Shattiwaza or Šattiwaza , alternatively referred to as Kurtiwaza or Mattiwaza , was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni , who reigned c. 1330-1305 BC.
21-463: Shattiwaza was the son of king Tushratta . His Hurrian name was Kili-Tešup . In the political turmoil following the death of his predecessor, the usurper Shuttarna III tried to murder Shattiwaza. Shattiwaza escaped and sought refuge by the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I . He married the daughter of Suppiluliuma and returned to Mitanni with a Hittite army. He was assisted by Piyassili (Sarri-Kusuh),
42-460: A Tell Fakhariyah location. Washshukanni Waššukanni ( Hittite : 𒌷𒌑𒀸𒋗𒅗𒉌 , romanized: ᵁᴿᵁ Waššukani ; and Hittite : 𒌷𒉿𒀸𒉻𒂵𒀭𒉌 , romanized: ᵁᴿᵁ Waššuganni ) or Aššukanni ( Middle Assyrian Akkadian : 𒌷𒀾𒋗𒅗𒀭𒉌 ) was the capital of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni , from around 1500 BC to the 13th century BC. It has been suggested that
63-540: A son of King Šuppiluliuma I . Shuttarna III , who had usurped the throne in his absence was defeated, and Shattiwaza installed as king of Mitanni . The events are recorded in two treaties of Suppiluliuma and Shattiwaza (sometime between 1345 and 1323 BC). But Piyassili and the Hittites may have received the whole former territory of Hanigalbat/Mitanni west of the Euphrates as the result of these events. Shattuara
84-535: A third devastating Hittite raid led to the fall of Carchemish , Tushratta was assassinated by a group led by one of his sons. A time of civil war followed which came to an end when Suppiluliuma placed Shattiwaza on the Mitannian throne. Six of the Tushratta letters, including EA 24, were subjected to Neutron Activation Analysis to match the clay composition to potential sites for Waššukanni. The results ruled out
105-485: A treaty with Artatama, a rival of Tushratta. Nothing is known of Artatama's previous life or connection, if any, to the royal family. The document calls him king of the Hurrians , while Tushratta is given the title of "King of Mitanni", which must have disagreed with Tushratta. Suppiluliuma started to plunder the lands of the west bank of the Euphrates river and he annexed Mount Lebanon . Tushratta threatened to raid beyond
126-601: A tributary of the Euphrates River, and the Jaghjagh River in the upper Jezirah of Syria. A proposal by Dietrich Opitz located it under the largely unexcavated mound of Tell el Fakhariya , near Tell Halaf in Syria . This position was supported by M. Oppenheim and more recently by others. A neutron activation comparison with clay from relevant Amarna tablets appeared to rule out Tell Fakhariya. This idea
147-725: Is an Akkadianised rendition of an Indo-Aryan name Tvaiṣaratha meaning "[one with, having] a charging chariot". At the beginning of his reign, the Hittite King Suppiluliuma I reconquered Kizzuwatna , then invaded the western part of the Euphrates valley and conquered the Amurru and Nuhašše in Hanigalbat . According to the Suppiluliuma- Shattiwaza treaty, Suppiluliuma had made
168-399: Is believed to be the next Mitanni king, although the circumstances of how he came to power are uncertain. Assyrian king Adad-nirari I claimed to be his overlord. Tushratta Tushratta ( Akkadian : Tušratta and Tuišeratta ) was a king of Mitanni , c. 1358–1335 BCE, at the end of the reign of Amenhotep III and throughout the first half the reign of Akhenaten . He
189-423: The Euphrates if even a single lamb or kid was stolen. Suppiluliuma then recounts how the land of Isuwa on the upper Euphrates had seceded in the time of his grandfather. Attempts to conquer it failed. In the time of his father, other cities rebelled. Suppiluliuma claims to have defeated them, but the survivors fled to the territory of Isuwa that must have been part of Tushratta's realm. A clause to return fugitives
210-603: The Hatti land. Tusratta, the king, had departed, he did not come to meet me in battle. I turned around and (re) crossed the Euphrates. I vanquished the country of Halba and the country of Mukis." Tell Farfara and Üçtepe Höyük (near Üçtepe, Bismil in Diyarbakır Province in Turkey) have also been proposed. The large and relatively recently found, site of Koçlu Tepe has also been proposed. The site of Tell al-Hawa in
231-569: The Jazira has also been suggested. Waššukanni is known to have been sacked by the Hittites under Suppiluliuma I (reigned c. 1344 –1322 BC) in the first years of his reign, whose treaty inscription relates that he installed a Hurrian vassal king, Shattiwaza . The city was sacked again by the Assyrian king Adad-nirari I around 1290 BC, and became an Assyrian provincial capital for
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#1732773379182252-612: The Mitanni capital of Washshukanni . Suppiluliuma claims to have plundered the district and to have brought loot, captives, cattle, sheep and horses back to Hatti. He also claims that Tushratta fled, but obviously he failed to capture the capital. While the campaign weakened Tushratta's kingdom, he still held onto his throne. In a second campaign, the Hittites again crossed the Euphrates and subdued Halab , Mukish , Niya , Arahati , Apina , and Qatna as well as some cities whose names have not been preserved. Charioteers are mentioned among
273-640: The bend of the Euphrates), Alse (upper Tigris valley), Kutmar (on the Batman-Su ?) and Suta (on the lower Batman-Su ?) and then returns to the Euphrates and Halpa then "Piyasilis and Mattiwaza pass "Irrite and Harran" then wait in Irrite ( Irridu ) before coming to Waššukanni. This would suggest a location near Mardin . In the original text: "I the Sun Suppiluliumas, the great king,
294-521: The booty from Arahati, who were brought to Hatti together with all their possessions. While it was common practice to incorporate enemy soldiers in the army, this might point to a Hittite attempt to counter the most potent weapon of the Mitanni, the war-chariots , by building up or strengthening their own chariot forces. Tushratta had possibly suspected Hittite intentions on his kingdom, for the Amarna letters include several tablets from Tushratta concerning
315-516: The king of the Hatti land, the valiant, the favorite of the Storm-god, reached the country of Alse and captured the provincial center Kutmar To Antar-atal of the country of Alse I presented it as a gift. I proceeded to the provincial center Suta and ransacked it. I reached Wassukanni. The inhabitants of the provincial center Suta together with their cattle, sheep (and) horses, together with their possessions and together with their deportees I brought to
336-530: The marriage of his daughter Tadukhipa with Akhenaten, explicitly to solidify an alliance with the Egyptian kingdom. However, when Suppiluliuma invaded his kingdom, the Egyptians failed to respond in time—perhaps because of the sudden death of Akhenaten, and the resulting struggle for control of the Egyptian throne. According to a treaty later made between Suppiluliuma and Shattiwaza , a son of Tushratta, after
357-511: The name Waššukanni is of Old Indo-Aryan origin, and its original form may have been *Vasukanni , composed of the Indic term vasu , meaning lit. ' good ' , to which was added the Indic suffix -ka- , followed by the Hurrian suffix -nni . The precise location of Waššukanni is unknown with most suggestions being in the general area defined by the Khabur River ,
378-479: Was also rejected by Edward Lipinski . However, this identification received a new support by Stefano de Martino, Mirko Novák and Dominik Bonatz due to recent archaeological excavations by a German team. But despite many seasons of excavations, no documentation of the name of the Mittani capital has yet been found. On his way to conquer Waššukanni, Suppiluliuma I passed through Isuwa (east of Malatya , within
399-577: Was part of many treaties made at the time, so possibly the harbouring of fugitives by Isuwa formed the pretext for the Hittite invasion. A Hittite army crossed the border, entered Isuwa and returned the fugitives (or deserters or exile governments) to Hittite rule. "I freed the lands which I captured; they dwelt in their places. All the people whom I released rejoined their peoples and Hatti incorporated their territories," Suppiluliuma later boasted. The Hittite army then marched through various districts towards
420-447: Was probably quite young at the time and was destined to serve as a figurehead only but he managed to dispose of the murderer. A tablet was found in a Mitanni building at Tell Brak which stated it was witnessed "in the presence of Tushratta, the king" and had a seal of an earlier king Shaushtatar on the reverse which was a common practice. Recorded in three distinct spellings— Tušratta , Tušeratta , Tuišeratta —Tushratta's name
441-457: Was the son of Shuttarna II . Tushratta stated that he was the grandson of Artatama I . His sister Gilukhipa (Gilu-ḫepa in Hurrian) and his daughter Tadukhipa (Tadu-ḫepa in Hurrian) were married to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III ; Tadukhipa later married Akhenaten who took over his father's royal harem. He had been placed on the throne after the murder of his brother Artashumara . He
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