Misplaced Pages

#268731

67-662: The Shetland Sheepdog , also known as the Sheltie , is a breed of herding dog that originated in the Shetland Islands of Scotland. It was formally recognized by the Kennel Club in 1909. It was originally called the Shetland Collie , but this caused controversy amongst Rough Collie breeders of the time, so the name was changed. It is a small dog, clever, vocal, willing to please, and trustworthy. Like

134-487: A King Charles Spaniel that came from a yacht. Pomeranian dog ancestry is likely given the appearance of the breed. The first club for the breed called for a dog similar to the Rough Collie except in size, the standard called for dogs to be no taller than 15 inches (38 cm). Other clubs called for similar standards with the breed to essentially be a miniature. These standards led to people adding in collie blood to

201-511: A vesicular variant of discoid lupus erythematosus . It is an ulcerative dermatosis that affects the thigh, groin, axillae, and ventral abdomen. A UK study found a significant predisposition to gall bladder mucocele , with the breed being 93.87 times more likely to acquire the condition than other dogs. A study looking at the increased incidence of hepatobiliary disease in the Shetland Sheepdog found that an insertion mutation of

268-885: A "living fence", guiding large flocks of sheep to graze, while preventing them from eating valuable crops and wandering onto roads. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured when introducing a dog to livestock or at noncompetitive herding tests. Individuals exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials. In Australia , New Zealand and the United States herding dogs are known as working dogs irrespective of their breeding. Some herding breeds work well with any kind of animals; others have been bred for generations to work with specific kinds of animals and have developed physical characteristics or styles of working that enhance their ability to handle these animals. Commonly mustered animals include cattle , sheep , goats and reindeer , although it

335-761: A job to do. These dogs have been bred as working dogs and need to be physically and mentally active. They retain their herding instincts and may sometimes nip at people's heels or bump them in an effort to 'herd' their family, and may need to be trained not to do so. Their activity level and intelligence makes them excellent canine athletes. The Australian Shepherd , Shetland Sheepdog , Rough Collie , Smooth Collie and Old English Sheepdog are more popular as family companion dogs. Dogs of herding breeds now often live in urban or suburban neighbourhoods. Their owners need to maintain their physical and mental health, taking into consideration their herding instinct and qualities. The services of dog-trainers are in demand, along with

402-490: A life expectancy of 14.3 years with 239 dogs—higher than 13.7 overall life expectancy. A UK study found a life expectancy of 13.4 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds . The Shetland is predisposed to the following dermatological conditions: allergic skin disease , cutaneous drug eruptions , cutaneous histiocytosis , cutaneous or systemic lupus , dermatomyositis , and Sertoli cell tumour . Shetland Sheepdogs have four times

469-424: A shallow dish. The occipital bone overlies the occipital lobes of the cerebrum . At the base of the skull in the occipital bone, there is a large oval opening called the foramen magnum , which allows the passage of the spinal cord . Like the other cranial bones, it is classed as a flat bone . Due to its many attachments and features, the occipital bone is described in terms of separate parts. From its front to

536-608: A similar fashion in the cattle droves that moved cattle from Wales to the Smithfield Meat Market in London but are rarely used for herding today. Other breeds, notably the Border Collie , get in front of the animals and use what is called strong eye to stare down the animals; they are known as headers . The headers or fetching dogs keep livestock in a group. They consistently go to the front or head of

603-521: A small Rough Collie to the breeding stock , and helped establish the breed that would become the modern Shetland Sheepdog. Unlike many miniature breeds that resemble their larger counterparts, this breed was not developed simply by selectively breeding the Rough Collie for smaller and smaller size. The original sheepdog of Shetland was a Spitz -type dog, probably similar to the modern Icelandic Sheepdog . Strong evidence suggests that this dog

670-464: A study in the US. Due to this genetic mutation, affected dogs may exhibit sensitivity or adverse reactions to many drugs, including acepromazine , butorphanol , doxorubicin , erythromycin , ivermectin , loperamide , milbemycin , moxidectin , rifampin , selamectin , vinblastine , and vincristine . Ulcerative dermatosis of Shetland sheepdog and rough collie (UDSSC) is a disease that is believed to be

737-473: A subcategory of working dogs , but for conformation shows they usually form a separate group. Australia has the world's largest cattle stations and sheep stations and some of the best-known herding dogs, such as the Koolie , Kelpie , Red and Blue Heelers are bred and found there. Creating herding dog breeds is associated with the development of cattle breeding. Domestication of sheep and goats began in

SECTION 10

#1732782938269

804-407: A tight lump, paw pads are thick, claws are strong. The coat has structure and density to protect from getting wet and temperature extremes common in the region of the breed origin. All herding dogs have excellent eyesight and hearing. Cattle dog colors are varied and depend on local breeders' preferences, but all herding dogs should have well-pigmented eyelids, lips, nose and paw pads, because pink skin

871-408: Is a large oval foramen longest front to back; it is wider behind than in front where it is encroached upon by the occipital condyles . The clivus, a smooth bony section, travels upwards on the front surface of the foramen, and the median internal occipital crest travels behind it. Through the foramen passes the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the accessory nerves , the vertebral arteries ,

938-582: Is an autosomal recessive inherited trait which results in incomplete closure of the embryonic fissure , seen almost exclusively in Collies, Border Collies and Shetland Sheepdogs. A mutation the MDR1 gene causes sensitivity to certain drugs such as ivermectin . This sensitivity has been observed in the Shetland. The MDR1 mutation has been identified in the Shetland and the breed was identified as predisposed in

1005-402: Is called the inion . From the inion, along the midline of the squamous part until the foramen magnum, runs a ridge – the external occipital crest (also called the medial nuchal line) and this gives attachment to the nuchal ligament . Running across the outside of the occipital bone are three curved lines and one line (the medial line) that runs down to the foramen magnum. These are known as

1072-489: Is not unusual for poultry to be handled by dogs. The term "herding dog" is sometimes erroneously used to describe livestock guardian dogs , whose primary function is to guard flocks and herds from predation and theft, and they lack the herding instinct. Although herding dogs may guard flocks their primary purpose is to move them; both herding dogs and livestock guardian dogs may be called "sheep dogs". In general terms when categorizing dog breeds, herding dogs are considered

1139-445: Is slightly longer than it is tall with a deep chest. According to Dr. Stanley Coren , an expert on animal intelligence, the Shetland Sheepdog is one of the brightest dogs, ranking 6th out of 138 breeds tested. His research found that an average Shetland could understand a new command in fewer than five repetitions and would obey a command the first time it was given 95% of the time or better. A Japanese study of pet cemetery data found

1206-454: Is the cancellous bone tissue known in the cranial bones as diploë . The bone is especially thick at the ridges, protuberances, condyles , and anterior part of the basilar part ; in the inferior cerebellar fossae it is thin, semitransparent, and without diploë. Near the middle of the outer surface of the squamous part of the occipital (the largest part) there is a prominence – the external occipital protuberance . The highest point of this

1273-476: Is the largest part of the occipital bone. Due to its embryonic derivation from paraxial mesoderm (as opposed to neural crest, from which many other craniofacial bones are derived), it has been posited that "the occipital bone as a whole could be considered as a giant vertebra enlarged to support the brain." The occipital bone, like the other seven cranial bones , has outer and inner layers (also called plates or tables ) of cortical bone tissue between which

1340-486: Is too delicate and prone to wounds and sunburn. In countries where herding is preserved, herding dogs continue to work for their main purpose and are appreciated as effective and even irreplaceable helpers that can save labor costs and avoid investments in expensive equipment. Economic studies in Australia have shown that herding dogs are worth more than five times their cost, including training and maintenance. Meanwhile,

1407-524: The ABCB4 gene that occurs in the Shetland Sheepdog—as well as other breeds—had a significant association with gall bladder mucocele prevalence. As the name suggests, Shetland Sheepdogs can and have been used as sheepdogs and still participate in sheepdog trials to this day. Herding dogs conduct livestock from one place to another by causing fear-flocking and flight behaviour. In their size group,

SECTION 20

#1732782938269

1474-633: The Netherlands , through the Mediterranean Sea to the Alps , up the Rhone to central and southwestern France. The development of agriculture, increasing number of settlements and foundation of cities have led to a decrease in the number of predators. After the extinction of large predators in most of Europe and Great Britain , with the massive spread of sheep breeding and with an increase in

1541-492: The Shetland pony , Shetland cattle , and the Shetland sheep , the Shetland Sheepdog is a hardy but diminutive breed developed to thrive amidst the harsh and meagre conditions of its native islands . While the Shetland still excels at herding , today it is often raised as a working dog or family pet. The Shetland's origins are obscure, but it is not a direct descendant of the Rough Collie , which it largely resembles. Rather,

1608-617: The United Kingdom , Ireland , South Africa , Chile , Canada , the USA , Australia , New Zealand and other farming nations, and have occasionally even become primetime television fare. In the US, regular events are run by the United States Border Collie Handler's Association, Australian Shepherd Club of America, American Kennel Club and many others. The world record price for a working sheep dog

1675-408: The anterior and posterior spinal arteries , the tectorial membrane and the alar ligaments . The superior angle of the occipital bone articulates with the occipital angles of the parietal bones and, in the fetal skull, corresponds in position with the posterior fontanelle . The lateral angles are situated at the extremities of the groove for the transverse sinuses : each is received into

1742-468: The chondrocranium throughout life. In most higher vertebrates , the foramen magnum is surrounded by a ring of four bones. The basioccipital lies in front of the opening, the two exoccipital condyles lie to either side, and the larger supraoccipital lies to the posterior, and forms at least part of the rear of the cranium. In many bony fish and amphibians , the supraoccipital is never ossified, and remains as cartilage throughout life. In primitive forms

1809-409: The nuchal lines which give attachment to various ligaments and muscles. They are named as the highest , superior and inferior nuchal lines. The inferior nuchal line runs across the midpoint of the median nuchal line. The area above the highest nuchal line is termed the occipital plane and the area below this line is termed the nuchal plane . The inner surface of the occipital bone forms

1876-492: The 8-7th millennium BC. Originally this process began in Western Asia , on the territory of modern Iran and Iraq . Shepherding was a difficult task: primitive herders did not have horses and moved their cattle for grazing on foot as horses and donkeys were not yet fully domesticated and obedient enough. Dogs that were previously helping humans in hunting, became assistants in livestock maintenance. The main task for dogs in

1943-607: The Shetland is a descendant of small specimens of the Scottish Collie and the King Charles Spaniel . They were originally a small mixed-breed dog , often only about 20 to 30 centimetres (8 to 12 inches) in height at the shoulder, and it is thought that the original Shetland herding dogs were of the Spitz type, and were crossed with Collies from mainland Britain. In the early 20th century, James Loggie added

2010-502: The ability to manage the herd, but also to protect it. With the spread of reindeer breeding among the northern peoples, hunting spitz -like dogs were "retrained" into shepherds. Most breeds of Central European shepherd dogs – with erect ears and short hair on the head, similar to wolves, were mainly formed in the 16th to 17th centuries, the breeds of curly-haired dogs of the Northern European type were formed later. During

2077-697: The animals to turn or stop the animal's movement. The heelers or driving dogs keep pushing the animals forward. Typically, they stay behind the herd. The Australian Kelpie and Australian Koolie use both these methods and also run along the backs of sheep so are said to head, heel, and back. Other types such as the Australian Shepherd , English Shepherd and Welsh Sheepdog are moderate to loose eyed , working more independently. The New Zealand Huntaway uses its loud, deep bark to muster mobs of sheep. Belgian Malinois , German Shepherd Dogs and Briards are historically tending dogs, who act as

Shetland Sheepdog - Misplaced Pages Continue

2144-401: The back is the basilar part , also called the basioccipital, at the sides of the foramen magnum are the lateral parts , also called the exoccipitals, and the back is named as the squamous part . The basilar part is a thick, somewhat quadrilateral piece in front of the foramen magnum and directed towards the pharynx . The squamous part is the curved, expanded plate behind the foramen magnum and

2211-412: The base of the posterior cranial fossa . The foramen magnum is a large hole situated in the middle, with the clivus , a smooth part of the occipital bone travelling upwards in front of it. The median internal occipital crest travels behind it to the internal occipital protuberance , and serves as a point of attachment to the falx cerebri . To the sides of the foramen sitting at the junction between

2278-401: The basioccipital and exoccipitals somewhat resemble the centrum and neural arches of a vertebra , and form in a similar manner in the embryo. Together, these latter bones usually form a single concave circular condyle for the articulation of the first vertebra . In mammals , however, the condyle has divided in two, a pattern otherwise seen only in a few amphibians. Most mammals also have

2345-495: The basion and the top of the dens, used in the diagnosis of dissociation injuries. Genetic disorders can cause a prominent occiput as found in Edwards syndrome , and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome . The identification of the location of the fetal occiput is important in delivery . Occipital stems from Latin occiput "back of the skull", from ob "against, behind" + caput "head". Distinguished from sinciput (anterior part of

2412-500: The body are undesirable. The ideal height at the withers is 14 1 ⁄ 2 inches (37 cms) for dogs and 14 inches (35.5 cm) for bitches. More than 1 inch (2.5 cm) in variation from these heights is undesirable. The Shetland's ears are small and of moderate width at the base placed close on top of the head. When alert the ears are semi-erect and propped forward. Eyes are of medium size and are almond shaped. Eyes are always dark brown except in dogs with merle coats where one or both of

2479-417: The breed dominates dog agility , obedience , showmanship , flyball , tracking , and herding . Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Shetlands exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials. Herding dog All herding behavior is modified predatory behavior. Through selective breeding, humans have been able to minimize

2546-506: The breed to achieve said type. The Kennel Club originally refused to recognise the breed but later agreed to on the condition the name was changed from Shetland Collie due to opposition from collie breed clubs. The original Spitz-type working sheepdog of Shetland is now extinct, having been replaced for herding there by the Border Collie. Shetlands were used for herding until commercial livestock farming required larger breeds. When

2613-400: The breed was originally introduced breeders called them Shetland Collies, which upset Rough Collie breeders, so the name was changed to Shetland Sheepdog. During the early 20th century (up until the 1940s), additional crosses were made to Rough Collies to help retain the desired Rough Collie type – in fact, the first English Shetland champion's dam, Gesta, was a rough Collie. The year 1909 marked

2680-551: The dog's natural inclination to treat cattle and sheep as prey while simultaneously maintaining the dog's hunting skills, thereby creating an effective herding dog. Dogs can work other animals in a variety of ways. Some breeds, such as the Australian Cattle Dog , typically nip at the heels of animals (for this reason they are called heelers ) and the Cardigan and Pembroke Welsh Corgis were historically used in

2747-446: The early stages of cattle breeding was protecting herds from a variety of wild predators, that were very numerous. This function predetermined herding dogs' characteristics: they had to be strong, vicious, courageous, decisive, able to stand alone against a large predator and, most importantly, ready to defend their herd. The history of the ancestors of herding dogs can be traced back to six thousand years ago, archaeological findings of

Shetland Sheepdog - Misplaced Pages Continue

2814-428: The eyes may be blue. The head is refined without any exaggerations. The head has a long wedge tapering from the ears to nose. The occipital bone isn't prominent. The cheeks are flat to support a well roounded muzzle. The muzzle is of equal length to the skull, dividing at the corner of the eye. The mucocutaneous parts of the face are black in pigmentation. Neck is well arched and muscular. Legs are muscular. The dog

2881-482: The face giving it the appearance of a mane. Shetlands have a double coat, which means that they have two layers of fur that make up their coat. The outer coat is made up of long hair and is "harsh-textured and straight". The undercoat is soft, short, and close to the skin. The long coat should produce the appearance of a mane. The face is smooth haired. Shetlands may come in the following colours. White markings may appear on any coat besides black and tan but patches on

2948-414: The fourth year the squamous part and the two lateral parts unite, and by about the sixth year the bone consists of a single piece. Between the 18th and 25th years the occipital and sphenoid bone become united, forming a single bone. Trauma to the occiput can cause a fracture of the base of the skull, called a basilar skull fracture . The basion-dens line as seen on a radiograph is the distance between

3015-643: The help of herding dogs turned out to be the most effective and only easily implemented way: walking through the patrolled area several times a day, the dogs force the geese to settle in places where they cause less trouble, while the nature is not being harmed. All shepherd dogs are born athletes. Their high need for physical and intellectual activity can be replenished not only by sports grazing, but also by other types of cynological sports. Border Collies as owners of outstanding sports qualities, Belgian Shepherds, Australian Shepherds invariably occupy leading positions in agility, flyball, frisbee, dog dancing, obedience. At

3082-566: The initial recognition of the Shetland by the English Kennel Club, with the first registered Shetland being a female called Badenock Rose. The first Shetland to be registered by the American Kennel Club was "Lord Scott" in 1911. The general appearance of the Shetland is that of a miniature Rough Collie . They are a small and double coated dog with a well shaped head. They have a long coat which becomes short around

3149-425: The interval between the mastoid angle of the parietal bone , and the mastoid portion of the temporal bone . The inferior angle is fused with the body of the sphenoid bone . The superior borders extend from the superior to the lateral angles: they are deeply serrated for articulation with the occipital borders of the parietals, and form by this union the lambdoidal suture . The inferior borders extend from

3216-537: The joint remains of sheep and dogs date back to 3685 BC. The place of their origin is considered to be the territories of modern Turkey , Iraq and Syria . Shepherd dogs are mentioned in the Old Testament , the writings of Cato the Elder and Varro , their images are found in works of art created more than two thousand years ago. These dogs were used not only to guard herds, but also for military purposes. From

3283-411: The lateral and base of the occipital bone are the hypoglossal canals . Further out, at each junction between the occipital and petrous portion of the temporal bone lies a jugular foramen . The inner surface of the occipital bone is marked by dividing lines as shallow ridges, that form four fossae or depressions. The lines are called the cruciform (cross-shaped) eminence . At the midpoint where

3350-416: The lateral angles to the inferior angle; the upper half of each articulates with the mastoid portion of the corresponding temporal , the lower half with the petrous part of the same bone. These two portions of the inferior border are separated from one another by the jugular process , the notch on the anterior surface of which forms the posterior part of the jugular foramen . The lambdoid suture joins

3417-438: The lines intersect a raised part is formed called the internal occipital protuberance . From each side of this eminence runs a groove for the transverse sinuses . There are two midline skull landmarks at the foramen magnum . The basion is the most anterior point of the opening and the opisthion is the point on the opposite posterior part. The basion lines up with the dens . The foramen magnum ( Latin : large hole )

SECTION 50

#1732782938269

3484-436: The occipital bone to the parietal bones . The occipitomastoid suture joins the occipital bone and mastoid portion of the temporal bone . The sphenobasilar suture joins the basilar part of the occipital bone and the back of the sphenoid bone body. The petrous-basilar suture joins the side edge of the basilar part of the occipital bone to the petrous-part of the temporal bone . The occipital plane [Fig. 3] of

3551-449: The only commands used: there are many variations. When whistles are used, each individual dog usually has a different set of commands to avoid confusion when several dogs are being worked at one time. Occipital bone The occipital bone ( / ˌ ɒ k ˈ s ɪ p ɪ t əl / ) is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull ). It is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself like

3618-726: The owner and a desire to work has led to the widespread use of large European Shepherds for a number of other civil and military jobs. These are the most common police and military dogs employed in the guard, search, rescue and other types of services. The modern world presents people with new tasks, which are successfully solved with the help of dogs. For example, in the United States, legally protected geese often pose serious problems for life and work. Here, border collies and other strong-eyed herding dogs are used to patrol crops, residential and recreational areas, parks, beaches, golf courses and, above all, airports. Protection from birds with

3685-523: The popularity and the number of herding dogs are growing, and the scope of work for them is narrowing. In the 21st century herding dogs are often chosen as family pets . The collie breeds including the Bearded Collie and Border Collie are well known, as are the Australian kelpie and Australian Working kelpie, Welsh Corgis . They make good family dogs and are at their best when they have

3752-484: The regions of Western Asia, herding spread to west and north, followed by an increase in the number of domestic animals. On the territory of Europe , the progenitors of herding dogs appeared in the 6th to 7th centuries BC. According to archaeological research, cattle breeding and agriculture spread across Europe in different ways: along the Danube and Rhine rivers to the territory of modern Germany , northern France and

3819-402: The rest of the squamous part before birth. Each of the lateral parts begins to ossify from a single center during the eighth week of fetal life. The basilar portion is ossified from two centers, one in front of the other; these appear about the sixth week of fetal life and rapidly coalesce. The occipital plane is said to be ossified from two centers and the basilar portion from one. About

3886-429: The risk of other dogs of developing transitional cell carcinoma , a cancer of the bladder . A North American study of over a million hip scores in dogs over the age of two found the Shetland to have the fifth-lowest prevalence out of sixty breeds—4.2% of Shetlands had hip dysplasia . Von Willebrand disease is an inherited bleeding disorder. The Shetland is affected by both type I and type III. Collie eye anomaly

3953-527: The same time, in service, sport and show dogs of herding breeds that do not interact with livestock, the herding instinct is gradually weakened. The competitive dog sport in which herding dogs move animals around a field, fences, gates, or enclosures as directed by their handlers is called a sheepdog trial , herding test or stockdog trial depending on the area. Such events are particularly associated with hill farming areas, where sheep range widely on largely unfenced land. These trials are popular in

4020-406: The selection process, the physical characteristics of the dogs were formed, allowing them to do their job in the best possible way. Regardless of the conditions in which herding dogs work and what function they perform, they all have a number of common characteristics. Herding dogs are strong and have a lot of stamina. Their paws are well protected from thorns and sharp stones: toes are compressed into

4087-589: The share of cultivated and populated land, the main task of herding dogs was to protect crops, private and protected areas from harm during grazing and moving herds. Shepherd dogs were more suitable for this work than larger and stronger breeds, being medium-sized and mobile. Such dogs managed small and large livestock, as well as domestic birds. In addition to the Central European type of shepherd, another type of dog has emerged, often with thick hair, more suitable for colder areas. These dogs have shown not only

SECTION 60

#1732782938269

4154-425: The skull). In many animals these parts stay separate throughout life; for example, in the dog as four parts: squamous part (supraoccipital); lateral parts –left and right parts (exoccipital); basilar part (basioccipital). The occipital bone is part of the endocranium , the most basal portion of the skull. In Chondrichthyes and Agnatha , the occipital does not form as a separate element, but remains part of

4221-425: The squamous part is ossified from two centers, which appear about the seventh week of fetal life and soon unite to form a single piece. Union of the upper and lower portions of the squamous part takes place in the third month of fetal life. An occasional centre ( Kerckring ) appears in the posterior margin of the foramen magnum during the fifth month; this forms a separate ossicle (sometimes double) which unites with

4288-446: The squamous part of the occipital bone is developed in membrane , and may remain separate throughout life when it constitutes the interparietal bone ; the rest of the bone is developed in cartilage. The number of nuclei for the occipital plane is usually given as four, two appearing near the middle line about the second month, and two some little distance from the middle line about the third month of fetal life . The nuchal plane of

4355-415: The training centres for working and sporting herding dogs, offering sheep rental and walks in the pasture. Dogs living in the suburbs and villages can work with small groups of animals or poultry. Sometimes owners even buy a few sheep so that their dogs can enjoy what they were originally bred for. The combination of quick learning ability, physical strength, endurance, predatory behavior with dedication to

4422-493: Was bred with the Yakki , an Icelandic dog that accompanied whalers from Greenland who landed in the ports of the island. The Yakki was about 14 inches (36 cm) in height and usually black with tan or white markings. Many of the early Shetlands were black and white or black and tan and this colouring can still be see in the muzzle of some sables dogs today whose muzzles are referred to as "smutty muzzles". Folk tales also mention

4489-517: Was broken February 2011 at the auction at Skipton Market, England, with £6,300 ($ 10,270) for Dewi Fan. The previous record was £5,145 ($ 8,390) These commands may be indicated by a hand movement, whistle or voice. There are many other commands that are also used when working stock and in general use away from stock. Herding dog commands are generally taught using livestock as the modus operandi. Urban owners without access to livestock are able to teach basic commands through herding games. These are not

#268731