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65-735: Sherry (Spanish: jerez [xeˈɾeθ] ) is a fortified wine made from white grapes that are grown near the city of Jerez de la Frontera in Andalusia, Spain. Sherry is a drink produced in a variety of styles made primarily from the Palomino grape, ranging from light versions similar to white table wines, such as Manzanilla and fino , to darker and heavier versions that have been allowed to oxidise as they age in barrel, such as Amontillado and oloroso . Sweet dessert wines are also made from Pedro Ximénez or Moscatel grapes, and are sometimes blended with Palomino-based sherries. Under

130-555: A Basque concubine . She held sway and strong influence over the court. It is said that al-Hakam nicknamed her with the masculine name Ja'far. They had two sons, the first is Abd al-Rahman (962–970), who died young, and the second is Hisham II (966–1013). According to É. Lévi-Provençal , the phrase Ḥubb al-walad , as found in al-Maqqari 's Nafḥ al-ṭayyib , is a reference to al-Hakam's homosexuality or "preference for boys". However, several historians render it as "paternal love", referring instead to him choosing his young son as

195-463: A solera system before bottling so that bottles of sherry will not usually carry a specific vintage year and can contain a small proportion of very old wine. Sherry is regarded by some wine writers as "underappreciated" and a "neglected wine treasure". Jerez has been a centre of viniculture since wine-making was introduced to Spain by the Phoenicians in 1100 BCE. The practice was carried on by

260-510: A German wine flavoured with wormwood , an herb most famously used in distilling absinthe . Wine flavoured with wormwood goes back to ancient Rome. The modern German word Wermut ( Wermuth in the spelling of Carpano's time) means both wormwood and vermouth . The herbs were originally used to mask raw flavours of cheaper wines, imparting a slightly medicinal "tonic" flavor. Vins doux naturels (VDN) are lightly fortified wines typically made from white Muscat grapes or red Grenache grapes in

325-475: A breed of Spanish dog, the Andalusian wine-cellar rat-hunting dog , and iconic bull posters used to advertise sherry. The film Withnail and I features a much-quoted scene where the two protagonists are offered sherry by the lecherous Uncle Monty. 36°41′02.2″N 6°7′34.5″W  /  36.683944°N 6.126250°W  / 36.683944; -6.126250 Fortified wine Fortified wine

390-439: A darker colour. Because the fortification takes place after fermentation, most sherries are initially dry, with any sweetness being added later. Despite the common misconception that sherry is a sweet drink, most varieties are dry. In contrast, port wine is fortified halfway through its fermentation, which stops the process so that not all of the sugar is turned into alcohol. Wines from different years are aged and blended using

455-644: A light filtration, and often a selection of a favored barrel from a larger solera. Such sherries can be considerably more complex in flavour than the standard bottlings, and, according to many, are worth seeking out. In order to allow the sale of reliable average age-dated sherries, the regulating council has set up a system that accurately tracks the average age of the wines as they move through their solera. Two average age-dated categories are recognized: VOS ('Vinum Optimum Signatum' – 20 years old average age minimum) and VORS ('Vinum Optimum Rare Signatum' – 30 years old average age minimum). Sherry-seasoned casks are sold to

520-602: A major expansion of the Great Mosque of Córdoba . The mosque's prayer hall was extended 45 meters further south. This expansion added several of the building's most architecturally significant features that have survived to the present day, including a richly-decorated mihrab , intersecting multifoil arches , and four ornate ribbed domes. The palace-city of Madinat al-Zahra , first built by his father Abd ar-Rahman III after 936, continued to be built up and renovated under al-Hakam II. Al-Hakam married Subh of Cordoba ,

585-527: A patron of knowledge brought him fame across the Muslim world to the point that even books written in Persia , which was under Arab Abbasid control, were dedicated to him. During his reign, a massive translation effort was undertaken, and many books were translated from Latin and Greek into Arabic . He formed a joint committee of Muwallad Muslims and Mozarab Catholics for this task. His personal library

650-445: A successor. The fact that he did not produce a suitable heir before the age of 46 has been ascribed either to him being more attracted to men, —although this is only reported euphemistically in the sources, —or because he was too absorbed with his books to care for sensual pleasures. Subh may have dressed as a ghulam or a young man to make herself more attractive to al-Hakam (adopting a short haircut and wearing trousers), although it

715-399: Is (in most cases) low in sugar and is considered a dry wine. Adding alcohol earlier in the fermentation process results in a sweeter wine. For drier fortified wine styles, such as sherry , the alcohol is added shortly before or after the end of the fermentation. In the case of some fortified wine styles (such as late harvest and botrytized wines ), a naturally high level of sugar inhibits

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780-486: Is a wine to which a distilled spirit , usually brandy , has been added. In the course of some centuries, winemakers have developed many different styles of fortified wine, including port , sherry , madeira , Marsala , Commandaria wine , and the aromatised wine vermouth . One reason for fortifying wine was to preserve it, since ethanol is also a natural antiseptic . Even though other preservation methods now exist, fortification continues to be used because

845-584: Is a fortified rice wine made in Korea . Although rice wine is not made from grapes, it has a similar alcohol content to grape wine, and the addition of the distilled spirit, soju , and other ingredients like ginseng , jujubes , ginger , etc., to the rice wine, bears similarity to the above-mentioned fortified wines. Fortified wines are often termed dessert wines in the United States to avoid association with hard drinking. The term " vins de liqueur "

910-471: Is a fortified wine made in the Madeira Islands . The wine is produced in a variety of styles ranging from dry wines which can be consumed on their own as an aperitif , to sweet wines more usually consumed with dessert. Madeira is deliberately heated and oxidised as part of its maturation process, resulting in distinctive flavours and an unusually long lifespan once a bottle is opened. Marsala wine

975-428: Is a wine from Sicily that is available in both fortified and unfortified versions. It was first produced in 1772 by an English merchant, John Woodhouse, as an inexpensive substitute for sherry and port, and gets its name from the island's port, Marsala . The fortified version is blended with brandy to make two styles, the younger, slightly weaker Fine , which is at least 17% abv and aged at least four months; and

1040-407: Is a wine that is both sweeter and stronger, normally containing about 20% alcohol by volume (ABV). During the fermentation process, yeast cells in the must continue to convert sugar into alcohol until the must reaches an alcohol level of 16–18%. At this level, the alcohol becomes toxic to the yeast and stalls its metabolism. If fermentation is allowed to run to completion, the resulting wine

1105-417: Is also possible she did this in order to gain better access to the male-dominated royal court. Al-Hakam II suffered a stroke near the end of his life that curtailed his activities and may explain why he was unable to properly prepare his son for leadership. Modern scholars have speculated that, based on the historical descriptions of his death, it was another cerebrovascular stroke, possibly brought on by

1170-581: Is complete, the base wines are fortified with grape spirit to increase their final alcohol content . Wines classified as suitable for aging as fino and Manzanilla are fortified until they reach a total alcohol content of 15.5 percent by volume. As they age in a barrel, they develop a layer of flor —a yeast -like growth that helps protect the wine from excessive oxidation. Those wines that are classified to undergo aging as oloroso are fortified to reach an alcohol content of at least 17 per cent. They do not develop flor and so oxidise slightly as they age, giving them

1235-404: Is fortified halfway through its fermentation, which stops the process so that not all of the sugar is turned into alcohol. Sherry is produced in a variety of styles, ranging from dry, light versions such as finos to much darker and sometimes sweeter versions known as olorosos . Cream sherry is always sweet. Vermouth is a fortified wine flavoured with aromatic herbs and spices ("aromatised" in

1300-632: Is made using 1/3 armagnac to 2/3 grape juice from the same vineyard, Pineau des Charentes in the Cognac zone, Macvin in Jura ; there is also Pommeau similarly made by blending apple juice and apple brandy. Inexpensive fortified wines, such as Thunderbird and Wild Irish Rose, became popular during the Great Depression for their relatively high alcohol content. The term wino was coined during this period to describe impoverished alcoholics of

1365-552: Is mostly used for Pedro Ximénez and Moscatel grapes. The benefit of the albariza soil is that it can reflect sunlight back up to the vine, aiding it in photosynthesis . The nature of the soil is very absorbent and compact so it can retain and maximize the use of the little rainfall that the Jerez region receives. Before the phylloxera infestation in 1894, there were estimated to be over one hundred varieties of grape used in Spain for

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1430-483: Is stated. Sherry is aged in the solera for a minimum of two years. A large solera system may consist of scales that require more than one barrel to hold. The word 'solera' means 'on the ground'; this refers to the stacking system that was, and sometimes still is, used, with the youngest barrels at the top and the oldest scale, also somewhat ambiguously called 'the solera', at the bottom. Of late, sherry producers and marketers have been bottling their wines en rama , with only

1495-527: Is used by the French. Under European Union legislation, a liqueur wine is a fortified wine that contains 15–22% abv , with Total Alcoholic Strength of no less than 17.5%, and that meets many additional criteria. Exemptions are allowed for certain quality liqueur wines. Al-Hakam II Al-Hakam II succeeded to the Caliphate after the death of his father Abd-ar-Rahman III in 961. He secured peace with

1560-490: Is used mainly as a base for apéritifs such as the French Pineau des Charentes . It is produced by adding alcohol to non-fermented or partially fermented grape juice (or apple juice to make pommeau ). The addition of alcohol stops the fermentation and, as a consequence Mistelle is sweeter than fully fermented grape juice in which the sugars turn to alcohol. Moscatel de Setúbal is a Portuguese wine produced around

1625-463: The Catholic kingdoms of northern Iberia, and made use of the stability to develop agriculture through the construction of irrigation works. Economic development was also encouraged through the widening of streets and the building of markets. Whilst the internal administration was left increasingly to vizir Al-Mushafi, general Ghālib ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān was gradually gaining influence as leader of

1690-573: The Romans when they took control of Iberia around 200 BCE. The Moors conquered the region in 711 CE and introduced distillation , which led to the development of brandy and fortified wine. During the Moorish period, the town was called Sherish (a transliteration of the Arabic شريش ), from which both sherry and Jerez are derived. Wines similar in style to sherry have traditionally been made in

1755-495: The Scotch whisky industry for use in aging whisky . Other spirits and beverages may also be aged in used sherry casks. Contrary to what most people think, these sherry-seasoned casks are specifically prepared for the whisky industry, they are not the same as the old (and largely inactive) butts used for the maturation of sherry. Once bottled, sherry does not generally benefit from further aging and may be consumed immediately, though

1820-598: The Seattle City Council asked the Washington State Liquor Control Board to prohibit the sale of certain alcohol products in an impoverished "Alcohol Impact Area." Among the products sought to be banned were over two dozen beers, and six fortified wines: Cisco , Gino's Premium Blend, MD 20/20, Night Train, Thunderbird, and Wild Irish Rose. The Liquor Control Board approved these restrictions on 30 August 2006. Gwaha-ju

1885-701: The Setúbal Municipality on the Península de Setúbal . The wine is made primarily from the Muscat of Alexandria grape and is typically fortified with aguardente . The style was believed to have been invented by José Maria da Fonseca , the founder of the oldest table wine company in Portugal dating back to 1834. Port wine (also known simply as port) is a fortified wine from the Douro Valley in

1950-484: The Sherry Triangle , an area in the province of Cádiz between Jerez de la Frontera, Sanlúcar de Barrameda , and El Puerto de Santa María . In 1933 the Jerez denominación de origen was the first Spanish denominación to be officially recognised in this way, officially named D.O. Jerez-Xeres-Sherry and sharing the same governing council as D.O. Manzanilla Sanlúcar de Barrameda . After fermentation

2015-527: The Superiore , which is at least 18%, and aged at least two years. The unfortified Marsala wine is aged in wooden casks for five years or more and reaches a strength of 18% by evaporation . Mistelle ( Italian : mistella ; French: mistelle ; Spanish, Portuguese , Galician and Catalan : mistela , from Latin mixtella / mixtvm "mix") is sometimes used as an ingredient in fortified wines, particularly Vermouth , Marsala and Sherry , though it

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2080-646: The bung hole , withdraws a measure of sherry which is then ceremoniously poured from a head height into a copita held in the other hand. Various types are often mixed with lemonade (and usually ice). This long drink is now called Rebujito . A similar drink in the Victorian era was the sherry cobbler , shaken and served over shaved ice. Many literary figures have written about sherry, including William Shakespeare , Benito Pérez Galdós , and Edgar Allan Poe (in his story " The Cask of Amontillado "). Brothers Frasier and Niles Crane frequently consume sherry on

2145-408: The mitad y mitad is mixed with the younger sherry to the proper proportions. This two-stage procedure is performed so the strong alcohol will not shock the young sherry and spoil it. The fortified wine is stored in 500-litre casks made of North American oak , which is more porous than French or Spanish oak. The casks, or butts , are filled five-sixths full, leaving "the space of two fists" empty at

2210-462: The northern provinces of Portugal . It is typically a sweet red wine, but also comes in dry, semi-dry and white or rosé styles. Sherry is a fortified wine made from white grapes that are grown near the town of Jerez , Spain. The word "sherry" itself is an anglicisation of Jerez. In earlier times, sherry was known as sack (from the Spanish saca , meaning "a removal from the solera "). In

2275-403: The segunda yema , will be used for Oloroso; the product of additional pressings is used for lesser wines, distillation, and vinegar . The must is then fermented in stainless steel vats until the end of November, producing a dry white wine with 11–12 per cent alcohol content. Previously, the fermentation and initial aging were done in wood; now it is almost exclusively done in stainless steel, with

2340-503: The Boat People': Dr MacClintock, the slow-speaking, Edinburgh-bred quack to whom my wife, Hilda turns in times of sickness, took a generous gulp of the sherry she always pours him when he visits our mansion flat, (It's lucky that all his N.H.S. patients aren't so generous or the sick of Gloucester Road would be tended by a reeling medico, yellow about the gills and sloshed on amontillado.) The historic sherry cellars have given rise to

2405-476: The EU must come from the triangular area of the province of Cádiz between Jerez de la Frontera , Sanlúcar de Barrameda , and El Puerto de Santa María . However, the name "sherry" is used as a semi-generic in the United States where it must be labeled with a region of origin such as American sherry or California sherry. However, such wines cannot be exported to the EU. Both Canadian and Australian winemakers now use

2470-653: The European Union "sherry" is a protected designation of origin ; therefore, all wine labelled as "sherry" must legally come from the Sherry Triangle, which is an area in the province of Cádiz between Jerez de la Frontera , Sanlúcar de Barrameda and El Puerto de Santa María . After fermentation is complete, sherry is fortified with brandy . Because the fortification takes place after fermentation, most sherries are initially dry, with any sweetness being added later. In contrast, port wine (for example)

2535-676: The Jerez cellars were founded by British families. In 1894 the Jerez region was devastated by the insect phylloxera . Whereas larger vineyards were replanted with resistant vines, most smaller producers were unable to fight the infestation and abandoned their vineyards entirely. On 12 April 2012, the rules applicable to the sweet and fortified Denominations of Origen Montilla-Moriles and Jerez-Xérès-Sherry were changed to prohibit terms such as "Rich Oloroso", "Sweet Oloroso" and "Oloroso Dulce". Such wines are to be labelled as "Cream Sherry: Blend of Oloroso / Amontillado" or suchlike. The classification by sweetness is: Spanish producers have registered

2600-480: The Muscat wines are protected from oxidation to retain their freshness. A vin de liqueur is a sweet fortified style of French wine that is fortified by adding brandy to unfermented grape must. The term vin de liqueur is also used by the European Union to refer to all fortified wines. Vins de liqueur take greater flavour from the added brandy but are also sweeter than vin doux. Examples include Floc de Gascogne which

2665-500: The TV sitcom Frasier . In the UK television show Yes Minister , Jim Hacker frequently drinks sherry with Sir Humphrey Appleby and Bernard Woolley in his office. Sherry, and Amontillado specifically, is heavily featured in season 3, episode 10 of Monty Python's Flying Circus . Sherry is frequently mentioned in the novel Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy , and plays an important role in

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2730-837: The army in North Africa. He was chiefly preoccupied with repulsing the last Norman attacks (c. 970), and with the struggle against the Zirids and the Fatimids in northern Morocco . The Fatimids were defeated in Morocco in 974, while Al-Hakam II was able to maintain the supremacy of the caliphate over the Catholic states of Navarre , Castile and León . Hakam himself was very well versed in numerous sciences. He had books purchased from Damascus , Baghdad , Constantinople , Cairo , Mecca , Medina , Kufa , and Basra . His status as

2795-479: The city of Shiraz in mid-southern Iran, but it is thought unlikely that the name derives from there. Wine production continued through five centuries of Muslim rule. In 966, Al-Hakam II , the second Caliph of Córdoba , ordered the destruction of the vineyards, but the inhabitants of Jerez appealed on the grounds that the vineyards also produced raisins to feed the empire's soldiers, and the Caliph spared two-thirds of

2860-445: The end of the series, only a portion of the final barrel is bottled and sold. Depending on the type of wine, the portion moved may be between five and thirty percent of each barrel. This process is called "running the scales" because each barrel in the series is called a scale. Thus, the age of the youngest wine going in the bottle is determined by the number of barrels in the series, and every bottle also contains some much older wine than

2925-454: The exception of one or two high-end wines. Immediately after fermentation, the wine is sampled and the first classification is performed. The casks are marked with the following symbols according to the potential of the wine: The sherry is fortified using destilado , made by distilling wine, usually from La Mancha . The distilled spirit is first mixed with mature sherry to make a 50/50 blend known as mitad y mitad (half and half), and then

2990-430: The most fragile types of sherry and should usually be drunk soon after opening, in the same way as unfortified wines. In Spain, Finos are often sold in half bottles, with any remaining wine being thrown out if it is not drunk the same day it is opened. Amontillados and Olorosos will keep for longer, while sweeter versions such as PX, and blended cream sherries, are able to last several weeks or even months after opening since

3055-532: The narrative: the spy Jim Prideaux is alerted to the presence of a double agent within his division when Russian KGB agents are able to correctly identify the brand of sherry that was consumed during a secret meeting of MI6 personnel. In John Mortimer's long-running Rumpole of the Bailey book and television series, Horace Rumpole continually complains about how various family doctors are served sherry by his wife Hilda when they visit. For example, in 'Rumpole and

3120-432: The official name of Jerez-Xérès-Sherry, it is one of Spain's wine regions, a Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP). The word sherry is an anglicisation of Xérès (Jerez). Sherry was previously known as sack , from the Spanish saca , meaning "extraction" from the solera . In Europe, "sherry" has protected designation of origin status, and under Spanish law , all wine labelled as "sherry" must legally come from

3185-405: The process can add distinct flavors to the finished product. Although grape brandy is most commonly added to produce fortified wines, the additional alcohol may also be neutral spirit that has been made from grapes, grain, sugar beets or sugarcane . Regional appellation laws may dictate the types of spirit that are permitted for fortification. For example, in the U.S. only spirits made from

3250-400: The production of sherry, but now there are only three white grapes grown for sherry-making: Sherry-style wines made in other countries often use other grape varieties. The Palomino grapes are harvested in early September, and pressed lightly to extract the must . The must from the first pressing, the primera yema , is used to produce Fino and Manzanilla; the must from the second pressing,

3315-439: The same fruit as the wine may be added. The source of the additional alcohol and the method of its distillation can affect the flavour of the fortified wine. If neutral spirit is used, it is usually produced with a continuous still , rather than a pot still . When added to wine before the fermentation process is complete, the alcohol in the distilled beverage kills the yeast and leaves residual sugar behind. The result

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3380-427: The sherries that have been aged oxidatively may be stored for years without noticeable loss in flavour. Bottles should be stored upright to minimize the wine's exposed surface area. As with other wines, sherry should be stored in a cool, dark place. The best fino sherries, aged for longer than normal before bottling, such as Manzanilla Pasada, will continue to develop in the bottle for some years. Fino and Manzanilla are

3445-516: The south of France. As the name suggests, Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise , Muscat de Rivesaltes and Muscat de Frontignan are all made from the white Muscat grape, whilst Banyuls and Maury are made from red Grenache . Other wines, like those of Rivesaltes AOC , can be made from red or white grapes. Regardless of the grape, fermentation is stopped by the addition of up to 10% of a 190 proof (95% abv) grape spirit . The Grenache vins doux naturels can be made in an oxidised or unoxidised style whereas

3510-434: The sugar content acts as a preservative. Sherry is traditionally drunk from a copita (also referred to as a catavino ), a special tulip-shaped sherry glass. Sampling wine directly from a sherry butt may be performed with a characteristic flourish by a venenciador , named after the special cup (the venencia ) traditionally made of silver and fastened to a long whale whisker handle. The cup, narrow enough to pass through

3575-424: The term Apera instead of sherry, while consumers still use the term sherry. The Jerez district has a predictable climate, with approximately 70 days of rainfall and almost 300 days of sun per year. The rain mostly falls between the months of October and May, averaging 600 mm (24 in). The summer is dry and hot, with temperatures as high as 40 °C (104 °F), but winds from the ocean bring moisture to

3640-489: The three names Jerez / Xérès / sherry , and so may prosecute producers of similar fortified wines from other places using any of the same names. In 1933, Article 34 of the Spanish Estatuto del Vino (Wine Law) established the boundaries of sherry production as the first Spanish wine denominación . Today, sherry's official status is further recognized by wider EU legislation , under which "sherry" sold within

3705-439: The time. These wines continue to be associated with the homeless, mainly because marketers have been aggressive in targeting low-income communities as ideal consumers of these beverages; organisations in cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland have urged makers of inexpensive fortified wine, including E & J Gallo Winery , to stop providing such products to liquor stores in impoverished areas. In 2005,

3770-426: The top to allow flor to develop on top of the wine. Sherry is then aged in the solera system where new wine is put into wine barrels at the beginning of a series of three to nine barrels. Periodically, a portion of the wine in a barrel is moved into the next barrel down, using tools called the canoa (canoe) and rociador (sprinkler) to move the wine gently and avoid damaging the layer of flor in each barrel. At

3835-412: The trade) using closely guarded recipes ( trade secrets ). Some of the herbs and spices used may include cardamom , cinnamon , marjoram , and chamomile . Some vermouth is sweetened. Unsweetened or dry vermouth tends to be bitter. The person credited with the second vermouth recipe, Antonio Benedetto Carpano from Turin , Italy, chose to name his concoction "vermouth" in 1786 because he was inspired by

3900-506: The vineyards in the early morning and the clays in the soil retain water below the surface. The average temperature across the year is approximately 18 °C (64 °F). There are three types of soil in the Jerez district for growing the grapes for sherry: The albariza soil is the best for growing the Palomino grape, and by law, 40 percent of the grapes making up a sherry must come from albariza soil. The barros and arenas soil

3965-740: The vineyards. In 1264 Alfonso X of Castile took the city. From this point on, the production of sherry and its export throughout Europe increased significantly. By the end of the 16th century, sherry had a reputation in Europe as the world's finest wine. Christopher Columbus brought sherry on his voyage to the New World and when Ferdinand Magellan prepared to sail around the world in 1519, he spent more on sherry than on weapons. Sherry became very popular in Great Britain, especially after Francis Drake sacked Cadiz in 1587. At that time Cadiz

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4030-467: The yeast, or the rising alcohol content due to the high sugar kills the yeast. This causes fermentation to stop before the wine can become dry. Commandaria is made in Cyprus ' unique AOC region north of Limassol from high-altitude vines of Mavro and Xynisteri , sun-dried and aged in oak barrels. Recent developments have produced different styles of Commandaria, some of which are not fortified. Madeira

4095-430: Was of enormous proportions. Some accounts speak of him having more than 600,000 books. The catalogue of library books itself was claimed to be 44 volumes long. Of special importance to Al-Hakam was history, and he himself wrote a history of al-Andalus. Following his death, Hajib Almanzor had all "ancient science" books destroyed. The mathematician Lubna of Córdoba was employed as Al-Hakam's private secretary. She

4160-551: Was one of the most important Spanish seaports, and Spain was preparing an armada there to invade England. Among the spoils Drake brought back after destroying the fleet were 2,900 barrels of sherry that had been waiting to be loaded aboard Spanish ships. This helped popularize sherry in the British Isles. Because sherry was a major wine export to the United Kingdom, many English companies and styles developed. Many of

4225-574: Was said to be "thoroughly versed in the exact sciences; her talents were equal to the solution of the most complex geometrical and algebraic problems". The famous physician , scientist , and surgeon Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) was also active in Al-Hakam's court during his reign, while the leading figures of the Translation movement during the reign of Hakam were Mutazilites and Ibn Masarra . Starting in 961, al-Hakam II initiated

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