Misplaced Pages

#755244

48-717: Shamshadil (also spelled Shams al-Din or Shamshadin ) was a sultanate (a semi-autonomous district governed by a military commander) in the South Caucasus established in 1747. It was located in what is now northeastern Armenia and northwestern Azerbaijan . During the Safavid period, Shamshadil was part of the Karabakh province, which was governed by the Ziyadoghlu branch of the Qajar tribe . After Nader repelled

96-503: A diplomat named Gorgin Beg to Javad Khan, asking him to stop his hostility, as Shamshadil was Georgian land and that it had only been controlled by Ganja due to being granted by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar . Javad Khan responded by saying that while Shamshadil had occasionally been detached from Ganja, it had still been part of it for centuries. He also added that he desired good relations with his neighbour. Knorring responded back, by repeating that

144-467: A kind of prince. The best of sultans was elected as khan by people at Kurultai . In a number of post-caliphal states under Mongol or Turkic rule, there was a feudal type of military hierarchy. These administrations were often decimal (mainly in larger empires), using originally princely titles such as khan , malik , amir as mere rank denominations. In the Persian empire , the rank of sultan

192-481: A variant of the original name of the Tuchkatak canton of the historical Utik province of Ancient Armenia . It first appeared during the 9th century as the name of the 9th-century Bagratid fortress near modern-day Berd . Tavush has an area of 2,704 km (9% of total area of Armenia). It occupies the northeastern part of Armenia. It is bordered by Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to the east. Domestically, it

240-533: Is a province of Armenia located at the northeast of Armenia, bordered by Georgia from the north and Azerbaijan from the east. Internally, Tavush borders the Gegharkunik Province from the south, Kotayk Province from the southwest, and the Lori Province from west. The capital and largest city of the province is the town of Ijevan . The name of the province is derived from Tavush ;

288-675: Is also rich for its mountain springs, mineral water and small lakes such as the Lake Parz and Lake Gosh . Most of the Tavush territory is covered with thick forests, mainly around the towns of Dilijan, Ijevan and Berd. The province has a number of protected forests including the Dilijan National Park , Akhnabad Taxus Grove Sanctuary, Arjatkhelni Hazel Sanctuary, Gandzakar Sanctuary, Ijevan Sanctuary and Zikatar Sanctuary. The territories of present-day Lori and Tavush along with

336-427: Is bordered by the Gegharkunik Province from the south, Kotayk Province from the southwest and Lori Province from west. The territory is mainly mountainous and rocky hillsides covered with a green carpet of Alpine meadows . Tavush is sometimes referred to as a little Armenian Switzerland . The average height of the region is around 900 meters above sea level. Based on the historical divisions of Ancient Armenia ,

384-542: Is known as Raja Isteri with the title of Pengiran Anak suffixed, should the queen consort also be a royal princess. These are generally secondary titles, either lofty 'poetry' or with a message, e.g.: By the beginning of the 16th century, the title sultan was carried by both men and women of the Ottoman dynasty and was replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known (notably khatun for women and bey for men). This usage underlines

432-482: Is major touristic destination for locals and foreigners. It is also considered a financial centre as much of the Central Bank's operations was moved to Dilijan in 2013. The town is also famous with its sanatoriums and mineral water. Other touristic destinations include the villages of Achajur , Gosh , Teghut and Yenokavan . Many forests of the province are listed among the protected areas of Armenia, including

480-534: Is popular in Tavush. The province was represented in the Armenian Premier League by Impulse FC of Dilijan and FC Bentonit Ijevan . However both clubs were forced to dissolve due to financial difficulties. Dilijan City Stadium and Arnar Stadium are the 2 largest sport venues of the province. Minor stadiums are also found in Noyemberyan and the village of Achajur. Arnar Stadium hosted

528-725: Is the provincial center of Ijevan, with a population of 21,081. The other urban centres Dilijan, Berd, Noyemberyan and Ayrum. With a population of 4,420, the village of Koghb is the largest rural municipality of Tavush. The majority of the Tavush Province population are ethnic Armenians who belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church . The regulating body of the church is the Diocese of Tavush , headed by Bishop Bagrat Galstanyan. The Surp Nerses Cathedral in Ijevan

SECTION 10

#1732787209756

576-622: Is the seat of the diocese. The town of Berd is home to around 200 Udis who also belong to the Armenian Church. A tiny community of Yazidis is found in Dilijan . As a result of the administrative reforms that took place on 15 December 2015, 17 June 2016, 16 July 2016 and 9 June 2017, Tavush is currently divided into 24 municipal communities ( hamaynkner ), of which 5 are urban, and 19 are rural: During recent years, many rural settlements in Tavush have been abandoned, including

624-451: Is used in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Brunei , Malaysia and Oman are the only sovereign states which retain the title "sultan" for their monarchs. In recent years, the title has been gradually replaced by "king" by contemporary hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law. A notable example is Morocco , whose monarch changed his title from sultan to king in 1957. The word derives from

672-462: The Armenian SSR , which was renamed Tavush in 1990 and later abolished and made a part of the modern-day Tavush Province of Armenia. Sultanate The term is distinct from king ( ملك malik ), though both refer to a sovereign ruler. The use of "sultan" is restricted to Muslim countries, where the title carries religious significance, contrasting the more secular king , which

720-767: The Ayyubid dynasty ) led the confrontation against the crusader states in the Levant . Views about the office of the sultan further developed during the crisis that followed the destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258, which eliminated the remnants of Abbasid political power. Henceforth, the surviving descendants of the Abbasid caliphs lived in Cairo under the protection of the Mamluks and were still nominally recognized by

768-981: The Dilijan National Park , the Akhnabad Taxus Grove Sanctuary, the Arjatkhelni Hazel Sanctuary, the Gandzakar Sanctuary, the Ijevan Sanctuary and the Zikatar Sanctuary. Lake Gosh , Lake Parz as well as the Ijevan Dendropark are major destinations for ecotourism . Tavush has recently become a significant educational centre within Armenia. In 2014, the United World College Dilijan , a part of

816-800: The Great Seljuks adopted this title after defeating the Ghaznavid Empire and taking control of an even larger territory which included Baghdad , the capital of the Abbasid caliphs . The early Seljuk leader Tughril Bey was the first leader to adopt the epithet "sultan" on his coinage . While the Seljuks acknowledged the caliphs in Baghdad formally as the universal leader of the Muslim community , their own political power clearly overshadowed

864-644: The Ottomans from the area in 1735, he appointed Ughurlu Khan Ziyadoghlu Qajar as its khan . The latter was later the only khan who did not support Nader when he petitioned to become shah (king) of Iran at the assembly at the Mughan plain . This made Nader Shah split the Karabakh province in order to curtail the power of the Qajars. The Zangezur district was given to the beglerbegi (governor-general) of Tabriz ;

912-529: The Sultanate of Women , as the position of main consort eroded over the course of the 17th century, with the main consort losing the title of "sultan", which was replaced by "kadin", a title related to the earlier "khatun". Henceforth, the mother of the reigning sultan was the only person of non imperial blood to carry the title "sultan". In Kazakh Khanate a Sultan was a lord from the ruling dynasty (a direct descendants of Genghis Khan ) elected by clans, i.e.

960-763: The 16th century when the Ottoman Empire conquered the Mamluk Empire and became the indisputable leading Sunni Muslim power across most of the Middle East , North Africa , and Eastern Europe . The 16th-century Ottoman scholar and jurist, Ebüssuûd Mehmet Efendi , recognized the Ottoman sultan ( Suleiman the Magnificent at the time) as the caliph and universal leader of all Muslims. This conflation of sultan and caliph became more clearly emphasized in

1008-614: The 19th century during the Ottoman Empire's territorial decline, when Ottoman authorities sought to cast the sultan as the leader of the entire Muslim community in the face of European ( Christian ) colonial expansion . As part of this narrative, it was claimed that when Sultan Selim I captured Cairo in 1517, the last descendant of the Abbasids in Cairo formally passed on the position of caliph to him. This combination thus elevated

SECTION 20

#1732787209756

1056-525: The Arabic and Semitic root salaṭa "to be hard, strong". The noun sulṭān initially designated a kind of moral authority or spiritual power (as opposed to political power), and it is used in this sense several times in the Qur'an . In the early Muslim world , ultimate power and authority was theoretically held by the caliph, who was considered the leader of the caliphate. The increasing political fragmentation of

1104-754: The Kazakh sultanate and Borchalu. Shamshadil was amongst the lands that Iran ceded to Russia by agreeing to the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813. Under Russian rule, the Kazakh uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate was frequently called Kazakh-Shamshadin, since the southern half of the uezd was still known as Shamshadin. The name was preserved in the Soviet period as the Shamshadin District of

1152-517: The Muslim world after the 8th century, however, challenged this consensus. Local governors with administrative authority held the title of amīr ( أمير , traditionally "commander" or " emir ", later also "prince") and were appointed by the caliph, but in the 9th century some of these became de facto independent rulers who founded their own dynasties, such as the Aghlabids and Tulunids . Towards

1200-425: The Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative. Western tradition knows the Ottoman ruler as "sultan", but Ottomans themselves used "padişah" (emperor) or "hünkar" to refer to their ruler. The emperor's formal title consisted of "sultan" together with "khan" (for example, Sultan Suleiman Khan). In formal address, the sultan's children were also entitled "sultan", with imperial princes (Şehzade) carrying

1248-544: The Russian Empire. Later in 1868, the Elisabethpol Governorate was established and Tavush became part of the newly formed Kazakh uezd of the governorate. From 1930 until 1995, modern-day Tavush was divided into 3 districts within the Armenian SSR : Ijevan raion , Noyemberyan raion , and Shamshadin raion . With the territorial administration reform of 1995, the 3 raions were merged to form

1296-490: The Tavush Province. In July 2020, Tavush became the main site for the clashes with Azerbaijan . According to the 1989 Soviet census , the Tavush Province (then part of the Shamshadin , Noyemberyan , and Ijevan districts in 1930–1995) had a population of 144,583. 49,114 or 33.97% of which was urban, distributed into the cities of Dilijan (30,433) and Ijevan (18,681), and 95,469 or 66.03% were rural, distributed into

1344-735: The autonomy of the Armenian Melikdoms was restored, and Borchalu, the Kazakh sultanate and Shamshadil were given to the Georgian king Teimuraz II of Kakheti ( r.  1732–1762 ). Ughurlu Khan was thus only left with Ganja and its surroundings. Following Nader Shah's assassination in 1747, Iran fell into turmoil, especially in the South Caucasus . There the Georgians and local khans fought over land. With no central authority left in Iran, Heraclius II ( r.  1762–1798 ),

1392-416: The caliph recognized. Al-Ghazali, for example, argued that while the caliph was the guarantor of Islamic law ( shari'a ), coercive power was required to enforce the law in practice and the leader who exercised that power directly was the sultan. The position of sultan continued to grow in importance during the period of the crusades , when leaders who held the title of "sultan" (such as Salah ad-Din and

1440-813: The current territory of the province occupies parts of the Varazhnunik canton of Ayrarat province, the Dzorapor and Koghbapor cantons of Gugark province, and the Aghve and Tuchkatak (Tavush) cantons of Utik province. The province entirely lies among the mountains of the Lesser Caucasus . It is surrounded by the Miapor mountains from the east, the Somkheti mountains from the north, the Gugark mountains from

1488-575: The district belongs to Georgia, which was now part of Russia. On 4 June, 1802, Knorring sent a Russian force under Lazarev into Shamshadil. Lazarev and his men only had supplies to last until June 13, and thus had hoped to acquire some from the Armenian villages bordering Ganja. However, when he reached the border on June 8, he discovered that 29 out of 33 Armenian and Tatar villages, which amounted to 1,900 families, had been moved to Ganja. Recognizing his dangerous position, Lazarev and his men withdrew into

Shamshadil - Misplaced Pages Continue

1536-453: The districts of Shamshadin (34,559), Noyemberyan (33,973), and Ijevan (26,937). Tavush is the second least populated province in Armenia. According to the 2011 official census, Tavush has a population of 128,609 (62,083 men and 66,526 women), forming around 4.3% of the entire population of Armenia. The urban population is 54,186 (42.1%) and the rural is 74,423 (57.9%). The province has 5 urban and 55 rural communities. The largest urban community

1584-552: The east and the Kenats mountains from the south. The highest point of Tavush is the Miapor peak with a height of 2993 meters, while the lowest point is located at a height of 380 meters in the Debed river valley near the village of Debedavan . The province is a major source of water in Armenia. The main source is Aghstev river with its tributaries Getik , Voskepar and Sarnajur. Minor rivers include Akhum, Tavush and Khndzorut. Tavush

1632-757: The global educational movement United World Colleges , was opened in the Dilijan. Between 2013 and 2015, the construction of the Dilijan Central School, a branch of the Ayb Educational Foundation , was completed in Dilijan. It was officially opened in fall 2015. Since 1994, branches of the Yerevan State University operate in Ijevan. As of the 2015-16 educational year, Tavush has 81 schools. Football

1680-627: The king of Eastern Georgia ( Kartli-Kakheti ), and the khans, district aqalars (grandees) and soltans (military commander of a district) attempted to preserve their recent freedom by collaborating with or against their neighbours. The area soon split into multiple semi-autonomous khanates and districts, such as the Ganja Khanate . Shamshadil was amongst the sultanates that emerged during this period. Although some khans and soltans had showed interest in receiving Russian protection, Javad Khan of Ganja staunchly opposed it. He remained loyal to

1728-541: The largest Shi'a Muslim state of this era, mainly used the Persian title shah , a tradition which continued under subsequent dynasties. The term sultan , by contrast, was mainly given to provincial governors within their realm. A feminine form of sultan , used by Westerners, is sultana or sultanah and this title has been used legally for some (not all) Muslim women monarchs and sultan's mothers and chief consorts. However, Turkish and Ottoman Turkish also uses sultan for imperial lady, as Turkish grammar uses

1776-480: The late 10th century, the term "sultan" begins to be used to denote an individual ruler with practically sovereign authority, although the early evolution of the term is complicated and difficult to establish. The first major figure to clearly grant himself this title was the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud (r. 998–1030 CE) who controlled an empire over present-day Afghanistan and the surrounding region. Soon after,

1824-698: The latter. However, from this time on they effectively had no authority and were not universally recognized across the Sunni Muslim world. As protectors of the line of the Abbasid caliphs, the Mamluks recognized themselves as sultans and the Muslim scholar Khalil al-Zahiri argued that only they could hold that title. Nonetheless, in practice, many Muslim rulers of this period were now using the title as well. Mongol rulers (who had since converted to Islam) and other Turkish rulers were among those who did so. The position of sultan and caliph began to blend together in

1872-463: The latter. This led to various Muslim scholars – notably Al-Juwayni and Al-Ghazali – attempting to develop theoretical justifications for the political authority of the Seljuk sultans within the framework of the formal supreme authority of the recognized caliphs. In general, the theories maintained that all legitimate authority derived from the caliph, but that it was delegated to sovereign rulers whom

1920-650: The neighboring Georgia , became part of the Russian Empire in 1800–01. The territories became an official region of Russia as per the Treaty of Gulistan signed between Imperial Russia and Qajar Persia in October 1813, following the Russo-Persian War of 1804–13 . In 1840, the Elizavetpol uezd was formed and most of the territories of Tavush were included in this new administrative division of

1968-414: The poorest industrial index among the Armenian provinces with a share of 0.8% in the annual total industrial product of Armenia. The existing industry is mainly dominated by food-processing and the production of alcoholic drinks. Tourism and related services are still developing in Tavush. The cultural heritage and the natural monuments of the region attract a large number of tourists. The town of Dilijan

Shamshadil - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-533: The same words for both women and men (such as Hurrem Sultan and Sultan Suleiman Han ( Suleiman the Magnificent )). The female leaders in Muslim history are correctly known as "sultanas". However, the wife of the sultan in the Sultanate of Sulu is styled as the "panguian" while the sultan's chief wife in many sultanates of Indonesia and Malaysia are known as "permaisuri", "Tunku Ampuan", "Raja Perempuan", or "Tengku Ampuan". The queen consort in Brunei especially

2064-563: The shah and planned to defy any Russian intrusion. When Javad Khan was made aware of the gradual Russian expansion into the neighboring districts, he had his son Hossein Qoli Aqa relocate the Tatar and Armenian families of Shamshadil to Ganja. Javad Khan also plundered the district, seizing livestock and forcing many locals to flee to Georgia. In response, the Russian general Karl Knorring sent

2112-472: The sultan's religious or spiritual authority, in addition to his formal political authority. During this later period, the title of sultan was still used outside the Ottoman Empire as well, as with the examples of the Somali aristocrats , Malay nobles and the sultans of Morocco (such as the Alaouite dynasty founded in the 17th century). It was, however, not used as a sovereign title by Shi'a Muslim rulers. The Safavid dynasty of Iran , who controlled

2160-559: The title before their given name, and imperial princesses carrying it after. For example: Şehzade Sultan Mehmed and Mihrimah Sultan , son and daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. Like imperial princesses, the living mother and main consort of the reigning sultan also carried the title after their given names, for example: Hafsa Sultan , Suleiman's mother and first valide sultan , and Hürrem Sultan , Suleiman's chief consort and first haseki sultan . The evolving usage of this title reflected power shifts among imperial women, especially between

2208-600: The villages of Chermakavan , Chirchiri , Geghatap , Gomer , Shamakhyan and Tarsachay . Tavush has 3 regional TV stations: Tavush has a poor agricultural index with only 4.8% of share in the total annual agricultural product of Armenia. Around 41% (1,108 km ) of the total area of the province are arable lands, out of which 23% (256 km ) are ploughed. The population in many rural communities are mainly involved in farming, cattle-breeding and pig farming. The main crops are grains and grapes. Recently, bee-keeping farms were also opened in many communities. Tavush has

2256-457: Was roughly equivalent to that of a modern-day captain in the West; socially in the fifth-rank class, styled ' Ali Jah . Apparently derived from the Arabic malik , this was the alternative native style of the sultans of the Kilwa Sultanate in Tanganyika (presently the continental part of Tanzania). Mfalume is the (Ki) Swahili title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan: This

2304-432: Was the native ruler's title in the Tanzanian state of Uhehe. In Indonesia (formerly in the Dutch East Indies ): In Malaysia : In Brunei : In China : In the Philippines : In Thailand : Sultans of sovereign states Sultans in federal monarchies Sultan with power within republics Tavush Province Tavush ( Armenian : Տավուշ , Armenian pronunciation: [tɑˈvuʃ] )

#755244