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54-619: The Sharqiyin were long the dominant tribe along the East coast of the Trucial States (and the second most numerous in the area around the start of the 19th century), an area known as Shamailiyah. A 1968 census showed 90% of the tribal population of Fujairah was Sharqiyin. They were traditionally dependents of Sharjah and, over the centuries, made several attempts to secede and declare independence, finally practically managing this from 1901 onwards and finally gaining British recognition as

108-494: A peace process or be imposed by United Nations Security Council resolutions via Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter . The immediate goal of a ceasefire is to stop violence but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary. Ceasefires may be intended to meet short-term limited needs (such as providing humanitarian aid), manage a conflict to make it less devastating, or advance efforts to peacefully resolve

162-532: A peace treaty was signed to which all the sheikhs of the coast adhered. The signatories to that treaty included Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi of Sharjah (on 6 January 1820). He signed a 'preliminary agreement' also on behalf of Ajman and Umm Al Qawain, and then on 8 January at Ras Al Khaimah, Hassan Bin Rahma Al Qasimi signed as "Sheikh of 'Hatt and Falna' formerly of Ras Al Khaimah" ('Hatt' being

216-483: A truce or armistice ), also spelled cease fire (the antonym of 'open fire'), is a stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions often due to mediation by a third party. Ceasefires may be between state actors or involve non-state actors. Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces. They may occur via mediation or otherwise as part of

270-629: A 24-hour-truce. However, the Viet Cong and North Vietnam did not adhere to the truce, and ambushed the 2nd Battalion, Republic of Vietnam Marine Division , 10 minutes after midnight in Mỹ Tho . The Viet Cong would also attack a U.S. Army fire support base near Saigon , causing more casualties. On January 15, 1973, US President Richard Nixon ordered a ceasefire of the aerial bombings in North Vietnam . The decision came after Henry Kissinger ,

324-872: A Trucial State, Fujairah, in 1952. They settled all along the East Coast of the Trucial States, from Kalba to Dibba , as well as in the Wadi Ham and Jiri plain and by the turn of the 20th century they were some 7,000 strong. Three sections of the tribe are notable, the Hafaitat (from which the ruling family of Fujairah derives), the Yammahi and the Hamudiyin. After the Bani Yas , the Sharqiyin were

378-689: A desert stop between the two emirates. The two agreed to work towards bringing the other emirates, including Qatar and Bahrain, into the union. Over the next two years, negotiations and meetings of the rulers followed—often stormy—as a form of union was thrashed out. The nine-state union was never to recover from the October 1969 meeting where British intervention resulted in a walk-out by Qatar and Ras Al Khaimah. Bahrain and Qatar were to drop out of talks, leaving only six emirates to agree on union on 18 July 1971. On 2 December 1971, Dubai, together with Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah joined in

432-438: A dispute. An actor may not always intend for a ceasefire to advance the peaceful resolution of a conflict but instead give the actor an upper hand in the conflict (for example, by re-arming and repositioning forces or attacking an unsuspecting adversary), which creates bargaining problems that may make ceasefires less likely to be implemented and less likely to be durable if implemented. The durability of ceasefire agreements

486-454: A document confirming him as a dependent of Sharjah. However, he expanded his influence over the area, taking Al Bithnah Fort in a move which was to support his eventual declaration of independence from Sharjah in 1901, a move which enjoyed the recognition of this status by all concerned, with the sole exception of the British. Fujairah's status as a Trucial State was not formally recognised by

540-497: A dozen more. The dispute was finally settled after mediation between Sheikh Rashid of Dubai and other Rulers and a statement announcing the settlement was sent out on 17 July 1972. Trucial States The Trucial States ( Arabic : الإمارات المتصالحة , romanized :  Al-Imārāt al-Mutaṣāliḥa ), also known as the Trucial Coast ( Arabic : الساحل المتصالح , romanized :  Al-Sāḥil al-Mutaṣāliḥ ),

594-579: A force sent back against the insurrectionists, taking Fujairah Fort and forcing Hamad bin Abdullah into exile. At the end of that year or possibly early 1880, Hamad returned from his exile and led a fresh bid to proclaim the independence of Fujairah, this time forcing a rout of Fujairah Fort, with eight men among the defenders killed. The settlement of a peace was placed in front of the Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah to arbitrate and, in 1881, Hamad bin Abdullah signed

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648-410: A forum for the rulers to exchange views and agree on common approaches. The British managed to provoke considerable irritation amongst the rulers, especially Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah, when the ruler of Fujairah, recognised as a Trucial State by Britain on 21 March 1952, attended his first Trucial States Council. By 1958, committees were set up to advise on public health, agriculture and education, but

702-463: A full cessation of violence and military activities against Palestinians anywhere." On November 21, 2023, Qatar announced that they had negotiated a truce between Israel and Hamas would pause Gaza fighting , allow for the release of some hostages and bring more aid to Palestinian civilians. As part of the deal, 50 hostages held by Hamas were released while Israel released 150 Palestinian prisoners. Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires in

756-532: A full-scale international war, India referred the matter to the UN Security Council under Article 35 of the UN Charter, which addresses situations "likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace". The Security Council set up the dedicated United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan , which mediated for an entire year as the fighting continued. After several UN resolutions outlining

810-702: A long series of maritime skirmishes between the Al Qasimi and British vessels took place in 1797, when the British-flagged snow Bassein was seized and released two days later. The cruiser Viper was subsequently attacked off Bushire. The Al Qasimi leader, Saqr bin Rashid Al Qasimi , protested innocence in both cases. A period of great instability followed along the coast, with a number of actions between British and Al Qasimi vessels alongside various changes of leadership and allegiances between

864-713: A procedure for resolving the dispute via a plebiscite , a ceasefire agreement was reached between the countries towards the end of December 1948, which came into effect in the New Year. The Security Council set up the United Nations Military Observer Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) to monitor the ceasefire line. India declared a ceasefire in Kashmir Valley during Ramadan in 2018. The Irish Republican Army held several Christmas ceasefires (usually referred to as truces) during

918-513: A process overseen by the British political agent at Bushire, Captain A. B. Kemball. Separate treaties in 1847 and 1856 saw treaties undertaking the abolition of slave trading and, in 1873, a further treaty abolishing slaving was signed by Sharjah and Abu Dhabi. Primarily in reaction to the ambitions of France and Russia, Britain and the Trucial Sheikhdoms established closer bonds in an 1892 treaty, similar to treaties entered into by

972-616: A visit to Kuwait; Iraq being bombed in June 1993 as a response, Iraqi forces firing on coalition aircraft patrolling the Iraqi no-fly zones , US President Bill Clinton 's bombing of Baghdad in 1998 during Operation Desert Fox , and an earlier 1996 bombing of Iraq by the US during Operation Desert Strike . The war remained in effect until 2003, when US and UK forces invaded Iraq and toppled Saddam Hussein 's regime from power. A UN-mediated ceasefire

1026-436: Is affected by several factors, such as demilitarized zones, withdrawal of troops and third-party guarantees and monitoring (e.g. peacekeeping ). Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be durable when they reduce incentives to attack, reduce uncertainty about the adversary's intentions, and when mechanisms are put in place to prevent accidents from spiraling into conflict. Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be reached when

1080-728: The National Security Advisor to the President, returned to Washington, D.C. , from Paris, France , with a draft peace proposal. Combat missions continued in South Vietnam . By January 27, 1973, all parties of the Vietnam War signed a ceasefire as a prelude to the Paris Peace Accord . After Iraq was driven out of Kuwait by US-led coalition forces during Operation Desert Storm , Iraq and

1134-629: The People's Volunteer Army (PVA) on the other took hold at approximately the 38th parallel north . These parties signed the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953 but South Korean President Syngman Rhee , who attacked the ceasefire proceedings, did not. Upon agreeing to the ceasefire which called upon the governments of South Korea, the United States , North Korea and China to participate in continued peace talks,

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1188-591: The Syrian Civil War . Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires during the Russian invasion of Ukraine . In May 2023, Donald Trump told the UK's GB news that as US president he would end the war within 24 hours, given that he had good relationships with the leaders of Ukraine and Russia. He added that it would be easy to conclude a ceasefire agreement to end the war. The 2020 global ceasefire

1242-617: The Trucial Sheikhdoms ( Arabic : المشيخات المتصالحة , romanized :  Al-Mashyakhāt al-Mutaṣāliḥa ), Trucial Arabia or Trucial Oman , was a group of tribal confederations to the south of the Persian Gulf (southeastern Arabia ) whose leaders had signed protective treaties, or truces , with the United Kingdom between 1820 and 1892. The Trucial States remained an informal British protectorate until

1296-586: The UN Security Council signed a ceasefire agreement on March 3, 1991. Subsequently, throughout the 1990s, the U.N. Security Council passed numerous resolutions calling for Iraq to disarm its weapons of mass destruction unconditionally and immediately. Because no peace treaty was signed after the Gulf War , the war still remained in effect, including an alleged assassination attempt of former US President George H. W. Bush by Iraqi agents while on

1350-849: The United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan , establishing a cease-fire line in Kashmir following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 . On November 29, 1952, the US president-elect , Dwight D. Eisenhower , went to Korea to see how to end the Korean War . With the UN 's acceptance of India 's proposed armistice, the ceasefire between the UN Command on the one side and the Korean People's Army (KPA) and

1404-683: The Act of Union to form the United Arab Emirates . The seventh emirate, Ras Al Khaimah , officially joined the UAE on 10 February 1972. This change was due to the Iranian seizure of the islands Greater and Lesser Tunbs from Ras Al Khaimah and Abu Musa which was claimed by the emirate of Sharjah. The Iranian occupation of the three islands occurred on 30 November 1971 following the British withdrawal. Ceasefire A ceasefire (also known as

1458-526: The British until 1952. Subsisting in the main on agriculture, pearling and fishing, the Sharqiyin lived a relatively harsh life, a fact underlined by a survey of the late 1960s, which showed the majority of households in the emirate of Fujairah still lived in barasti (palm frond) houses. The Sharqiyin were frequently in conflict with their neighbours, particularly the Shihuh , Khawatir and Naqbiyin , but would make common cause with these against Sharjah whenever

1512-512: The British, continued intermittently until 1835, when the sheikhs agreed not to engage in hostilities at sea and Sharjah, Dubai, Ajman and Abu Dhabi signed a renewed treaty banning hostilities during the pearling season and a number of other short treaties were made, culminating with the ten-year truce of June 1843. Feeling the benefit of peaceful pearling and trade, the coastal Sheikhs signed the Perpetual Treaty of Maritime Peace in 1853,

1566-594: The British. Kalba , granted trucial status in 1936 because it was chosen as the site of a back-up landing strip for the Imperial Airways flights into Sharjah, was re-incorporated into Sharjah in 1951 on the death of its ruler. The last sheikhdom to be granted recognition was that of Fujairah , which became a trucial state in 1952 after the British Government came under pressure from PCL (Petroleum Concessions Limited) to grant status in order that

1620-677: The Northern Ireland conflict. An example of a ceasefire in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was announced between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority on February 8, 2005. When announced, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat publicly defined the ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President Mahmoud Abbas will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon will declare

1674-718: The Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853, until in 1892 they entered into "Exclusivity Agreements" with the British—following on from Bahrain in 1880—which put them under British protection. This was an unclear status which fell short of a formal protectorate, but required Britain to defend them from external aggression in exchange for exclusive British rights in the states. Two sheikhdoms at various times looked as if they might be granted trucial status, affirming their independence from neighbouring Sharjah, Al Hamriyah and Al Heera , but neither signed treaties with

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1728-685: The Sheikh of the Bani Yas and ruler of Abu Dhabi. Husain bin Ali of Rams signed on 15 January 1820. The uncle of Muhammad bin Hazza of Dubai signed on 28 January 1820 in Sharjah. The rulers of Ajman and Umm Al Quwain acceded to the full treaty on 15 March 1820, signing on board the ship of the commander of the British expeditionary force, Major-General William Keir Grant . The treaty was also signed, at Sharjah, by

1782-625: The UK with other Persian Gulf principalities. The sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to Britain and not to enter into relationships with any other foreign government without Britain's consent. In return, the British promised to protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack. This treaty, the "Exclusive Agreement", was signed by the Rulers of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah and Umm Al Quwain between 6 and 8 March 1892. It

1836-424: The area, and by political officers to visit the rulers. Air agreements were initially resisted by the rulers, who suspected interference with their sovereignty, however they also provided a useful source of revenue. In 1932, the demise of the air route through Persia (today's Iran) led to the opening of an airfield at Sharjah. In 1937, Imperial Airways flying boats began to call in at Dubai, and continued to do so for

1890-544: The company could have a free hand to explore for oil along the whole east coast. In 1952, the Trucial States Council was established to encourage co-operation among the seven rulers. The Indian rupee remained the de facto currency of the Trucial States as well as the other Persian Gulf states , such as Qatar , Bahrain , Kuwait and Oman , until the Gulf rupee was introduced in 1959. The Gulf rupee

1944-503: The costs of conflict are high and when the actors in a conflict have lower audience costs . Scholars emphasize that war termination is more likely to occur when actors have more information about each other, when actors can make credible commitments, and when the domestic political situation makes it possible for leaders to make war termination agreements without incurring domestic punishment. By one estimate, there were at least 2202 ceasefires across 66 countries in 109 civil conflicts over

1998-593: The council had no funding until 1965, when the chairmanship moved from the Political Agent to one of the rulers, the first chairman being Shaikh Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah. One issue which came up regularly in the council's first 14 meetings was that of locusts —the swarms were highly destructive to the agriculture of the whole area—but the Bedouin of the interior were convinced

2052-464: The emir of Bahrain. The Sheikh of Rams lost the support of his people soon after and both he and the Sheikh of Jazirah Al Hamrah were deposed and their communities became subject to the rule of Ras Al Khaimah. However, the Al-Zaabi family continued to rule Jazirah Al Hamrah as vassals until 1970. As a peace treaty, it was not a conspicuous success. Skirmishes and conflicts, considered raids by

2106-686: The end of Britain taking care of foreign policy and defence, as well as arbitrating between the rulers of the Eastern Persian Gulf. The decision pitched the rulers of the Trucial Coast, together with Qatar and Bahrain, into fevered negotiations to fill the political vacuum that the British withdrawal would leave behind. The principle of union was first agreed between the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , and Sheikh Rashid of Dubai on 18 February 1968 meeting in an encampment at Argoub Al Sedirah, near Al Semeih,

2160-461: The front, the sharing and fraternity. All was well until the higher echelons of command got to hear about the effect of the ceasefire, whereby their wrath ensured a return to hostilities. There was no peace treaty signed during the Christmas truce , and the war resumed after a few days. The Karachi Agreement of 1949 was signed by the military representatives of India and Pakistan, supervised by

2214-519: The modern day village of Khatt and 'Falna' being the modern day suburb of Ras Al Khaimah, Fahlain , near the location of Al Falayah Fort ), followed on 10 January 1820 by Qadib bin Ahmad of Jazirah Al Hamrah (given in the treaty's English translation as 'Jourat Al Kamra') signed. On 11 January 1820, again at Ras Al Khaimah, Shakhbut bin Diyab Al Nahyan signed on behalf of his son, Tahnoon,

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2268-481: The next ten years. The Trucial States Council was a forum for the leaders of the emirates to meet, presided over by the British Political Agent . The first meetings took place in 1952, one in spring and one in autumn, and this set a pattern for meetings in future years. The council was purely consultative and had no written constitution and no policy making powers, it provided more than anything

2322-506: The opportunity arose. The long history of squabbles and disputes between the Sharqiyn and neighbouring tribes came to the fore once again following the act of Union, when a land dispute with Kalba broke out into open fighting. In early 1972, the newly founded Union Defence Force was called in to take control of the fighting which, by the time the UDF moved in, had killed 22 and seriously injured

2376-533: The period 1989–2020. Historically, the concept of a ceasefire existed at least by the time of the Middle Ages, when it was known as a 'truce of God' . During World War I , on December 24, 1914, there was an unofficial ceasefire on the Western Front as France , the United Kingdom , and Germany observed Christmas . There are accounts that claimed the unofficial ceasefire took place throughout

2430-605: The principal belligerents of the war established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and it has since been patrolled by the joint Republic of Korea Army , US, and UN Command on the one side and the KPA on the other. The war is considered to have ended at that point even though there still is no peace treaty. On New Years Day, 1968, Pope Paul VI convinced South Vietnam and the United States to declare

2484-591: The rulers of Ras Al Khaimah, Ajman and Sharjah with Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi claiming sovereignty over 'all the Joasmee ports' in 1823, a claim recognised by the British at the time. British expeditions to protect British Indian trade and interests around Ras al-Khaimah , close to the Strait of Hormuz , led to campaigns against that headquarters and other harbours along the coast in 1809, and again (with far greater destructive force) in 1819. The next year, 1820,

2538-620: The second most numerous tribe in the Trucial States. In 1879, the head of the Hafaitat, Sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi , led an insurrection against Sheikh Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi of Sharjah , who claimed suzerainty over the Shamaliyah and had placed a slave named Sarur in charge of Fujairah. The insurrection replaced Sarur and a delegation was sent to Sheikh Saqr but they were badly received, imprisoned and

2592-473: The spraying of insecticide would be detrimental to their herds and resisted the teams brought in from Pakistan to spray the insects' breeding grounds. In 1965 the council was given a grant by the British to administer as it saw fit, instead of merely advising on British-prepared budgets. A full-time secretariat was also recruited. Harold Wilson 's announcement, on 16 January 1968, that all British troops were to be withdrawn from " east of Suez ", signalled

2646-449: The treaties were revoked on 1 December 1971. The following day, six of the sheikhdoms— Dubai , Abu Dhabi , Sharjah , Ajman , Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah —formed the United Arab Emirates ; the seventh, Ras Al Khaimah , joined on 10 February 1972. The sheikhdoms included: The sheikhdoms permanently allied themselves with the United Kingdom through a series of treaties, beginning with the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 and including

2700-405: The week leading to Christmas, and that British and German troops exchanged seasonal greetings and songs between their trenches. The ceasefire was brief but spontaneous. Beginning when German soldiers lit Christmas trees , it quickly spread up and down the Western Front. One account described the development in the following words: It was good to see the human spirit prevailed amongst all sides at

2754-413: Was a response to a formal appeal by United Nations Secretary-General António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres on March 23 for a global ceasefire as part of the United Nations' response to the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic . On 24 June 2020, 170 UN Member States and Observers signed a non-binding statement in support of the appeal, rising to 172 on 25 June 2020, and on 1 July 2020, the UN Security Council passed

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2808-437: Was agreed between India and Pakistan , on 1 January 1949, ending the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 (also called the 1947 Kashmir War). Fighting broke out between the two newly independent countries in Kashmir in October 1947, with India intervening on behalf of the princely ruler of Kashmir, who had joined India, and Pakistan supporting the rebels. The fighting was limited to Kashmir, but, apprehensive that it might develop into

2862-436: Was subsequently ratified by the Viceroy of India and the British Government in London. In the 1920s, the British Government's desire to create an alternative air route from Great Britain to India gave rise to discussions with the rulers of the Trucial States about landing areas, anchorages and fuel depots along the coast. The first aeroplanes to appear were Royal Air Force (RAF) flying boats, used by RAF personnel to survey

2916-413: Was used until the Gulf countries introduced their own currencies after the great devaluation of the rupee. The southeastern Persian Gulf coast was called the " Pirate Coast " by the British, who argued that raiders based there—particularly the 'Qawasim' or 'Joasmees', now known as the Al Qasimi (the ruling families of Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah )—harassed British-flagged shipping. The first in

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