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37-407: The Shengli Oil Field Company is a subsidiary of Sinopec . The oil field also produces natural gas , and activities have recently expanded into shale oil , solar power , and wind power . The development of the oil fields was an important contributor to the economy of the local area, playing a role in the establishment of the city of Dongying in 1983. The activities of the oil industry have damaged

74-455: A continental shelf differs significantly from the geological definition. UNCLOS states that the shelf extends to the limit of the continental margin , but no less than 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) and no more than 350 nmi (650 km; 400 mi) from the baseline . Thus inhabited volcanic islands such as the Canaries , which have no actual continental shelf, nonetheless have

111-832: A distance where the depth of waters admitted of resource exploitation were claimed by the marine nations that signed the Convention on the Continental Shelf drawn up by the UN's International Law Commission in 1958. This was partly superseded by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The 1982 convention created the 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone, plus continental shelf rights for states with physical continental shelves that extend beyond that distance. The legal definition of

148-464: A few exceptions, the shelf break is located at a remarkably uniform depth of roughly 140 m (460 ft); this is likely a hallmark of past ice ages, when sea level was lower than it is now. The continental slope is much steeper than the shelf; the average angle is 3°, but it can be as low as 1° or as high as 10°. The slope is often cut with submarine canyons . The physical mechanisms involved in forming these canyons were not well understood until

185-451: A minimum of 26.6 million tons. After this point production stabilised at that level and even began to rise again, reaching 27.9 million tons in 2009. By 2009, most of the oil reservoirs had been at least partially depleted . Output of natural gas averaged 1.2 billion cubic metres (42 × 10 ^  cu ft) from 1975 to 1998, peaking in 1989 with 1.5 billion cubic metres (53 × 10 ^  cu ft). The decline since then

222-598: A presence in 28 other counties in Shandong, and five other province-level divisions . The major production area lies on both sides of the mouth of the Yellow River. The most productive of these reservoirs are the Cenozoic Guantao and Shahejie formations. The oil field has underpinned the economic development of the region. The growth of the oil industry around the Yellow River delta led to the creation of

259-399: Is a portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water, known as a shelf sea . Much of these shelves were exposed by drops in sea level during glacial periods . The shelf surrounding an island is known as an insular shelf . The continental margin , between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain , comprises a steep continental slope, surrounded by

296-769: Is approximately 650,000 barrels (103,000 m). Throughout its period of operation, it has produced a fifth of all the crude oil from China and half of all oil from the Bohai Sea. The Shengli Oil Field Company, or Shengli Petroleum Administration Bureau, is a subsidiary of Sinopec . Most of the work carried out by the Shengli Oil Field Company takes place in the city of Dongying , although it also has operations in seven other prefecture level cities in Shandong Province, Binzhou , Dezhou , Jinan , Weifang , Zibo , Liaocheng , and Yantai , and

333-561: Is estimated that the field originally had 5.21 billion tons of oil , mostly onshore, but including some offshore reservoirs. The various reservoirs within the oil field have very different oil quality, although overall the oil has high levels of octane as opposed to gasoline . The Shengli Oil Field is the second largest oil field in China, after the Daqing Oil Field . it is also one of the oldest. The daily production of crude oil

370-469: Is evidence that changing wind, rainfall, and regional ocean currents in a warming ocean are having an effect on some shelf seas. Improved data collection via Integrated Ocean Observing Systems in shelf sea regions is making identification of these changes possible. Continental shelves teem with life because of the sunlight available in shallow waters, in contrast to the biotic desert of the oceans' abyssal plain . The pelagic (water column) environment of

407-596: Is used for EOR activities, and can increase oil production by 10%-15%. Capacity was later scaled up to 40,000 tons per year, with plans to reach 1 million tons per year. A new plant to carry this out was completed in 2022, and plans were put in place to build a second by 2025. This is intended by Sinpec to contribute to China's net-zero by 2060 plans . The Shengli Oil Field Company has expanded its economic interests into other industries, often linked with oil, such as chemical industries, machine-building, and electronics. They have also diversified their sources of energy. Shale oil

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444-482: The Persian Gulf . The average width of continental shelves is about 80 km (50 mi). The depth of the shelf also varies, but is generally limited to water shallower than 100 m (330 ft). The slope of the shelf is usually quite low, on the order of 0.5°; vertical relief is also minimal, at less than 20 m (66 ft). Though the continental shelf is treated as a physiographic province of

481-463: The ocean , it is not part of the deep ocean basin proper, but the flooded margins of the continent. Passive continental margins such as most of the Atlantic coasts have wide and shallow shelves, made of thick sedimentary wedges derived from long erosion of a neighboring continent. Active continental margins have narrow, relatively steep shelves, due to frequent earthquakes that move sediment to

518-414: The 1960s. Continental shelves cover an area of about 27 million km (10 million sq mi), equal to about 7% of the surface area of the oceans. The width of the continental shelf varies considerably—it is not uncommon for an area to have virtually no shelf at all, particularly where the forward edge of an advancing oceanic plate dives beneath continental crust in an offshore subduction zone such as off

555-581: The 1990s, it produced around 40% of the overall pollution in Dongying. Oil wells and associated infrastructure, such as roads, disturb the wetland habitat of local wildlife. Many bird habitats were kept outside of core wildlife protection areas in order to facilitate continued oil production. The Shengli Oil Field was discovered on 16 April 1961 when the Hua 8 well was drilled. Large-scale extraction began on 25 January 1964. Crude oil production started in 1964, and

592-831: The Shengli Oil Field Company and the Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve Administrative Bureau for the management of these areas. Output peaked at 33.55 million tons in 1991. Exploitation of offshore reservoirs on the continental shelf of the Bohai Sea increased in the 1990s, from 10,000 barrels per day in 1993 to 50,000 in 1996. The offshore Chengdao oil field was China's largest shallow sea oil reservoir. By 1994, 65 reservoirs had been developed. In 1995 1,672 wells were drilled, of which 166 were exploratory and 1,506 were developed, creating an overall total of 14,367 oil wells, 5,518 water injection wells, and 274 gas wells. Overall production declined until 1999, reaching

629-573: The Sinopec Qilu Petrochemical CCS Project, launched in 2007 to store 40,000 tons of coal-produced carbon dioxide per year. This carbon dioxide is piped as far as 80 kilometres (50 mi) to reach the oil field, where it is deposited 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) underground. A post-combustion capture plant was built in September 2010, with the capacity to process 110 tons per day (3,500 per year). This carbon dioxide

666-609: The city of Dongying on 1 October 1983. Gudao Town was established in November 1992 to cover a settlement that had developed around the Gudao Oil Extraction Factory. Xianhe Town is also built around the oil industry. Multiple oil production plants have been established, each covering a large number of oil reservoirs. The Shengli Oil Field is an important component of the wider CNOOC Bohai Oilfield. The oil industry produces significant amounts of pollution. In

703-706: The coast of Chile or the west coast of Sumatra . The largest shelf—the Siberian Shelf in the Arctic Ocean —stretches to 1,500 kilometers (930 mi) in width. The South China Sea lies over another extensive area of continental shelf, the Sunda Shelf , which joins Borneo , Sumatra, and Java to the Asian mainland. Other familiar bodies of water that overlie continental shelves are the North Sea and

740-567: The coast; sand is limited to shallow, wave-agitated waters, while silt and clays are deposited in quieter, deep water far offshore. These accumulate 15–40 centimetres (5.9–15.7 in) every millennium, much faster than deep-sea pelagic sediments . "Shelf seas" are the ocean waters on the continental shelf. Their motion is controlled by the combined influences of the tides , wind-forcing and brackish water formed from river inflows ( Regions of Freshwater Influence ). These regions can often be biologically highly productive due to mixing caused by

777-420: The continental shelf constitutes the neritic zone , and the benthic (sea floor) province of the shelf is the sublittoral zone . The shelves make up less than 10% of the ocean, and a rough estimate suggests that only about 30% of the continental shelf sea floor receives enough sunlight to allow benthic photosynthesis. Though the shelves are usually fertile, if anoxic conditions prevail during sedimentation,

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814-428: The deep ocean floor, the abyssal plain . The continental shelf and the slope are part of the continental margin . The shelf area is commonly subdivided into the inner continental shelf , mid continental shelf , and outer continental shelf , each with their specific geomorphology and marine biology . The character of the shelf changes dramatically at the shelf break, where the continental slope begins. With

851-418: The deep sea. The continental shelves are covered by terrigenous sediments ; that is, those derived from erosion of the continents. However, little of the sediment is from current rivers ; some 60–70% of the sediment on the world's shelves is relict sediment , deposited during the last ice age, when sea level was 100–120 m lower than it is now. Sediments usually become increasingly fine with distance from

888-433: The deposits may over geologic time become sources for fossil fuels . The continental shelf is the best understood part of the ocean floor, as it is relatively accessible. Most commercial exploitation of the sea, such as extraction of metallic ore, non-metallic ore, and hydrocarbons , takes place on the continental shelf. Sovereign rights over their continental shelves down to a depth of 100 m (330 ft) or to

925-476: The field. The efficiency of EOR measures has decreased over time as more oil has been extracted. Overall output is expected to continue to decline. The use of carbon dioxide injection methods for EOR allows for the EOR process to also be used for carbon capture and storage (CCS). The most depleted oil reservoirs were the ones near Dongying, and thus near power plants producing carbon dioxide emissions. A pilot project,

962-410: The flatter continental rise , in which sediment from the continent above cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope. Extending as far as 500 km (310 mi) from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by turbidity currents from the shelf and slope. The continental rise 's gradient is intermediate between the gradients of the slope and

999-453: The foundation in the east and innovative breakthroughs to accelerate the development in the west", highlighting oil and gas discoveries and commercial discoveries, optimizing the exploration, deployment, and strengthening the economic evaluation. As of December 31, 2013, Shengli Oil Field fully completed the production and operation tasks in 2013, adding 81.75 million tons of new controlled reserves and 91.28 million tons of forecasted reserves for

1036-461: The initial output in 1965 was 700,000 tons. Output had increased to 10.8 million tons by 1973, and exceeded 11 million in 1974. 1974 also saw the completion of a pipeline to transport oil directly to ports near Qingdao . In 1978 oil output reached 19.46 million tons, the second highest amount in China. Output continued to increase, expanding 10% per year in the early 1980s. In 1983 it passed 24 million tons, and by 1986 it passed 30 million. Production

1073-610: The local wetland areas, and contributed to local pollution. The Shengli Oil Field lies within the delta where the Yellow River flows out into the Bohai Sea . The conditions in the delta are difficult, with shifting soils, high temperatures, and high salinity. The oil has a water cut that reaches above 95%, is highly viscous , as thin as 6 metres (20 ft), and 92% lies deeper than 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi). Some reservoirs are as deep as 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi). It

1110-524: The sea surface, and receive 5,253 MJ/m2 of radiation energy from the sun. Sinopec Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 911898726 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:47:58 GMT Continental shelf A continental shelf

1147-400: The shallower waters and the enhanced current speeds. Despite covering only about 8% of Earth's ocean surface area, shelf seas support 15–20% of global primary productivity . In temperate continental shelf seas, three distinctive oceanographic regimes are found, as a consequence of the interplay between surface heating, lateral buoyancy gradients (due to river inflow), and turbulent mixing by

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1184-519: The shelf. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , the name continental shelf was given a legal definition as the stretch of the seabed adjacent to the shores of a particular country to which it belongs. The shelf usually ends at a point of increasing slope (called the shelf break ). The sea floor below the break is the continental slope . Below the slope is the continental rise , which finally merges into

1221-459: The tides and to a lesser extent the wind. Indian Ocean shelf seas are dominated by major river systems, including the Ganges and Indus rivers. The shelf seas around New Zealand are complicated because the submerged continent of Zealandia creates wide plateaus. Shelf seas around Antarctica and the shores of the Arctic Ocean are influenced by sea ice production and polynya . There

1258-563: The year, and producing 27.762 million tons of crude oil. Research into enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has taken place as output was expected to decline. Chemical EOR methods were first trialled in 1991, and by the 2010s chemical EOR was producing 3 million tons each year. Thermal methods of EOR are also used. The percentage of overall production from EOR rose from 8.9% in 1995 to 29.3% in 2011, ensuring overall production dropped only slightly. New kinds of chemical EOR have been tested since 1991, although only some have made it to being properly used in

1295-709: Was discovered in 2021. Production reached 171 tons daily in the Fanye-1 Well on 3 November, the highest output of a shale oil well in China. A Shale Oil National Demonstration Zone has been established in the oil field. The area has also seen investment in solar and wind power , through projects such as the Bozhong Offshore Wind Power Project. Combined, as of 2024 both produced more energy for Dongying than thermal power. The offshore areas have wind speed averages of around 7.6 metres per second (25 ft/s) at 100 metres (330 ft) above

1332-415: Was slightly arrested in the 21st century, and was 770 million cubic metres (27 × 10 ^  cu ft) in 2008. Output of oil was 27.34 million tons in 2011 and 2012, and the field also produced 500 cubic metres (18,000 cu ft) of natural gas . In 2013, Shengli Oilfield grasped the two major oil and gas exploration blocks in the east and the west, focusing on "fine exploration to stabilize

1369-502: Was stable in the late 1980s. Exploration uncovered new reservoirs in 1987 and 1988. The Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve that were created in Dongying in the 1990s had its management borders defined to minimize overlap with facilities used to exploit the Shengli Oil Field. Nonetheless, 515 oil wells producing 4.5% of output at the time were located in the area designated as a reserve, leading to coordination between

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