , Moulay Rashid , took Fez in 1666 that
10120-470: The ruler Abu Yusuf Ya'qub . Following the revolt, Abu Yusuf Yaqub founded Fes Jdid as the new administrative and military centre. Under the Marinids, many of the principal monuments in the medina were built and the city established its reputation as an important intellectual centre. Between 1271 and 1357 seven madrasas were built, which are among the best examples of Moroccan architecture and some of
10235-456: The rural Arabs")—due to its "association with the socio-economic power and dominance that its speakers enjoy at the national level," in the words of linguist Mohammed Errihani . The Fessi dialect has traditionally had distinctive linguistic features. On the phonological level, these include the stereotypical use of a postalveolar approximant (like the American pronunciation of /ɹ/ in
10350-444: The same year of this conquest, Yusuf ibn Tashfin unified Madinat Fas and al-ʿĀliyá into one city. The walls dividing them were destroyed, bridges connecting them were built or renovated, and a new circuit of walls was constructed that encompassed both cities. A kasbah (Arabic term for " citadel ") was built at the western edge of the city (just west of Bab Bou Jeloud today) to house the city's governor and garrison. Although
10465-474: The second largest city in Morocco. The Ville Nouvelle became the locus of further development, with new peripheral neighbourhoods–with inconsistent housing quality–spreading outwards around it. In 1963 the University of Al-Qarawiyyin was reorganized as a state university , while a new public university, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University , was founded in 1975 in the Ville Nouvelle . In 1981,
10580-517: The seeds of East Pakistani nationalism, ultimately culminating in the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Since independence, the relationship between religion and the state has been controversial. Between 1972 and 1975, Bangladesh experienced socialism under a secular parliamentary system. Military coups ushered a sixteen-year presidential regime, which restored the free market and promoted moderate Islamism . In 1988, Islam
10695-452: The separate French Ville Nouvelle to the west had a wider impact on the entire city's development. While new colonial policies preserved historic monuments, they stalled urban development in heritage areas. Scholar Janet Abu-Lughod has argued that these policies created a kind of urban "apartheid" between the indigenous Moroccan urban areas, who were forced to remain stagnant in terms of urban development and architectural innovation, and
10810-440: The site and that Idris I reversed the letters of this name to create the name "Fes". During the rule of the Idrisid dynasty (788 to 974), Fez consisted of two cities: Fās , founded by Idris I, and al-ʿĀliyá , founded by his son, Idris II . During this period the capital city was known as al-ʿĀliyá , with the name Fās being reserved for the separate site on the other side of the river. No Idrisid coins have been found with
10925-642: The south and west and is split into various small canals which provide the historic city with water. These in turn empty into the Oued Bou Khrareb, the stretch of the river which passes through the middle of Fes el-Bali and separates the Qarawiyyin quarter from the Andalusian quarter. The new city occupies a plateau on the edge of the Saïs plain . The latter stretches out to the west and south and
11040-546: The structure of the Marinid state and continued its policies, but were unable to control all of Morocco. They did not contribute significantly to the physical fabric of Fez. In the 16th century the Saadis , a dynasty claiming prophetic heritage , rose to power in southern Morocco and challenged the Wattasids. Around the same time, the Ottoman Empire came close to Fez after its conquest of Algeria . In January 1549,
11155-520: The sultan was besieged in Fez by the tribes of the Middle Atlas. Abdelhafid appealed for French help and a French force under Colonel Charles Émile Moinier [ fr ] arrived in Fez on May 21 and established a command centre at Dar Dbibegh. In 1912, French colonial rule was instituted over Morocco following the Treaty of Fes . One immediate consequence was the 1912 riots in Fez,
11270-477: The transfer as a consequence of the rediscovery of Idris II's body in the heart of the city in 1437, which caused the surrounding area—if not the entire city—to acquire a holy ( haram ) status, requiring that non-Muslims be removed from the area. The Moroccan Jewish community had initially consisted of indigenous local Jews (known as the Toshavim ) but these were joined by Western Sephardic Jews fleeing from
11385-625: The winter to dry and hot days in the summer months between June and September. Rainfall can reach up to 800 mm (31 in) in good years. The winter highs typically reach around 15 °C (59 °F) and winter lows average about 4.5 °C (40 °F) in December–January. Frost is not uncommon during the winter period. The summer highs peak in July and August at approximately 34.5 °C (94 °F) with average lows of 18 °C (64 °F). The highest and lowest temperatures ever recorded in
11500-402: The word "red") in the place of a trilled [r] for / ر /, or a pharyngealized glottal stop or voiceless uvular plosive in the place of a voiced velar plosive ([ g ]) for / ق /. On the morphosyntactic level, gender distinction in pronouns and verb inflections is neutralized in the second person singular. Many of these features were shared with the other "pre- Hilalian " dialects in
11615-645: The world's second largest Muslim ethnic group after Arab Muslims . Most Bangladeshi Muslims are member of the Sunni branch of Islam. There are significant minorities of the Shia and Ahmadiya branches. Bengali Hindus are the largest minority of Bangladesh, with a population between 13.1 million constituting 7.95% as per 2022 Census. Bangladesh has the third largest Hindu population in the world after India and Nepal . There are an estimated 400,000 Bengali Christians and 500,000 Bengali Buddhists . The Bengali population
11730-466: Was Moroccan, but it also included 3,832 resident foreigners. In the 2014 census, the foreigner population of Fez made up 4.2 percent of the total foreigner population of Morocco. The predominant religion in Fez is Islam . In the past the city had a large Jewish population, but as of 2001, less than 200 Jewish people remain. The main spoken language in Fez is Arabic Darija ( Arabic : الدارجة المغربية , lit. 'Moroccan vernacular'),
11845-467: Was a prosperous melting pot for centuries. It witnessed a synthesis of Islamic, North Indian and indigenous Bengali cultures . Today, Bengalis enjoy strong cultural homogeneity with a common standardized language and a variety of dialects . Over 91.04% of the population are Bengali Muslims (150.36 million) as of 2022. This makes Bangladesh the world's third largest Muslim majority country after Indonesia and Pakistan . Bengali Muslims also make up
11960-770: Was an Hasanid Sharif from Arabia who was forced to flee the Hejaz after a failed revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate , eventually moving to northern Morocco and conquereing much of the area. His son, Idris II , built a settlement called al-ʿĀliyá on the opposing river bank in 809 and moved his capital here from Walili (Volubilis) . The early population was composed mostly of Berbers , along with hundreds of Arab warriors from Kairouan who made up Idris II's entourage. Arab immigration to Fez increased afterwards. Andalusi families of mixed Arab and Iberian descent, who were expelled from Córdoba after
12075-510: Was born on 1 February 1930 in Pamal village in Kendua , Netrokona . His father Talukdar Resat Ahmed Bhuiyan was a philanthropist. After passing the matriculation and intermediate examinations he took admission into the University of Dhaka in 1948, obtained a bachelor's degree in economics in 1951 and a master's in international relations in 1952 as a resident student of Fazlul Haq Hall. He attended
12190-458: Was controlled by an emir named Al-Gisa and Madinat Fas was controlled by Al-Fetouh. Both brothers fortified their respective shores, and their names have been preserved in two of the city's gates to this day: Bab Guissa (or Bab Gisa) in the north and Bab Ftouh in the south. In 1069–1070 (or possibly a few years later ), Fez was conquered by the Almoravids under Yusuf ibn Tashfin . In
12305-640: Was dubbed a "betrayer" by Sheikh Hasina . He lamented "I am an angel if anything is done according to their desire, otherwise I am a devil." Ahmed was chairman of the Bangladesh Red Cross Society , from August 1978 to April 1982 in addition to his duties as a judge of the Supreme Court. He set up a number of rural hospitals maternity centres, in particular, the Teligati Red Cross Hospital (Netrakona) which
12420-658: Was financed by the Swiss Red Cross. He was a member of the Bangladesh government delegation to the 10th Conference of Foreign Ministers of the Islamic countries (OIC) held in Fez, Morocco in 1979 where the question of setting up an International Islamic Red Crescent Society was debated. On his initiative family planning and population control was included in the main function of the Bangladesh Red Cross. Ahmed
12535-596: Was founded in 857 and is the oldest continuously functioning institute of higher education in the world. It also contains the Chouara Tannery from the 11th century, one of the oldest tanneries in the world. The name of the city in Arabic is فاس Fās (or ڢاس in traditional Maghrebi script ), from which the English names Fez, Fès, and Fas are derived. According to some traditions, the city's name comes from
12650-497: Was killed during the battle and was succeeded by Ahmad al-Mansur (r. 1578–1603). The Saadis, who used Marrakesh again as their capital, did not lavish much attention on Fez, with the exception of the ornate ablutions pavilions added to the Qarawiyyin Mosque's courtyard during their time. Perhaps as a result of persistent tensions with the city's inhabitants, the Saadis built a number of new forts and bastions around
12765-607: Was made the state religion . In 2010, the Bangladesh Supreme Court reaffirmed the principle of separation of mosque and state in the constitution. The government generally respects freedom of religion and ensures protection for minorities. Another debate on national identity concerns attitudes towards the Chittagong Hill Tracts. A low-level insurgency took place in the region to demand constitutional autonomy against Bengali settlements. Despite
12880-627: Was married to Anowara Begum from 1937 to 2018. Together they had two sons and three daughters. In 2008, a lake in Gulshan , Dhaka was named Rastrapati Bicharpati Shahabuddin Ahmed Park after Ahmed. In February 2022, Ahmed was taken to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the Combined Military Hospital (CMH) due to an aging-associated disease . He died on 19 March 2022 at the Combined Military Hospital at
12995-413: Was part of a larger "policy of association" adopted by Lyautey which favoured various forms of indirect colonial rule by preserving local institutions and elites, in contrast with other French colonial policies that had favoured "assimilation". The Ville Nouvelle also became known as Dar Dbibegh by Moroccans, as the former palace of Moulay Abdallah was located in the same area. The creation of
13110-451: Was particularly depleted, either moving to Casablanca or emigrating to countries like France, Canada , and Israel . Although the population of the city grew, it did so only slowly up until the late 1960s, when the pace of growth finally accelerated. Throughout this period Fez nonetheless remained the country's third largest urban center. Between 1971 and 2000, the population of the city roughly tripled from 325,000 to 940,000, making it
13225-492: Was spoken as the main vernacular language. It absorbed vocabulary from Arabic , Persian and Sanskrit . Bengali is the 6th most spoken language in the world . The language was modernized during the Bengali Renaissance in the 19th century. It has influenced other languages in the region, including Chakma , Rohingya , Assamese, Odia and Nepali . The indigenous Bengali alphabets descended from Brahmi serves as
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