61-536: Sherbro may refer to: Sherbro people , a people of Sierra Leone Sherbro language , a language of Sierra Leone Sherbro Island , an island off the coast of Sierra Leone Sherbro River , a river in Sierra Leone Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sherbro . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
122-692: A native people of Sierra Leone , who speak the Sherbro language ; they make up 1.9% of Sierra Leone's population or 134,606. The Sherbro are found primarily in their homeland in Bonthe District , where they make up 40% of the population, in coastal areas of Moyamba District, and in the Western Area of Sierra Leone, particularly in Freetown . During pre-colonial days, the Sherbro were one of
183-665: A Creole community usually converted to Christianity, the religion shared by nearly all Creoles. In 1787, the British helped 400 freed slaves, primarily African Americans freed during the American Revolutionary War who had been evacuated to London, and Afro-Caribbeans and Africans from London, to relocate to Sierra Leone to settle in what they called the "Province of Freedom." Some of these early settlers had been freed earlier and worked as servants in London. Most of
244-542: A Recipe for Conviviality (2020) Today, Creole communities have more in common with each other than they have with any African ethnic groups . On the islands of Africa, creole languages predominate while on the mainland, creole languages are lingua franca or national languages in Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia , and South Africa. In island communities, Creoles are found in many occupations ranging from agricultural workers to members of society's elite . In
305-826: A newspaper proprietor and Creoles such as Macormack Easmon , Edna Elliott-Horton , and George T.O. Robinson , the founder of the Krio Descendants Union . Although Creoles are primarily Protestant , there are a small number of Creole Catholics who attend Catholic churches such as St. Anthony's Church in Brookfields and the Sacred Heart Cathedral in Freetown. Prominent Creole Catholics include Dr Monty Jones , Bertha Conton and Florence Dillsworth and, in previous generations, James C.E. Parkes . The official language of Sierra Leone
366-806: The 2nd and 4th West India Regiments were settled in Freetown and in suburbs around it in 1819. Barbadian rebels who participated in the Bussa Rebellion were transported to colonial Freetown in 1816 and included families such as the Priddy family . Thirty-eight African Americans (nine families) immigrated to Freetown under the auspices of African-American ship owner Paul Cuffe , of Boston . These Black Americans included Perry Lockes and Prince Saunders from Boston; Abraham Thompson and Peter Williams Jr. from New York City; and Edward Jones from Charleston, South Carolina . Americo-Liberian merchants and traders also settled in colonial Freetown throughout
427-406: The American Revolutionary War , many on promises of freedom from enslavement . On the voyage between Plymouth and Sierra Leone, 96 passengers died. However, enough survived to establish and build a colony. Seventy white women accompanied the men to Sierra Leone. Anna Falconbridge portrayed these white women as prostitutes from Deptford Prison, but they were most likely wives and girlfriends of
488-540: The Caribbean , the term broadly refers to all the people, whatever their class or ancestry — African, East Asian, European, Indian — who are part of the culture of the Caribbean. In Trinidad , the term Creole is used to designate all Trinidadians except those of Asian origin. In French Guiana the term refers to anyone, regardless of skin colour, who has adopted a European way of life, and in neighbouring Suriname ,
549-776: The Farquhar family and their descendants such as the Stuart family and Conton family who settled in Sierra Leone from Barbados , the Bahamas , and Bermuda between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The last major group of immigrants to the colony was the Liberated Africans or "Recaptives". Held on slave ships for sale in the western hemisphere, they were liberated by the Royal Navy , which, with
610-713: The French créole , which in turn came from Portuguese crioulo , a diminutive of cria , meaning a person raised in one's house. Cria derives from criar , meaning "to raise or bring up", itself derived from the Latin creare , meaning "to make, bring forth, produce, beget"; — itself the source of the English word "create". The word creole has several cognates in other languages, such as créole , creolo , criol , criollo , crioulo , kreol , kreyol , krio , kriol , kriolu , and kriyoyo . In Louisiana ,
671-592: The Gola Rainforest region of the country. The Sherbro are primarily fishermen and traders . They have a rich culture and have integrated some western culture and ideals. Their culture is unlike that of all other ethnic groups in Sierra Leone. The ethnic group in the nation whose culture is similar (in terms of embrace of Western culture) are the Krio people , descended largely from African Americans (known as Black Loyalists ), who had been freed from slavery by
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#1732769795293732-598: The Gold Coast likewise settled in Freetown and eventually coalesced into the Sierra Leone Creole identity. In the 21st century, the majority of Creoles in Sierra Leone continue to reside in Freetown and along the surrounding Western Area peninsula where their language and culture have a disproportionate influence relative to their population. The Creole people acted as colonial administrators, traders and missionaries in other parts of West Africa during
793-507: The West Africa Squadron , enforced the abolition of the international slave trade after 1808. The Liberated Africans were multi-ethnic and were largely Akan , Aja , Ewe , Angolan , Wolof , Hausa , Yoruba , Igbo , Bambara , Nupe , and Fulani people who had been enslaved by illegal slave traders. The Liberated Africans also included Sherbro , Mende and Temne people who had been enslaved in territories neighbouring
854-779: The Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 and about 1885. The colony was established by the British , supported by abolitionists , under the Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen . The settlers called their new settlement Freetown . Today, the Sierra Leone Creoles are 1.2 percent of the population of Sierra Leone. The Creoles of Sierra Leone have varying degrees of European ancestry , similar to their Americo-Liberian neighbours and sister ethnic group in Liberia . In Sierra Leone, some of
915-434: The Western Area peninsula of Sierra Leone. By the 1850s, they had already established Aberdeen , Bathurst , Charlotte , Dublin , Gloucester , Goderich , Grafton , Hastings , Kent , Kissy , Leicester , Murray Town , Regent , Ricketts , Sussex , Waterloo , Wellington , Wilberforce and York . Between the late 18th and early 20th centuries, immigrants from the Bahamas , Barbados , Bermuda , Liberia and
976-471: The large cotton tree near George Street. As the Settlers gathered under the tree, their preachers held a thanksgiving service and the white minister, Rev. Patrick Gilbert preached a sermon. After the religious services, the settlement was officially established and was designated Freetown. The Settler men cleared the forest and shrub and built a new settlement on the overgrown site that had formerly contained
1037-508: The 15th century, when Portuguese explorers, settlers, and traders came to the area. The English followed soon after and, in the 1620s, they had a number of agents trading and purchasing items in the Sherbro Country. The Sherbro intermarried with them. Like the later Krio, who developed in Sierra Leone after the colony was established, the Sherbro have a more westernized culture than that of other indigenous ethnic groups there. From
1098-619: The 1870s, when the Creole identity was beginning to form. The next arrivals were the Jamaican Maroons ; these maroons came specifically from Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) , one of the five Maroon cities in Jamaica. The Maroons mainly descended from highly military skilled Ashanti slaves who had escaped plantations and, to a lesser extent, from Jamaican indigenous people. The Maroons numbered around 551, and they helped quell some of
1159-573: The 18th century, they began to get involved in the slave trade and became more powerful than the European slave traders. They began to employ the Mende people to work for them to find slaves to meet the growing demand. In the 1920s, the Sherbro people were still being ruled by their own chiefs. The Sherbro were one of many indigenous peoples living in the territory of Sierra Leone before the colonial era. The first interaction with Europeans came during
1220-973: The 19th century, and as a result, there are also Creole communities in The Gambia , Nigeria , Cameroon , and Equatorial Guinea . Due to normal migration patterns, the Sierra Leone Civil War , and some discrimination at home, many Sierra Leone Creoles live abroad in the United States and the United Kingdom . In the United States, Creoles are mostly settled in Washington DC , Maryland , Virginia , Texas , New York , Georgia , California and North Carolina . The Creoles are Christians, whether nominal or in practice, at more than 98 percent. A large proportion of
1281-716: The African Americans were from South Carolina and the Sea Islands, of the Gullah culture; others were from states along the eastern seaboard up to New England. Some 1200 of these blacks emigrated to Sierra Leone from Halifax Harbour on 15 January 1792, arriving between 28 February and 9 March 1792. On 11 March 1792, the Nova Scotian Settlers disembarked from the 14 passenger ships that had carried them from Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone and marched toward
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#17327697952931342-530: The British colonial administration intervened to ensure the Recaptives became firmly rooted in Freetown society; they served in the army with the West India Regiment, and they were assigned as apprentices in the houses of Settlers and Maroons. Sometimes if a child's parents died, the young Recaptive would be adopted by a Settler or Maroon family. The two groups mixed and mingled in society. As
1403-512: The British during the American Revolutionary War , resettled in Nova Scotia , and then chose to go to Freetown in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. after the American Revolutionary War . The Sherbro and the Krio are close allies; they have intermarried since early colonial settlements in the 1790s. The Sherbro have been an indigenous people in the territory now known as Sierra Leone. In
1464-591: The Colony of Sierra Leone. The Liberated Africans, also called Recaptives, contributed greatly to the Creole culture. While the Settlers, Maroons, and transatlantic immigrants gave the Creoles their Christianity, some of their customs, and their Western influence, the Liberated Africans modified their customs to adopt those of the Nova Scotians and Europeans, yet kept some of their ethnic traditions. Initially
1525-687: The Creole people influenced other pidgins such as Cameroonian Pidgin English , Nigerian Pidgin English , and Pichinglis . As a result of their history, the Gambian Creole people , or Aku people of the Gambia , the Saro people of Nigeria, and the Krio Fernandinos of Equatorial Guinea , are sub-ethnic groups or partly descended from the Sierra Leone Creole people or their ancestors. The English word creole derives from
1586-536: The Creoles intermarried with their allies the Sherbros from as far back as the 18th century. However, since the independence of Sierra Leone, all ethnic groups in Sierra Leone have been inter-marrying increasingly. Krio people The Sierra Leone Creole people ( Krio : Krio pipul ) are an ethnic group of Sierra Leone . The Sierra Leone Creole people are descendants of freed African-American , Afro-Caribbean , and Liberated African slaves who settled in
1647-652: The Granville Town settlement. They had a profound influence on Creole culture; many of the Western attributes of Creole society were conveyed by the "Settlers", who continued what was familiar to them from their past lives. In Sierra Leone they were called the Nova Scotians or "Settlers" (the 1787 Settlers were called the Old Settlers). They founded the capital of Sierra Leone in 1792. The descendants of African Americans remained an identifiable ethnic group until
1708-614: The Jarretts, Smiths, Hortons, Coles, Porters, Jones, and the Morgans, settled in Maroon Town , Sierra Leone. Seventy percent of Maroons lived on five streets: Gloucester, George, Trelawney, Walpole, and Westmoreland street. The Jamaican Maroon settlement was west of Settler Town between Walpole street and King Tom. The Liberated African ancestors – principally of Akan , Bakongo , Ewe , Igbo and Yoruba origin – settled across
1769-476: The Recaptives began to trade and spread Christianity throughout West Africa, they began to dominate Freetown society. The Recaptives intermarried with the Settlers and Maroons, and the two groups became a fusion of African and Western societies. The ancestors of the Creoles founded the Colony of Sierra Leone and established the settlement of Freetown in 1792. They based the plan on what they were familiar with –
1830-499: The Sherbro people. Because some of the Sherbro interacted with Portuguese and English traders and intermarried with them in the mid-fifteenth to eighteenth centuries (producing Afro-European clans such as the Sherbro Tuckers and Sherbro Caulkers ), some of the Sherbro have a more westernized culture than that of other Sierra Leone ethnic groups. As Creoles settled in places such as Bonthe for trading and missionary purposes,
1891-594: The Sherbro population of Sierra Leone, are a close ally of their neighbor the Mende people , and most Sherbro in Southeastern Sierra Leone speak the Mende language and they have integrated large amounts of the Mende tradition along with their native Sherbro tradition. However, the Sherbro in the Western Area (in and around Freetown ) are traditionally allies of the Krio people ; and Sherbro in
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1952-577: The Sierra Leone colony believed that a new colony did not need black settlers from London. The directors decided to offer resettlement to African Americans from Nova Scotia, despite the failure of the last colony. These settlers were Black Loyalists, American slaves who had escaped to British lines and fought with them during the American Revolution, to earn freedom. The British government had transported more than 3,000 freedmen to Nova Scotia for resettlement, together with white Loyalists. Some of
2013-479: The Western Area in Sierra Leone have also integrated large amounts of Krio tradition. Unlike most Sherbro in Southeastern Sierra Leone, most Sherbro in the Western Area of Sierra Leone do not speak the Mende language. Politically the vast majority of Sherbro support the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP). The current president of Sierra Leone, Julius Maada Bio , is a Mende-speaking ethnic Sherbro from
2074-532: The adults had left Patriot owners and fought for the British in the Revolutionary War. The Crown had offered slaves freedom who left rebel masters, and thousands joined the British lines. The British resettled 3,000 of the African Americans in Nova Scotia, where many found the climate harsh and struggled with discrimination from white Nova Scotians. More than 1,200 volunteered to settle and establish
2135-468: The beginning of the settlement of liberated slaves in Sierra Leone, the ancestors of the Krio generally intermarried with their allies the Sherbro. Many Sherbro assimilate as Krio (or Creole ), as they share the Christian faith and Western names. According to Anaïs Ménard, the only Sierra Leonean ethnic group whose culture is similar (in terms of its embrace of Western culture) are Westernized members of
2196-441: The black settlers. Their colony was known as the "Province of Freedom" and their settlement was called "Granville Town"' after the English abolitionist Granville Sharp . The British negotiated for the land for the settlement with the local Temne chief, King Tom. However, before the ships sailed away from Sierra Leone, 50 white women had died, and about 250 remained of the original 440 who left Plymouth. Another 86 settlers died in
2257-526: The coastal areas of mainland Africa, Creoles acquired economic and political leverage due to their education, culture and close relationships with the colonial administration. They developed a strong sense of ethnic identity and formed their own political organisations. During the independence era of the mid-1900s, some Creoles supported colonial rule but many fought for independence and held positions of power afterwards. In most countries however, Creole political influence gradually gave way to ethnic groups from
2318-539: The country's population, it unites all the different ethnic groups , especially in their trade and interaction with each other. Krio is also the primary language of communication among Sierra Leoneans living abroad. The Sierra Leone Creoles settled across West Africa in the nineteenth century in communities such as Limbe ( Cameroon ); Conakry ( Guinea ); Banjul ( Gambia ); Lagos , Abeokuta , Calabar , Onisha ( Nigeria ); Accra , Cape Coast ( Ghana ) and Fernando Pó ( Equatorial Guinea ). The Krio language of
2379-584: The course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Following the Jamaican Maroons and Barbadian rebels, Afro-Caribbean immigrants settled in Freetown, Sierra Leone and in settlements across the Freetown peninsula throughout the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as missionaries, artisans and colonial officials such as the Porter family from Jamaica . Prominent Creole families of more recent Afro-Caribbean ancestry include
2440-409: The first four months. Although initially there was no hostility between the two groups, after King Tom's death the next Temne chief retaliated for a slave trader's burning of his village. He threatened to destroy Granville Town. The Temne ransacked Granville Town and took some Black Poor into slavery, while others became slave traders . In early 1791 Alexander Falconbridge returned, to find only 64 of
2501-407: The first group died due to disease and warfare with indigenous peoples. About 64 survived to establish the second Granville Town following the failed first attempt at colonization between 1787 and 1789. In 1792, 1200 Nova Scotian Settlers from Nova Scotia settled and established the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown ; these were African Americans and their descendants. Many of
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2562-887: The grid of a North American colonial town. The families originally from Nova Scotia – the Balls, Burdens, Chambers, Davis , Dixons, Georges (descendants of David George ), Keelings, Leighs, Moores, Peters (descendants of Thomas Peters or Stephen Peters), Prestons, Snowballs , Staffords, Turners, Willoughsby, Williams, and the Goodings – took up residence in Settler Town . The town was in close proximity to Cline Town (then Granville Town). Eighty percent of Nova Scotians lived on five streets: Rawdon, Wilberforce, Howe, East, and Charlotte street. The next group of settlers were Jamaican Maroons from Cudjoe's Town , who arrived in Freetown, via Nova Scotia, in 1800. Notable families such as
2623-520: The interior that were considered 'more African'. Creole communities in Africa have grown in several ways. Elements of their culture, including language and music, have come to dominate popular culture on the islands. In Creole-established cities on the African mainland, some non-Creoles have assimilated into Creole societies, which are perceived to enjoy privileged status. Those seeking acceptance into
2684-412: The intermingling of African Recaptives with Afro-Caribbeans and African Americans . Perhaps due to the range of divergent descriptions and lack of a coherent definition, Norwegian anthropologist T. H. Eriksen concludes: “A Creole society, in my understanding, is based wholly or partly on the mass displacement of people who were, often involuntarily, uprooted from their original home, shedding
2745-535: The international African slave trade beginning in 1808, they patrolled off the continent to intercept illegal shipping. The British resettled Liberated Africans from slave ships at Freetown. The Liberated Africans included people from the Yoruba, Igbo, Efik, Fante, and other ethnicities of West Africa. Some members of indigenous Sierra Leone ethnicities, were also among the Liberated Africans resettled at Freetown; they also assimilated into Creole culture. Others came to
2806-796: The late 18th and early 19th centuries, led to the eventual formation of a Creole ethnicity . The Americo-Liberians and Sierra Leone Creoles are the only recognised ethnic group of African-American, Liberated African, and Afro-Caribbean descent in West Africa. Thoroughly westernized in their manners, the Creoles as a class developed close relationships with the British colonial administration; they became educated in British institutions and advanced to prominent leadership positions in colonial Sierra Leone and British West Africa . Partly due to this history, many Sierra Leone Creoles have first names and/or surnames that are anglicized or British in origin. The Creoles are overwhelmingly Christian and
2867-477: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherbro&oldid=959396190 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Sherbro people The Sherbro people are
2928-444: The main features of their social and political organisations on the way, brought into sustained contact with people from other linguistic and cultural areas and obliged to develop, in creative and improvisational ways, new social and cultural forms in the new land, drawing simultaneously on traditions from their respective places of origin and on impulses resulting from the encounter.” Thomas Hylland Eriksen , Creolisation as
2989-409: The most dominant ethnic group in Sierra Leone, but in the early 21st century, the Sherbro comprise a small minority in the nation. The Sherbro speak their own language, called Sherbro language . The Sherbro are divided into two main groups: the Sherbro in Southeastern Sierra Leone, and the Sherbro in the Western Area of Sierra Leone. The Sherbro in Southeastern Sierra Leone, which is home to most of
3050-407: The new colony of Freetown, which was established by British abolitionists under the Sierra Leone Company . In 1800, the British government also transported 550 Jamaican maroons to Sierra Leone and subsequent waves of African American and Afro-Caribbean immigrants would settle in Sierra Leone throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. After Britain and the United States abolished
3111-1122: The objective of training Christian clergy and educators, who were later dispatched across West Africa to spread Christianity. Creole denominations are mainly Protestant with the Anglican and Methodist churches having the largest Creole congregants. However, smaller denominations such as the Baptist church and Countess of Huntingdon denominations in places such as Freetown , and Waterloo , Sierra Leone, also have Creole attendees, although these are smaller in number compared to Creole Anglicans and Methodists. Creole church attendees congregate at traditional "Creole" churches in Freetown such as St. George's Cathedral , Trinity Church , St John's Maroon Church , Ebenezer Methodist Church , Rawdon Street Methodist Church , and Zion Methodist Church, Wilberforce Street . Prominent Creole Anglicans include Edward Fasholé-Luke and Creoles such as Arthur Thomas Porter , Canon Harry Sawyerr and Robert Wellesley-Cole . Well-known Creole Methodists include Sylvia Blyden ,
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#17327697952933172-515: The original residents (39 black men, 19 black women, and six white women). The 64 people had been cared for by a Greek and a colonist named Thomas Kallingree at Fourah Bay , an abandoned African village. There the settlers reestablished Granville Town. After that time, they were called the "Old Settlers". By this time the Province of Freedom had been destroyed; Granville Sharp did not lead the next settlement movement. The proponents and directors of
3233-570: The riots against the British from the settlers. The Maroons later fought against the Temne during the Temne Attack of 1801. The dispute with the Temne was over "rent" which the Temne felt they were owed by the colony. In a twist that became the hallmark of politics in the subregion, the Temne had indeed signed a treaty granting full sovereignty to the Colony but then turned around to say that this
3294-457: The settlement voluntarily, seeing opportunities in Creole culture in the society. The first settlers to find a colony in Sierra Leone were the so-called "Black Poor": African Americans and Afro-Caribbean. 411 settlers arrived in May 1787. Some were Black Loyalists who were either evacuated or travelled to England to petition for a land of their own; Black Loyalists had joined British forces during
3355-582: The settlers from Nova Scotia and the Caribbean were Christians. Many liberated Africans also converted to Christianity. The Creoles were instrumental in the establishment of Pan-African Christianity. Between 1840 and 1900, at least six out of every ten black African clergy in the Anglican Church across West Africa was a Creole. By the 1820s, Sierra Leone already had more Christians than the entirety of tropical Africa. Educational institutions such as Fourah Bay College were initially established with
3416-471: The settlers intermarried with English colonial residents and other Europeans. Through the Jamaican Maroons , some Creoles probably also have indigenous Amerindian Taíno ancestry. The mingling of newly freed black and racially-mixed Nova Scotians and Jamaican Maroons from the ' New World ' with Liberated Africans – such as the Akan , Bakongo , Ewe , Igbo and Yoruba – over several generations in
3477-573: The term Creole applies to the descendants of enslaved Africans born on the island, while in South Africa , the blending of East African and Southeast Asian slaves with Dutch settlers, later produced a creolized population. The Fernandino Creole peoples of Equatorial Guinea are a mix of Afro-Cubans with Emancipados and English-speaking Liberated Africans , while the Americo-Liberians and Sierra Leone Creoles resulted from
3538-429: The term Creole has been used since 1792 to represent descendants of African or ethnically mixed parents as well as children of French and Spanish descent with no racial mixing. Its use to describe languages started from 1879, while as an adjective, from 1748. In some Spanish-speaking countries, the word Criollo is used today to describe something local or very typical of a particular Latin American country. In
3599-855: The term refers only to the descendants of enslaved Africans. In Africa, the term Creole refers to any ethnic group formed during the European colonial era, with some mix of African and non-African racial or cultural heritage. Creole communities are found on most African islands and along the continent's coastal regions where indigenous Africans first interacted with Europeans. As a result of these contacts, five major Creole types emerged: Portuguese , African American , Dutch , French and British . The Crioulos of African or mixed Portuguese and African descent eventually gave rise to several ethnic groups in Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , São Tomé e Príncipe , Angola and Mozambique . The Mauritian and Seychellois Creoles are Africans with some French cultural ancestry and are Christianized . On La Réunion ,
3660-420: The vast majority of them reside in Freetown and its surrounding Western Area region of Sierra Leone. From their mix of peoples, the Creoles developed what is now the native Krio language , a creole deriving from English, indigenous West African languages, and other European languages. It is the most widely spoken language in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone. As the Krio language is spoken by 96 percent of
3721-411: Was not their understanding. This misunderstanding became violent, when in 1801, the Temne attacked Freetown. The assault failed, resulting instead in the expulsion of the Temne from the area. The next migrations of transatlantic immigrants between 1800 and 1819 were smaller in comparison to the early Nova Scotian Settlers and Jamaican Maroon immigrants. Afro-Caribbean and Liberated African soldiers from
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