Canaan
33-752: [REDACTED] Look up शरत् in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Sharat may refer to: Al-Sharat , a region in Jordan and Saudi Arabia Sharada (season) , a season in India Šarat , the name of a gufna (heavenly grapevine) in Mandaeism Sharat, an Indian given name (for a list of people, see All pages with titles containing Sharat ) See also [ edit ] Sarat (disambiguation) Sharad (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
66-721: A change in Syria's policy during the Abbasid period resulted in a decline in the region. Syria was now further from the seat of authority as the capital relocated from Damascus to Baghdad. The new policy preferred Iraq over Syria for several reasons: the local Arab population was strongly identified with their rivals, the Umayyads. Moreover, the Abbasids promoted trade with eastern nations like China and India. This led to neglect, political unrest, and occasionally local rebellions , such as by
99-399: A figure known as Al-Mubarqa . A process of urban decline is believed to had been accelerated by the 749 earthquake , which increased the number of Jews, Christians, and Samaritans who migrated to diaspora settlements while also leaving behind others who stayed in the devastated towns and impoverished villages until they embraced Islam. At its greatest extent, Filastin extended from Rafah in
132-492: A natural choice as it eased communications with the capital Constantinople . After the Muslim conquest, the administrative focus shifted to the interior. Amwas was referred to as a qasaba in the early Islamic sources; the term could refer to a central town, but most likely meant a fortified camp in the case of Amwas. It served as the principal military camp of the Muslim troops, where spoils were divided and stipends paid, until it
165-585: A result of Arab settlement as well as the impacts of anarchy, high taxes, religious persecution, and droughts, which drove many Samaritans to convert to Islam. By the end of the period , the rural Samaritan population had "disappeared," and the remaining Samaritans had concentrated in urban areas, with Nablus serving as a major center, but there were also other Samaritan communities in Caesarea and Askhelon, and outside of Palestine in cities such as Aleppo, Damascus, and Sarepta. The Christian Melkite community, on
198-485: A sub-district in Bilad al-Sham during the 7th–11th centuries CE . It roughly corresponds to the biblical Mount Seir. In modern-day Jordan , the region of Al-Sharat starts immediately south of Wadi Mujib . The northern range contains mountains with peaks up to 1,200 meters above sea level, while to the south the mountains get as high as 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) above sea level. The principal city of Bilad al-Sharat
231-540: Is Al-Karak . The northern part of the region in Jordan is under the administration of the Karak Governorate , while the more arid part south of Wadi Arabah comes under the Ma'an Governorate . In the 9th century, Al-Sharat's capital was Adhruh , but by the late 10th century, it apparently was replaced by Sughar (Zoar). Other principal towns in the district included Tabuk , Ma'an (Mu'an), Madyan , Aynunah (on
264-497: Is believed that the settlements of Arabs both before and after the Muslim conquest contributed at least partially to the pace of Arabization and Islamization. The principal Arab tribes which inhabited Filastin and formed its army were the Lakhm , Judham , Kinana , Khath'am , Khuza'a , and Azd Sarat . However, the pre-Islamic Byzantine population did not become predominantly Muslim and Arab in identity until several centuries after
297-399: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Al-Sharat Ash-Sharāt or Ash-Sharāh ( Arabic : ٱلشَّرَاة , also known as Bilād ash-Sharāt ( Arabic : بِلَاد ٱلشَّرَاة ) or Jibāl ash-Sharāt ( Arabic : جِبَال ٱلشَّرَاة ), is a highland region in modern-day southern Jordan and northwestern Saudi Arabia . It was formerly
330-724: The Crusader invasion in the early 12th century. The Crusaders annexed Al-Sharat in the 1110s. Initially, it was part of the royal demesne of the Kingdom of Jerusalem , but in 1126, the feudal lordship of Oultrejordain was formed out of the former district of Al-Sharat. Its jurisdiction extended from the Zarqa River in the north to the Red Sea in the south. The Crusaders built the fortresses of Montreal (Shawbak) in 1115 and Crac (Al-Karak) in 1145. Both became major centers of
363-520: The Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 630s. Jund Filastin, which encompassed most of Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Tertia , included the newly established city of Ramla as its capital and eleven administrative districts ( kura ), each ruled from a central town. The Muslim conquest of Palestine is difficult to reconstruct, according to the historian Dominique Sourdel . It is generally agreed that
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#1732772367387396-710: The Qurayshite commander Amr ibn al-As was sent to conquer the area by Caliph Abu Bakr , likely in 633. Amr traversed the Red Sea coast of the Hejaz (western Arabia), reached the port town of Ayla at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba , then crossed into the Negev Desert or further west into the Sinai Peninsula . He then arrived to the villages of Dathin and Badan near Gaza , where he entered negotiations with
429-635: The Seljuk invasions and the Crusades of the late 11th century. At the time of the Arab conquest, Filastin had been inhabited mainly by Aramaic-speaking Miaphysite Christian peasants. Samaria , in the northern part of the district, had a large Samaritan population. Two separate gradual demographic processes—cultural Arabization and religious Islamization —were initiated after the Islamic conquest. It
462-490: The 9th century, during Abbasid rule, Jund Filastin was the most fertile of Syria's districts, and contained at least twenty mosques , despite its small size. After the Fatimids conquered the district from the Abbasids, Jerusalem eventually became the capital, and the principal towns were Ascalon, Ramla, Gaza, Arsuf , Caesarea, Jaffa, Jericho , Nablus, Bayt Jibrin, and Amman . The district persisted in some form until
495-735: The Arab tribes in the vicinity. After the Muslim armies led by Khalid ibn al-Walid captured Bosra in the Hauran in May 634 they crossed the Jordan River to reinforce Amr as he faced a large Byzantine army. In the ensuing Battle of Ajnadayn , fought at a site 25 kilometers (16 mi) southwest of Jerusalem in July or August, the Muslims under Amr's overall command routed the Byzantines. In
528-687: The Byzantine garrison commander. The talks collapsed and the Muslims bested the Byzantines in the subsequent clash at Dathin in February or March 634. At this stage of the conquest Amr's troops encamped at Ghamr al-Arabat in the middle of the Araba Valley between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. The town of Gaza was left alone, with Amr's primary objective at the time being the subjugation of
561-591: The Palestinian districts as "extremely fertile and rich" and dominated by marauding Bedouin tribes. In the late 10th century, the old-established Yamani tribes of Lakhm and Judham were engaged in a struggle over dominance of Al-Sharat with newcomers from the tribe of Tayy . Though information about the Fatimid administration over the Levant is vague, Caliph Al-Aziz (975–996) may have made Al-Sharat (south of Wadi Mujib ) its own province which lasted until
594-524: The Umayyad caliphs invested considerably in the district's development. According to Sourdel, "Palestine was particularly honoured in the Umayyad period". The first Umayyad caliph, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, who held overall authority over Syria, including Palestine, from the reign of Caliph Uthman ( r. 644–656 ), was initially recognized as caliph in a ceremony in Jerusalem. On the other hand,
627-467: The adjacent Mediterranean coastal plain from Mount Carmel in the north to Gaza in the south. According to al-Baladhuri , the main towns of Filastin, following its conquest by the Rashidun Caliphate , were, from south to north, Rafah , Gaza, Bayt Jibrin, Yibna, Amwas, Lydda, Jaffa, Nablus, Sebastia, and Caesarea. Under Byzantine rule the port city of Caesarea was the territory's capital,
660-629: The aftermath of Ajnadayn, Amr captured the towns of Sebastia , Nablus , Lydda , Yibna , Amwas , Bayt Jibrin and Jaffa . Most of these towns fell after minor resistance, hence the scant information available about them in the sources. Following the decisive Muslim victory against the Byzantines at the Battle of Yarmouk (636), fought along the Yarmouk tributary of the Jordan River east of Palestine, Amr besieged Jerusalem, which held out until
693-585: The arrival of Caliph Umar , to whom Jerusalem's leaders surrendered in 637. The coastal towns of Gaza, Ascalon and Caesarea had continued to hold out. The commander Alqama ibn Mujazziz may have been sent against Byzantine forces in Gaza a number of times during and after Ajnadayn. Amr launched his conquest of Egypt from Jerusalem c. 640 . Caesarea was besieged for a lengthy period and captured most likely by Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan in 639, 640 or 641. Not long after, Mu'awiya captured Ascalon, completing
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#1732772367387726-524: The conquest with full Arabization achieved during the 9th century, and Islamization not until the Mamluk period. Samaria was one of the first regions in Palestine to undergo an Islamization process. Samaritan and Christian populations dominated the region during the Byzantine period, but during the early Islamic period, particularly under Abbasid and Tulunid rule, Samaria became gradually Islamized as
759-420: The conquest of Palestine, most of which had been undertaken by Amr. Filastin became one of the four original junds (military districts) of Bilad al-Sham (Islamic Syria) established by Caliph Umar. In effect the Muslims maintained the preexisting administrative organization of the Byzantine district of Palaestina Prima . The Umayyad period (661–750) was a relatively prosperous period for Filastin and
792-515: The district was closer to Filastin than Damascus . In 985, during the late Abbasid period, the Jerusalemite geographer Al-Muqaddasi described Al-Sharat as its own district, neither belonging to Dimashq nor Filastin, in the larger province of Bilad al-Sham (Islamic Syria). The district of Al-Sharat was contiguous with Al-Jibal, which was considered to be the actual "mountains of Edom". Persian geographer Al-Istakhri (d. 957) described
825-529: The lordship. By the mid-12th century, the inhabitants of Al-Sharat were mainly Bedouin from various Qaysi tribes. At that time, the Muslim geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi (d. 1165) wrote about the fertility of the district and that it produced an abundance of olives, almonds, figs, grapes and pomegranates. Bilad al-Sharat was conquered by the Ayyubids under Saladin in 1187. During Ayyubid rule, Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi (d. 1229) noted that Al-Sharat
858-583: The north. During that time, Bilad al-Sharat, with the exception of Aqaba , was largely part of the Ottoman district of Mutassarifyya al-Karak. Jund Filastin State of Israel (1948–present) Jund Filasṭīn ( Arabic : جُنْد فِلَسْطِيْن , "the military district of Palestine ") was one of the military districts of the Umayyad and Abbasid province of Bilad al-Sham (Levant), organized soon after
891-468: The northern Red Sea coast), Wayla (Ayla) and Maab (Rabba). From the beginning of the Muslim conquest of the Levant , Al-Sharat formed the southern kurah (district) of Jund Dimashq (Province of Damascus), until the late 9th century, after which it became part of Jund Filastin (Province of Palestine). It was the Tulunids who first attached Al-Sharat to Filastin for practical purposes, as
924-588: The other hand, while undergoing a process of Arabization , was able to resist the expansion of Islam and preserve its religious and cultural identity for a longer period of time until mass-Islamization in the Mamluk and Ottoman periods. The governors of Jund Filastin: Information about the Fatimid provincial administration in Filastin, as with the other provinces in Bilad al-Sham, is scant, and largely limited to
957-399: The period of 1023–1025, which was covered by the surviving fragment of the chronicle of al-Musabbihi (d. 1029). It is not clear to what degree the governor ( wali ) of Filastin's capital of Ramla was responsible for the rest of the province. The governor of Ramla was in charge of the local police force, but the qadi (head judge) in the city was appointed directly by the caliph's court as was
990-409: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sharat . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharat&oldid=1227918350 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1023-525: The south to Lajjun in the north, and from the Mediterranean coast well to the east of the southern part of the Jordan River . The mountains of Edom , and the town of Zoar (Sughar) at the southeastern end of the Dead Sea were included in the district. However, the Galilee was excluded, being part of Jund al-Urdunn in the north. Filastin roughly comprised the regions of Samaria , Judea , and
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1056-579: Was a mountainous region through which the Hajj caravan road from Damascus to Mecca passed. During Mamluk rule, Al-Sharat became Mamlakat al-Karak (Province of al-Karak). By the mid-19th century, Bedouin from the Huwaytat tribe were encroaching into the southern parts of Bilad al-Sharat, and amid the Bedouin-induced anarchy in the region, Christians from Tafilah and al-Karak began fleeing to
1089-399: Was abandoned by the troops in 639 due to the plague of Amwas . From about 640 Ludd and/or Jerusalem have been determined as the capital or political-religious center of Filastin, according to modern historians. After the caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik founded the city of Ramla next to Ludd, he designated it the capital, and most of Ludd's inhabitants were forced to settle there. In
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