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75-801: Due to declining enrollment, the college closed in 2007; four years later, ownership of its campus was transferred to the organization behind the Sitka Fine Arts Camp . In addition to the fine arts camp, the Sheldon Jackson Museum, the Sitka Sound Science Center , the Sitka Summer Music Festival , the Sitka International Hostel, Outer Coast College , and several other organizations are located in buildings on

150-656: A boarding high school in 1917, and a college program in 1944. The college program gained accreditation in 1966 and the high school was closed the following year. The school's educational accreditation was reviewed by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities and State of Alaska, a process that happens nationally with colleges and universities. About this process, President David Dobler said, "SJC’s current authorization to operate as an Alaska post-secondary institution has been extended until July 2006, and SJC, at that time, will be required to provide

225-463: A telegraph line across Alaska to the Bering Strait where it would connect, under water, with an Asian line. It also conducted the first scientific studies of the region and produced the first map of the entire Yukon River . The Alaska Commercial Company and the military also contributed to the growing exploration of Alaska in the last decades of the 19th century, building trading posts along

300-468: A $ 300.00 (which is about $ 3000 in 2023 dollars ) prize to the winning entry. 761 entries were received by the commission. In December 1963, the commission announced that they had selected Juneau journalist Richard Peter's suggestion. He stated that the motto "...is a reminder that beyond the horizon of urban clutter there is a Great Land beneath our flag that can provide a new tomorrow for this century's 'huddled masses yearning to be free'." The motto represents

375-495: A Delegate to Congress, introduced Alaska's first statehood bill, but it failed due to the small population and lack of interest from Alaskans. Even President Warren G. Harding 's visit in 1923 could not create widespread interest in statehood. Under the conditions of the Second Organic Act, Alaska had been split into four divisions. The most populous of the divisions, whose capital was Juneau, wondered if it could become

450-499: A foothold in the Aleutian Islands. Packing houses salted cod and herring , and salmon canneries were opened. Another commercial occupation, whaling, continued with no regard for over-hunting. They pushed the bowhead whales to the edge of extinction for the oil in their tissue. The Aleuts soon suffered severe problems due to the depletion of fur seals and sea otters which they needed for survival. As well as requiring

525-601: A musical theatre camp for high school and college students. Each session culminates in final performances and visual art exhibits. The camp was founded at the Sheldon Jackson College campus, moved to the University of Alaska Southeast / Mt. Edgecumbe High School campus in the 1980s, switched back to Sheldon Jackson College in the 1990s, returned to the Mt. Edgecumbe High School campus in 2006, and in 2011, after

600-712: A row because of the 12-day shift in the calendar minus one day for the date-line shift. During the Department era, from 1867 to 1884, Alaska was variously under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army (until 1877), the United States Department of the Treasury from 1877 to 1879, and the U.S. Navy from 1879 to 1884. Civil administration of Alaska began in 1877 under the United States Treasury Department. A Collector of Customs

675-638: A separate state from the other three. Government control was a primary concern, with the territory having 52 federal agencies governing it. Then, in 1920, the Jones Act required U.S.-flagged vessels to be built in the United States, owned by U.S. citizens, and documented under the laws of the United States. All goods entering or leaving Alaska had to be transported by American carriers and shipped to Seattle prior to further shipment, making Alaska dependent on Washington. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

750-661: A visionary optimism for a state filled with promise; promoting the State of Alaska by advising that the future lies with the next-to-the-last United States star located to the north of the Lower 48 . The 1968 discovery of oil on the North Slope 's Prudhoe Bay —which would turn out to have the most recoverable oil of any field in the United States—would change Alaska's political landscape for decades. This discovery catapulted

825-632: A war between Britain and Spain: Britain rejected Spanish claims to lands in British Columbia and Spain seized some British ships. The crisis was resolved in Madrid by the Nootka Conventions of 1790–1794, which provided that traders of both Britain and Spain could operate on the northwest coast, that the captured British ships would be returned and an indemnity paid. This marked a victory for Britain, and Spain effectively withdrew from

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900-414: Is divided into 16 boroughs and one " unorganized borough " made up of all land not within any borough. Boroughs have organized area-wide governments, but within the unorganized borough, where there is no such government, services are provided by the state. In the unorganized borough, cities or tribal organizations often provide community services while the state government provides education services through

975-669: The Exxon Valdez hit a reef in Prince William Sound , spilling between 11 and 34 million US gallons (42,000 and 129,000 m ) of crude oil over 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of coastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge . Paleolithic families moved into northwestern North America before 10,000 BC across

1050-522: The Alaska Statehood Act into United States law on July 4, 1958, which paved the way for Alaska's admission into the Union on January 3, 1959. Juneau, the territorial capital , continued as state capital, and William A. Egan was sworn in as the first governor . Alaska does not have counties , unlike every other American state except Louisiana . (Louisiana has parishes ). Instead, it

1125-608: The Aleuts , Athabascans , Eskimos , and Tlingit / Tsimshian . An affiliated advocacy group, Friends of the Sheldon Jackson Museum, sponsors several museum programs including the Alaska Native Artist Demonstrators Program during the summer months. Sitka Fine Arts Camp Sitka Fine Arts Camp is a nationally-recognized fine arts summer camp located in Sitka , Alaska . The camp

1200-992: The Bering land bridge in Alaska (see Settlement of the Americas ). Alaska became populated by the Inuit and a variety of Native American groups. Today, early Alaskans are divided into several main groups: the Southeastern Coastal Indians (the Tlingit , Haida , and Tsimshian ), the Athabascans , the Aleut , and the two groups of Eskimos, the Inupiat and the Yup'ik . The coastal migrants from Asia were probably

1275-734: The Queen Charlotte Islands . In 1795 Alexander Baranov , hired in 1790 to manage Shelikhov's fur enterprise, sailed into Sitka Sound and claimed it for Russia . Hunting-parties arrived in the following years, and by 1800 three-quarters of Russian America 's sea-otter skins were coming from the Sitka Sound area. In July 1799 Baranov returned on the brig Oryol and established the settlement of Arkhangelsk . Destroyed by Tlingits in 1802 but rebuilt nearby in 1804, it became Novo-Arkhangelsk ( Russian : Новоархангельск , lit.   'New Archangel'). It soon become

1350-509: The Sitka Industrial and Training School , it nearly closed in 1882 after its original facility, located over a military barracks, burned down. The Presbyterian missionary Sheldon Jackson came to the rescue of the school, raising funds through a national campaign, leading to the construction of a new building on the site of the present campus. In 1910, after Rev. Jackson died, the school was renamed in his honor. The institution added

1425-575: The Sonora , under Bodega y Quadra , ultimately reached latitude 58° north , entered Sitka Sound and formally claimed the region for Spain. The 1779 expedition of Ignacio de Arteaga and Bodega y Quadra reached Port Etches on Hinchinbrook Island , and entered Prince William Sound . They reached a latitude of 61° north , the most northern point attained by Spain. In 1788 Esteban José Martínez and Gonzalo López de Haro visited Russian settlements at Unalaska . The Nootka Crisis of 1789 almost led to

1500-497: The United States Senate approved the purchase of Alaska from Russia for US$ 7.2 million on August 1, 1867 (equivalent to approximately $ 157M in 2023). This purchase was popularly known in the U.S. as "Seward's Folly", "Seward's Icebox," or "Andrew Johnson's Polar Bear Garden", and was unpopular among some people at the time. Later discovery of gold and oil would show it to be a worthwhile one. Scholars debate whether

1575-529: The Upper Paleolithic period (around 14,000 BC ), when foraging groups crossed the Bering land bridge into what is now western Alaska . At the time of European contact by the Russian explorers , the area was populated by Alaska Native groups. The name "Alaska" derives from the Aleut word Alaxsxaq (also spelled Alyeska ), meaning "mainland" (literally, "the object toward which the action of

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1650-714: The Yukon River , Fort Durham (a.k.a. Fort Taku) at the mouth of the Taku River , and Fort Stikine , near the mouth of the Stikine River (associated with Wrangell throughout the early-19th century). In 1799, Shelikhov's son-in-law, Nikolay Petrovich Rezanov , acquired a monopoly on the American fur trade from emperor Paul I and formed the Russian-American Company . As part of the deal,

1725-604: The emperor expected the company to establish new settlements in Alaska and carry out an expanded colonization program. By 1804, Alexander Baranov, now manager of the Russian–American Company, had consolidated the company's hold on the American fur trade following his victory over the local Tlingit clan at the Battle of Sitka . Despite these efforts the Russians never fully colonized Alaska. The Russian monopoly on trade

1800-728: The Alaska Commission on Postsecondary Education (ACPE) with documentation of financial and administrative capacity in order for authorization to be renewed." (Dobler left the office of President in 2002.) Similarly, the college was under a "show cause" order from the Northwest Commission and was required to "show cause" why its regional accreditation should not be revoked. On June 29, 2007, all academic operations were suspended and all faculty and staff were dismissed due to cash flow shortages. The Board of Trustees gathered all staff and informed them that June 29 would be

1875-687: The Interior's many rivers. In 1884, the region was organized and the name was changed from the Department of Alaska to the District of Alaska. At the time, legislators in Washington, D.C. , were occupied with post- Civil War reconstruction issues, and had little time to devote to Alaska. In 1896, the discovery of gold in Yukon Territory in neighboring Canada, brought many thousands of miners and new settlers to Alaska, and very quickly ended

1950-572: The Japanese landed on the islands of Kiska and Attu , where they overwhelmed Attu villagers. The villagers were taken to Japan, where they were interned for the remainder of the war. Aleuts from the Pribilofs and Aleutian villages were evacuated by the United States to Southeast Alaska. Many suffered during their two years internment there, and the federal government, charged with their care, provided inadequate health care, food, and shelter. Attu

2025-747: The North Pacific. It transferred its claims in the region to the United States in the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819. Today, Spain's Alaskan legacy endures as little more than a few place names, among these the Malaspina Glacier and the towns of Valdez and Cordova . British settlements at the time in Alaska consisted of a few scattered trading outposts, with most settlers arriving by sea. Captain James Cook , midway through his third and final voyage of exploration in 1778, sailed along

2100-597: The Pacific coast only after the superior varieties of sea-otters had become depleted, around 1788. The Russian entry to the Northwest Coast was slow, however, due to a shortage of ships and sailors. Russians reached Yakutat Bay in 1794 and built the settlement of Slavorossiya there in 1795. James Shields, a British employee of the Golikov-Shelikhov Company, reconnoitred the coast as far as

2175-624: The Regional Educational Attendance Areas (REAA). Pioneering conditions in Alaska awoke ingenuity leading to invention of the Alaskan sawmill , an attachment to a chainsaw letting it be used to cut a felled tree into neat parallel-sided planks or boards. On March 27, 1964, the Good Friday earthquake struck South-central Alaska, churning the earth for four minutes with a magnitude of 9.2. The earthquake

2250-527: The Russians into the 1850s. The Aleuts, though faced with a decreasing population in the 1840s, ultimately rebounded. Financial difficulties in Russia, the low profits of trade with Alaskan settlement, and the important desire to keep Alaska out of British hands all contributed to Russia's willingness to sell its possessions in North America. At the instigation of U.S. Secretary of State William Seward ,

2325-514: The Sheldon Jackson Museum building was added as a single property to the National Register of Historic Places . The entire school, comprising 18 contributing properties and 3 non-contributing buildings, was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 2001. The contributing properties to the historic district, built between 1895 and the 1930s, are: Download coordinates as: Additional campus buildings are: Stratton Library

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2400-569: The State of Alaska. Organized within the Alaska Department of Education & Early Development , Division of Libraries, Archives and Museums, the Sheldon Jackson Museum was purchased by the State in the mid-1980s during the administration of Governor Bill Sheffield . Many of the artifacts housed in the museum (over 5,000) were originally collected by Rev. Sheldon Jackson in his travels through rural Alaska. The museum's collection almost exclusively focus on Alaskan Native groups such as

2475-497: The U.S. became a matter of national pride. The construction of military bases contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities. Alaska was granted U.S. statehood on January 3, 1959. In 1964, the massive " Good Friday earthquake " killed 131 people and leveled several villages. The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline led to an oil boom. In 1989,

2550-475: The artifacts were originally collected by Rev. Sheldon Jackson in his travels through rural Alaska. Sheldon Jackson Museum was founded in 1887, making it the oldest museum in the state of Alaska. When it outgrew its temporary quarters, a new specially dedicated concrete structure was constructed between 1895 and 1897 and, upon completion, became the first concrete structure built in Alaska. The museum, collection, and grounds are currently owned and administered by

2625-580: The bankruptcy of Sheldon Jackson College and the transfer of its campus to the Fine Arts Camp's parent organization, Alaska Arts Southeast, Inc., the camp returned to the SJ campus. In 2013 the United States Department of Agriculture approved the transfer of two USDA-funded buildings on the campus to Alaska Arts Southeast, and the campus is undergoing continuing renovation activities. History of Alaska The history of Alaska dates back to

2700-568: The border between Alaska and British North America . The Russo-American Treaty of 1824 , which banned American merchants above 54° 40' north latitude, was widely ignored and the Russians' hold on Alaska weakened further. At the height of Russian America, the Russian population reached 700. Although the mid–19th century was not a good time for Russians in Alaska, conditions improved for the coastal Alaska Natives who had survived contact. The Tlingits were never conquered and continued to wage war on

2775-613: The campus of the former school. The school buildings are part of the Sheldon Jackson School National Historic Landmark District. Similar to the Carlisle Indian School , Sheldon Jackson College (SJC) was initially formed as a "training" school for Alaska Native boys. The school was founded in 1878 by Fannie Kellogg and future Governor of Alaska John G. Brady for the Tlingit people . Initially known as

2850-647: The ceremonial and legal system known as the potlatch . The southern portion of Prince of Wales Island was settled by the Haidas fleeing persecution by other Haidas from the Queen Charlotte Islands (which are now named Haida Gwaii and part of British Columbia ). The Aleuts settled the islands of the Aleutian chain approximately 10,000 years ago. Cultural and subsistence practices varied widely among native groups, who were spread across vast geographical distances. Russian expeditions of exploration reached Alaska by

2925-514: The collection was broken up. Rare glass plate photographic negatives were loaned to the National Park Service , other "Alaskana" was split among local public and academic libraries, and the remainder of the collection was offered for sale to the general public. The building itself was sold to the State of Alaska. The Sheldon Jackson Museum is a Native American museum located on the former campus of Sheldon Jackson College. Many of

3000-536: The early 18th century, and colonial traders (especially fur-traders ) followed. On some islands and parts of the Alaskan peninsula, groups of Russian traders proved capable of relatively peaceful coexistence with the local inhabitants. Other groups could not manage the tensions and perpetrated exactions. Hostages were taken, individuals were enslaved, families were split up, and other individuals were forced to leave their villages and settle elsewhere. In addition, during

3075-633: The extent of the catastrophe, Alaskans rebuilt many of the communities. "North to the Future" is the official state motto of Alaska, adopted in 1967 for the centennial of the Alaska Purchase. As one of the events leading up to the celebration, the Alaska Centennial Commission sponsored a contest in 1963 to come up with a centennial motto and emblem that would express the unique character of the State of Alaska. They offered

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3150-417: The final day of employment. They were also informed all health insurance coverage would cease at that time. On July 17, 2007, the Alaska Commission on Post-secondary Education announced the cancellation of Sheldon Jackson College's authorization to operate a college in Alaska. The college appealed the decision, but was ultimately shut down. In March 2008, the official website for the school went off-line. In

3225-486: The fires destroyed what the mudslides had not. At Valdez, an Alaska Steamship Company ship was lifted by a huge wave over the docks and out to sea, but most hands survived. At Turnagain Arm, off Cook Inlet , the incoming water destroyed trees and caused cabins to sink into the mud. On Kodiak, a tsunami wiped out the villages of Afognak , Old Harbor, and Kaguyak and damaged other communities, while Seward lost its harbor . Despite

3300-479: The first resident missionaries and clergymen. This missionary activity would continue into the 19th century, ultimately becoming the most visible trace of the Russian colonial period in present-day Alaska. Spanish claims to the Alaska region dated to the papal bull of 1493 , but never involved colonization, forts, or settlements. Instead, Madrid sent out various naval expeditions to explore the area and to claim it for Spain. In 1775 Bruno de Hezeta led an expedition;

3375-569: The first sitting president to visit Alaska as part of his Pacific Northwest Voyage of Understanding . Harding arrived by boat from Seattle and made nine stops in the Territory via train which went from Seward to Fairbanks. On July 15 Harding drove in a golden railroad spike at Nenana . The train car in which he rode now sits in Fairbanks' Pioneer Park . The Depression caused prices of fish and copper, which were vital to Alaska's economy at

3450-550: The first two generations of Russian contact, eighty percent of the Aleut population died of Old World diseases , against which they had no immunity . In 1784 Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov arrived in Three Saints Bay on Kodiak Island , operating the fur-trading Shelikhov-Golikov Company . Shelikhov and his group killed hundreds of indigenous Koniag , then founded the first permanent Russian settlement in Alaska – on

3525-547: The first wave of humans to cross the Bering land bridge in western Alaska, and many of them initially settled in the interior of what is now Canada. The Tlingit were the most numerous of this group, claiming most of the coastal Panhandle by the time of European contact and are the northernmost of the group of advanced cultures of the Pacific Northwest Coast renowned for its complex art and political systems and

3600-424: The flesh for food, they also used the skins to cover their boats, without which they could not hunt. The Americans also expanded into the Interior and Arctic Alaska, exploiting the furbearers, fish, and other game on which Natives depended. When Congress passed the Second Organic Act in 1912, Alaska was reorganized, and renamed the Territory of Alaska . By 1916, its population was about 58,000. James Wickersham ,

3675-484: The island's Three Saints Bay. By 1788 Shelikhov and others had established a number of Russian settlements over a large region, including the mainland areas around Cook Inlet . The Russians had gained control of the habitats of the most valuable sea-otters , the Kurilian-Kamchatkan and Aleutian sea-otters. Their fur was thicker, glossier, and blacker than that of sea-otters on the Pacific Northwest coast and in California. The Russians, therefore, advanced southwards along

3750-413: The issue of Native land ownership into the headlines. In the mid-1960s, Alaska Natives from many tribal groups had united in an effort to gain title to lands wrested from them by Europeans, but the government had responded slowly before the Prudhoe Bay discovery. The government finally took action when permitting for a pipeline crossing the state, necessary to get Alaskan oil to market, was stalled pending

3825-407: The lower 48 states today. Still, an overland route was built, cutting transportation times to the contiguous states by days. The industries of copper mining , fishing , and canning began to become popular in the early 20th century, with 10 canneries in some major towns. In 1903, a boundary dispute with Canada was finally resolved. By the turn of the 20th century, commercial fishing was gaining

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3900-480: The main campus. The Sheldon Jackson Museum was the first building in Alaska built with concrete. Its octagonal shape may have been influenced by architectural philosophies of O.S. Fowler . The main campus buildings were designed by the, then just starting, firm of Ludlow and Peabody of Boston with aspects of western stick style. Beams were of Douglas fir and design was kept simple and exposed for easy construction and to demonstrate "honesty in building". In 1972,

3975-419: The nation's four year economic depression. Although it was uncertain whether gold would also be found in Alaska, Alaska greatly profited because it was along the easiest transportation route to the Yukon goldfields. Numerous new cities, such as Skagway, Alaska , owe their existence to a gold rush in Canada. Soapy Smith , a crime boss confidence man who operated the largest criminal empire in gold rush era Alaska,

4050-434: The outer Aleutian Islands — Attu and Kiska —were invaded and occupied by Japanese troops. They were the only parts of the continental United States to be invaded and occupied by an enemy nation during the war. Their recovery became a matter of national pride. On June 3, 1942, the Japanese launched an air attack on Dutch Harbor , a U.S. naval base on Unalaska Island , but were repelled by U.S. forces. A few days later,

4125-417: The president to settle 400 African American farmers in Alaska, saying that the territory would offer full political rights, but racial prejudice and the belief that only those from northern states would make suitable colonists caused the proposal to fail. The exploration and settlement of Alaska would not have been possible without the development of the aircraft, which allowed for the influx of settlers into

4200-451: The primary settlement and colonial capital of Russian America. (After the United States purchased Alaska in 1867, Novoarkhangelsk was renamed Sitka and became the first capital of Alaska Territory . ) Russian fur-traders informally introduced the Russian Orthodox church (with its rituals and sacred texts translated into Aleut at a very early stage) in the 1740s–1780s. During his settlement of Three Saints Bay in 1784, Shelikov introduced

4275-452: The provision of the Constitution saying one state should not hold sway over another's commerce did not apply because Alaska was only a territory. The prices Seattle shipping businesses charged began to rise to take advantage of the situation. This situation created an atmosphere of enmity among Alaskans who watched the wealth being generated by their labors flowing into the hands of Seattle business holdings. In July 1923 Warren Harding became

4350-434: The purchase of Alaska was a financially profitable for the federal Treasury itself, apart from its benefits to Alaskans and to businesses, and to national defense. The United States flag was raised on October 18, 1867, now called Alaska Day , and the region changed from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar . Therefore, for residents, Friday, October 6, 1867, was followed by Friday, October 18, 1867—two Fridays in

4425-449: The road connected the contiguous United States to Alaska across Canada. The construction of military bases , such as the Adak base, contributed to the population growth of some Alaskan cities. Anchorage almost doubled in size, from 4,200 people in 1940 to 8,000 in 1945. By the turn of the 20th century, a movement pushing for Alaska statehood began, but in the contiguous 48 states, legislators were worried that Alaska's population

4500-418: The sea is directed"). The U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. In the 1890s, gold rushes in Alaska and the nearby Yukon Territory brought thousands of miners and settlers to Alaska. Alaska was granted territorial status in 1912 by the United States of America. In 1942, two of the outer Aleutian Islands — Attu and Kiska —were occupied by the Japanese during World War II and their recovery for

4575-414: The state's interior, and rapid transportation of people and supplies throughout. However, due to the unfavorable weather conditions of the state, and high ratio of pilots-to-population, over 1700 aircraft wreck sites are scattered throughout its domain. Numerous wrecks also trace their origins to the military build-up of the state during both World War II and the Cold War . During World War II , two of

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4650-435: The straits to return to Hawaii in 1779. Cook's expedition spurred the British to increase their sailings along the northwest coast (the north-eastern coast of the Pacific), following in the wake of the Spanish . From 1791 to 1795, Vancouver would lead his own expedition to map the Pacific coastline from the Cook Inlet down to Spanish California. Alaska-based posts owned by the Hudson's Bay Company operated at Fort Yukon , on

4725-466: The summer of 2008, the college opened its dorms and facilities for use by local workers and companies. In 2010 the school library collection of rare books and artwork was boxed and stored. On February 1, 2011, the Board of Trustees transferred the main campus to Alaska Arts Southeast, Inc., the non-profit parent organization to the Sitka Fine Arts Camp . Beginning in 2018, Outer Coast College students, professors and faculty members have been hosted on

4800-546: The time, to decline. Wages were dropped and the workforce decreased by more than half. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt thought Americans from agricultural areas could be transferred to Alaska's Matanuska-Susitna Valley for a fresh chance at agricultural self-sustainment. Colonists were largely from northern states, such as Michigan , Wisconsin , and Minnesota under the belief that only those who grew up with climates similar to that of Alaska's could handle settler life there. The United Congo Improvement Association asked

4875-413: The war, the Native Attuans who had survived their internment were resettled to Atka by the federal government , which considered their home villages too remote to defend. In 1942, the Alaska–Canada Military Highway was completed, in part to form an overland supply route to the Soviet Union on the other side of the Bering Strait. Running from Dawson Creek, British Columbia to Delta Junction, Alaska ,

4950-472: The west coast of North America aboard HMS Resolution , from then-Spanish California all the way to the Bering Strait . During the trip he discovered what became known as Cook Inlet (named in honor of Cook in 1794 by George Vancouver , who had served under his command) in Alaskan waters. The Bering Strait proved to be impassable, although the Resolution and its companion ship HMS Discovery made several attempts to sail through it. The British ships left

5025-456: Was also being weakened by the Hudson's Bay Company , which set up a post on the southern edge of Russian America in 1833. In 1818 management of the Russian-American Company was turned over to the Imperial Russian Navy and the Ukase of 1821 banned foreigners from participating in the Alaskan economy. It soon entered into the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1825 which allowed British merchants to trade in Alaska. The convention also settled most of

5100-529: Was an academic library at the college. Prior to the construction of the building the university's collection was held in the Yaw Building. Prior to the 1955 construction of the Yaw Building, the books were held in a prefabricated army building that had been abandoned and moved onto campus in 1947. The Stratton library building contained 48,000 items in its collection with over 10 percent of all material being directly related to Alaska's history , including many first edition books and rare periodicals. In December 2010

5175-431: Was appointed by the president of the United States. The collector was the highest-ranking official of the United States government in Alaska and de facto governor. Henry C. DeAhna, a former Union Army officer and Mottrom D. Ball , a former Confederate Army officer, were the first individuals to serve as Collector of Customs. When Alaska was first purchased, most of its land remained unexplored. In 1865, Western Union laid

5250-413: Was established in 1973 at Sheldon Jackson College . It used other locations in the years that followed before acquiring the majority of historic Sheldon Jackson College buildings and campus in 2011. It took almost four years for a USDA Rural Development loan to be transferred from the college to the camp because of a "maze of paperwork," but it was done in 2013. The college was established in 1878 and

5325-468: Was one of the most powerful ever recorded and killed 139 people. Most of them were drowned by the tsunamis that tore apart the towns of Valdez and Chenega. Throughout the Prince William Sound region, towns and ports were destroyed and land was uplifted or shoved downward. The uplift destroyed salmon streams, as the fish could no longer jump the various newly created barriers to reach their spawning grounds. Ports at Valdez and Cordova were beyond repair, and

5400-493: Was regained in May 1943 after two weeks of intense fighting and 3,829 American casualties: 549 were killed, 1,148 were injured, 1,200 had severe cold injuries, 614 succumbed to disease, and 318 died of miscellaneous causes. The U.S. then turned its attention to the other occupied island, Kiska. From June through August, a multitude of bombs were dropped on the tiny island, though the Japanese ultimately escaped via transport ships. After

5475-520: Was shot down by vigilantes in the famed Shootout on Juneau Wharf . He is known as "Alaska's Outlaw." In 1899, gold was found in Alaska itself in Nome , and several towns subsequently began to be built, such as Fairbanks and Ruby . In 1902, the Alaska Railroad began to be built, which would connect from Seward to Fairbanks by 1914, though Alaska still does not have a railroad connecting it to

5550-774: Was the oldest institution of higher learning in Alaska. The camp enrolled approximately 700 in 2013 and offerings have expanded to include a circus program. Adult programs such as a Native Jazz Workshop and the Sitka Arts and Science Institute are also offered and have included artists such as Jason Marsalis . Founded in 1973, Sitka Fine Arts Camp is a multi-disciplinary arts camp featuring the dramatic arts , music , literary arts , visual arts ( ceramics , painting , drawing , sculpture , mask making , photography , video production , Alaska Native arts), and dance . The camp features four separate sessions: "mini camp" (fifth grade and below), middle school camp, high school camp, and

5625-510: Was too sparse, distant, and isolated, and its economy was too unstable for it to be a worthwhile addition to the United States. World War II and the Japanese invasion highlighted Alaska's strategic importance, and the issue of statehood was taken more seriously, but it was the discovery of oil at Swanson River on the Kenai Peninsula that dispelled the image of Alaska as a weak, dependent region. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed

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