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93-453: Shijak is located 11 km away from the city of Durrës, and 31 km from the city of Tirana. The former municipality had a surface area of about 5 km, and a reported population of around 12,853 people as of 2007. In reality the population is smaller as many people who claim residency in Shijak actually reside permanently elsewhere. With this taken into account the actual population size

186-410: A rock music context. In 1975, German electronic music band Kraftwerk recorded a full length concept album around simulated radiowave and shortwave sounds, entitled Radio-Activity . The The 's Radio Cineola monthly broadcasts drew heavily on shortwave radio sound. The development of direct broadcasts from satellites has reduced the demand for shortwave receiver hardware, but there are still

279-668: A French reconstruction process in 1930. The Erzen river runs through Shijak, and the spring of Gjyshi, spring of Dushku, and Erzen lake are all in the nearby vicinity. Shijak is centered on a flower park, one of two public squares in the municipality. The flower park is bordered by roads with parking. Around the flower park are a variety of shops including tourism agencies, ice cream shops, bars, cafes, restaurants, and small food shops. There are many paved roads in Shijak, but more unpaved. Low one or two-story houses with low walls with gates in front are characteristic of Shijak. Taller apartment buildings are also found in Shijak, mostly closer to

372-661: A battle by his Macedonian subjects, benefitting from his presence and avenging their initial defeat against the Illyrians. The name of the specific Illyrian tribe or group of tribes that attacked Macedonia is not reported in Justin's account, but it has been suggested that they would have been either the Enchelei , whose realm was centered at that time in the area of Lake Lychnidus , or the Taulantii, who were based farther west, in

465-525: A building with the local mosque. The municipality also has a library, post office, health center, police station, Internet places, and other shops. The municipality has two public kindergartens, one private kindergarten, three public nine-year schools, and one public high school. No public transportation exists within Shijak due to its small size. Buses run daily to and form the cities of Durrës and Tirana, and some furgons and taxis are licensed to travel into Shijak from other locations. The municipality of Shijak

558-403: A great number of shortwave broadcasters. A new digital radio technology, Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), is expected to improve the quality of shortwave audio from very poor to adequate. The future of shortwave radio is threatened by the rise of power line communication (PLC), also known as Broadband over Power Lines (BPL), which uses a data stream transmitted over unshielded power lines. As

651-421: A large-scale study into the transmission characteristics of short-wavelength waves and to determine their suitability for long-distance transmissions. Franklin rigged up a large antenna at Poldhu Wireless Station , Cornwall , running on 25 kW of power. In June and July 1923, wireless transmissions were completed during nights on 97 meters (about 3 MHz) from Poldhu to Marconi's yacht Elettra in

744-471: A northern subgroup of the Taulantii, were known to the ancient Greek writers for their technique of preparing mead from honey . The following names are recorded in ancient sources as Taulantian chieftains and/or Illyrian kings: The Illyrian king Monounios , who minted his own silver staters bearing the king's name and the symbol of Dyrrhachion from about 290 BC, is considered the successor of Glaucias, and probably his son. Their realm also included

837-467: A powerful kingdom in southern Illyria. They are among the peoples who most marked Illyrian history, and thus found their place in the numerous works of historians in classical antiquity. The term taulantii is connected with the Albanian word dallëndyshe , or tallandushe , meaning ' swallow '. The ethnonym Chelidonioi also reported by Hecateus as the name of a tribe neighboring the Taulantii

930-417: A result of the multi-layer structure of the ionosphere , propagation often simultaneously occurs on different paths, scattered by the ‘E’ or ‘F’ layer and with different numbers of hops, a phenomenon that may be disturbed for certain techniques. Particularly for lower frequencies of the shortwave band, absorption of radio frequency energy in the lowest ionospheric layer, the ‘D’ layer , may impose

1023-436: A serious limit. This is due to collisions of electrons with neutral molecules, absorbing some of a radio frequency 's energy and converting it to heat. Predictions of skywave propagation depend on: Several different types of modulation are used to incorporate information in a short-wave signal. Amplitude modulation is the simplest type and the most commonly used for shortwave broadcasting . The instantaneous amplitude of

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1116-534: A shortwave carrier. These generally require special equipment to decode, such as software on a computer equipped with a sound card. Note that on modern computer-driven systems, digital modes are typically sent by coupling a computer's sound output to the SSB input of a radio. Some established users of the shortwave radio bands may include: Sporadic or non-traditional users of the shortwave bands may include: The World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC), organized under

1209-580: A single military expedition, probably departing partly from Brundisium , and partly from the military bases in Roman Illyria. Since the Taulantii were located in the hinterland of Dyrrhachium and Apollonia, Octavian's army was involved in the regional dominions that belonged to Mark Antony . One of Octavian's aims in the Illyrian war was most likely to take control of the southeastern Adriatic harbours of Lissus , Dyrrhachium and Apollonia . Octavian

1302-405: A single transmitter, making it difficult for government authorities to censor them. Shortwave radio is also often used by aircraft. The name "shortwave" originated during the beginning of radio in the early 20th century, when the radio spectrum was divided into long wave (LW), medium wave (MW), and short wave (SW) bands based on the length of the wave. Shortwave radio received its name because

1395-532: A very limited spectrum available for long-distance communication, and the very expensive transmitters , receivers and gigantic antennas. Long waves are also difficult to beam directionally, resulting in a major loss of power over long distances. Prior to the 1920s, the shortwave frequencies above 1.5 MHz were regarded as useless for long-distance communication and were designated in many countries for amateur use. Guglielmo Marconi , pioneer of radio, commissioned his assistant Charles Samuel Franklin to carry out

1488-472: Is a broadcasting station for medium wave and shortwave radio . Shijak has a soccer team, KF Erzeni , that is currently in the Kategoria e Parë which is the second tier of Albanian football. Taulantii Taulantii or Taulantians ('swallow-men'; Ancient Greek : Ταυλάντιοι , Taulantioi or Χελιδόνιοι , Chelidonioi ; Latin : Taulantii ) were an Illyrian people that lived on

1581-400: Is customarily used below 10 MHz and USB (upper sideband) above 10 MHz, non-amateur services use USB regardless of frequency. Vestigial sideband transmits the carrier and one complete sideband, but filters out most of the other sideband. It is a compromise between AM and SSB, enabling simple receivers to be used, but requires almost as much transmitter power as AM. Its main advantage

1674-458: Is eliminated as well as the residual carrier, only the remaining set is transmitted. This reduces power in the transmission, as roughly 2 ⁄ 3 of the energy sent by an AM signal is in the carrier, which is not needed to recover the information contained in the signal. It also reduces signal bandwidth , enabling less than one-half the AM signal bandwidth to be used. The drawback is the receiver

1767-496: Is estimated to be around 6,000–7,000 people. Population size has grown at a rate of around 1% per year despite birth rate decreasing at a rate of around 60% from 2003 to 2007. Inward migration of families accounts for this increase. Three neighborhoods comprise Shijak; lagjia e re , lagjia e vjeter , and lagjia erzen . In 2010–2011 the only female mayor in Albania ran Shijak. Shijak has ancient roots, dating back to after

1860-476: Is for transmitting audio, like the analog modes above. Continuous wave (CW) is on-and-off keying of a sine-wave carrier, used for Morse code communications and Hellschreiber facsimile -based teleprinter transmissions. It is a data mode, although often listed separately. It is typically received via lower or upper SSB modes. Radioteletype , fax, digital, slow-scan television , and other systems use forms of frequency-shift keying or audio subcarriers on

1953-417: Is more complicated, since it must re-create the carrier to recover the signal. Small errors in the detection process greatly affect the pitch of the received signal. As a result, single sideband is not used for music or general broadcast. Single sideband is used for long-range voice communications by ships and aircraft, citizen's band , and amateur radio operators. In amateur radio operation lower sideband (LSB)

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2046-634: Is run by the Bashkia (City Hall). The municipality has around 33 employees and 10 different offices. The Bashkia is headed by the only female municipality mayor in Albania. In 2007 the municipality created a community development plan along with the OSCE, Council of Europe, LGI-Budapest, and the Association of Albanian Municipalities. This plan sets forth goals for the municipality to reach by 2015. The municipality has currently reached many of these goals and

2139-549: Is that only half the bandwidth of an AM signal is used. It is used by the Canadian standard time signal station CHU . Vestigial sideband was used for analog television and by ATSC , the digital TV system used in North America. Narrow-band frequency modulation (NBFM or NFM) is used typically above 20 MHz. Because of the larger bandwidth required, NBFM is commonly used for VHF communication. Regulations limit

2232-550: Is the translation of the name Taulantii as khelīdṓn ( χελιδών ) means "swallow" in Ancient Greek . The name suggests the practice of animal totemism , which was widespread among Illyrian peoples. The Taulantii, along with the Eneti , are the oldest attested peoples expressly considered Illyrian in early Greek historiography . The Taulantii were firstly recorded by ancient Greek writer Hecataeus of Miletus in

2325-576: Is working towards implementing and completing many of the others. Along with the Community Development Plan, Shijak created the Civic Commission in 2008 with five representatives from the community. These representatives are consulted on important decisions in the municipality. Although the committee has five members, it will also invite other important actors to make decisions as well. Shijak's economy consists largely of

2418-591: The ALLISS antenna technology) to concentrate radio energy at the target area. Shortwave possesses a number of advantages over newer technologies: Shortwave radio's benefits are sometimes regarded as being outweighed by its drawbacks, including: The Asia-Pacific Telecommunity estimates that there are approximately 600 million shortwave broadcast-radio receivers in use in 2002. WWCR claims that there are 1.5 billion shortwave receivers worldwide. Many hobbyists listen to shortwave broadcasters. In some cases,

2511-481: The Adriatic coast of southern Illyria (modern Albania ). They dominated at various times much of the plain between the rivers Drin ( Drilon ) and Vjosa ( Aoös ). Their central area was the hinterland of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion , corresponding to present-day Tirana and the region between the valleys of Mat and Shkumbin ( Genusus ). The Taulantii are among the oldest attested Illyrian peoples, who established

2604-514: The Cape Verde Islands . In September 1924, Marconi arranged for transmissions to be made day and night on 32 meters (about 9.4 MHz) from Poldhu to his yacht in the harbour at Beirut , to which he had sailed, and was "astonished" to find he could receive signals "throughout the day". Franklin went on to refine the directional transmission by inventing the curtain array aerial system. In July 1924, Marconi entered into contracts with

2697-742: The Delian League , took sides with the Corcyreans, as Corinth was already allied with Sparta within the Peloponnesian League . This was the pretext for the Peloponnesian War as reported by Thucydides . In the well attested historical period, the Taulantian kingdom seems to have reached its apex during Glaukias ' rule, in the years between 335 BC and 295 BC. Glaucias had entered into an alliance and joined

2790-591: The Vjosa while the northern border was marked by the Mat river . Livy and Pliny located them in the same place, but according to Ptolemy, Aulon ( Vlorë ) was in Taulantian territory, which implies an extension of this people towards the south including the territory of Apollonia. In Roman times such a southward extension was not possible before the end of the Roman civil wars , which involved this area. The Taulantii are one of

2883-709: The medium frequency band (MF) , to the bottom of the VHF band . Radio waves in the shortwave band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the Ionosphere . Therefore, short waves directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth at great distances, beyond the horizon. This is called skywave or "skip" propagation . Thus shortwave radio can be used for communication over very long distances, in contrast to radio waves of higher frequency, which travel in straight lines ( line-of-sight propagation ) and are limited by

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2976-593: The 167 victory of the Romans in the Third Illyrian War , the Roman Senate decided to give freedom to "Issenses et Taulantios, Dassaretiorum Pirustas, Rhizonitas, Olciniatas". Those tribes were rewarded by Rome because they abandoned the Illyrian ( Lebeatan ) king Gentius a little before his defeat, and thereafter remained independent polities. For a similar reason Daorsi too gained immunitas , while

3069-416: The 1920s. By 1928, more than half of long-distance communications had moved from transoceanic cables and longwave wireless services to shortwave, and the overall volume of transoceanic shortwave communications had vastly increased. Shortwave stations had cost and efficiency advantages over massive longwave wireless installations. However, some commercial longwave communications stations remained in use until

3162-421: The 1960s. Long-distance radio circuits also reduced the need for new cables, although the cables maintained their advantages of high security and a much more reliable and better-quality signal than shortwave. The cable companies began to lose large sums of money in 1927. A serious financial crisis threatened viability of cable companies that were vital to strategic British interests. The British government convened

3255-459: The 5th and 4th–3rd centuries BC, and in particular in the history of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion, not only as its neighbors but also as part of its population. Although the Epidamnians established the figure of a trade magistrate ( poletes ) to avoid the influence of the native people surrounding Epidamnos, it wasn't enough to prevent intervention of neighboring Illyrians in the internal affairs of

3348-602: The 6th century BC. The Taulantii are often reported in the works of ancient writers describing the numerous wars they waged against the Macedonians , the Epirotes , and the ancient Greek colonies on the Illyrian coast. They are mentioned, for instance, by Thucydides , Polybius , Diodorus Siculus , Titus Livius , Pliny the Elder and Appian . Hecataeus reported that the tribe of Chelidonioi ( Χελιδόνιοι ) lived to

3441-469: The 7th century BC. Some scholars consider the authenticity of Polyaenus' passage as disputable. Whether or not this account is historically reliable, and despite Polyaenus' interest in the anecdote, it implies the widespread thought throughout antiquity about a significant animosity between the Macedonians and the Illyrians as early as the 7th century BC, if the consensus in modern scholarship in dating

3534-525: The Aeacides. Pyrrhus managed to murder Neoptolemus and eventually regained the throne. As king of Epirus, Pyrrhus strengthened his links with the Illyrian tribes by marriage alliances. In the 290s and the 280s Pyrrhus established his dominion in southern Illyria, thanks to his long and close relations with Glaukias' family and to his marriage to the Illyrian princess Bircenna , daughter of Bardylis II . Beroea's marriage with Glaukias and Pyrrhus' links with

3627-535: The BPL frequencies used overlap with shortwave bands, severe distortions can make listening to analog shortwave radio signals near power lines difficult or impossible. According to Andy Sennitt, former editor of the World Radio TV Handbook , shortwave is a legacy technology, which is expensive and environmentally unfriendly. A few countries are hanging on to it, but most have faced up to the fact that

3720-537: The Beethoven Bicentennial in Opus ;1970 with filtered and distorted snippets of Beethoven pieces – Spiral (1968), Pole , Expo (both 1969–1970), and Michaelion (1997). Cypriot composer Yannis Kyriakides incorporated shortwave numbers station transmissions in his 1999 ConSPIracy cantata . Holger Czukay , a student of Stockhausen, was one of the first to use shortwave in

3813-665: The British General Post Office (GPO) to install high-speed shortwave telegraphy circuits from London to Australia, India, South Africa and Canada as the main element of the Imperial Wireless Chain . The UK-to-Canada shortwave "Beam Wireless Service" went into commercial operation on 25 October 1926. Beam Wireless Services from the UK to Australia, South Africa and India went into service in 1927. Shortwave communications began to grow rapidly in

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3906-574: The Illyrians probably point to long-standing barbarian connections of the regions of Illyria and Epirus. After Glaukias' rule, the Taulantian territory likely were absorbed partly by Pyrrhus in the Epirotan state and partly by other Illyrian realms established in southern Illyria. From about 280 BC Glaukias'successor, Monunius , and the latter's successor and likely son, Mytilos , minted in Dyrrhachion silver and bronze coins respectively, bearing

3999-543: The Illyrians, similar to the Argeads , by occasional marriages. Pyrrhus lived with Glaukias for ten years, and he was likely even adopted by the Illyrian king as a son. In 306 Glaukias established Pyrrhus on the Epirote throne, where he ruled with Illyrian help until he attended the wedding of one of his adoptive brothers (son of Glaukias) in 302. In Pyrrhus' absence Molossians replaced him with Neoptolemus , another member of

4092-594: The Imperial Wireless and Cable Conference in 1928 "to examine the situation that had arisen as a result of the competition of Beam Wireless with the Cable Services". It recommended and received government approval for all overseas cable and wireless resources of the Empire to be merged into one system controlled by a newly formed company in 1929, Imperial and International Communications Ltd. The name of

4185-606: The Internet, in that they listen only, and never attempt to send out their own signals. Other listeners participate in clubs, or actively send and receive QSL cards, or become involved with amateur radio and start transmitting on their own. Many listeners tune the shortwave bands for the programmes of stations broadcasting to a general audience (such as Radio Taiwan International , China Radio International , Voice of America , Radio France Internationale , BBC World Service , Voice of Korea , Radio Free Sarawak etc.). Today, through

4278-534: The Second National Radio Conference in 1923 – forced amateurs to shift to shorter and shorter wavelengths; however, amateurs were limited by regulation to wavelengths longer than 150 meters (2 MHz). A few fortunate amateurs who obtained special permission for experimental communications at wavelengths shorter than 150 meters completed hundreds of long-distance two-way contacts on 100 meters (3 MHz) in 1923 including

4371-518: The Taulantii expanded southwards and controlled the plain of Mallakastër reaching as far as the mouth of the Aous . When describing the Illyrian invasion of Macedonia ruled by Argaeus I , somewhere between 678–640 BC, the historian Polyaenus ( fl. 2nd-century AD) recorded the supposed oldest known king in Illyria, Galaurus or Galabrus , a ruler of the Taulantii who reigned in the latter part of

4464-588: The area of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion, it seems that the Taulantii replaced the previous inhabitants, the Bryges . According to another ancient tradition the Taulantii replaced the Parthini , who were pushed more inland losing their coastal holdings. About the 9th century BC the Liburni expanded their dominion southwards, and took possession of the site of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion expelling the Taulantii. In that period

4557-458: The assigned bands, there may be small differences between countries or regions. For example, in the official bandplan of the Netherlands , the 49 m band starts at 5.95 MHz, the 41 m band ends at 7.45 MHz, the 11 m band starts at 25.67 MHz, and the 120 m, 90 m, and 60 m bands are absent altogether. International broadcasters sometimes operate outside

4650-501: The auspices of the International Telecommunication Union , allocates bands for various services in conferences every few years. The last WRC took place in 2023. As of WRC-97 in 1997, these bands were allocated for international broadcasting . AM shortwave broadcasting channels are allocated with a 5 kHz separation for traditional analog audio broadcasting: Although countries generally follow

4743-502: The bandwidth of a signal transmitted in the HF bands, and the advantages of frequency modulation are greatest if the FM signal has a wide bandwidth. NBFM is limited to short-range transmissions due to the multiphasic distortions created by the ionosphere. Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) is a digital modulation for use on bands below 30 MHz. It is a digital signal, like the data modes, below, but

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4836-431: The carrier is controlled by the amplitude of the signal (speech, or music, for example). At the receiver, a simple detector recovers the desired modulation signal from the carrier. Single-sideband transmission is a form of amplitude modulation but in effect filters the result of modulation. An amplitude-modulated signal has frequency components both above and below the carrier frequency . If one set of these components

4929-466: The cause of another Illyrian dynast, Cleitus son of Bardylis , who revolted against Alexander the Great , in the siege of Pelium (335 BC). However, they were both defeated and Cleitus was forced to take refuge within the Taulantian territories. Unlike the Illyrians of Cleitus, king Glaukias and the Taulantii had not accepted Macedonian rule, and remained independent. After 323 BC Epidamnus-Dyrrhachium

5022-436: The center of the town. Small stores are located throughout Shijak's more residential areas. Shijak has one open air market open in the mornings daily, but officially open and crowded on Sundays. Shijak also has a soccer field, which is utilized by both its local soccer team and the national team for practice. Shijak has a community center with meeting space and auditorium but this space is in poor shape. The community center shares

5115-402: The city. The constitution of Epidamnos was initially oligarchic, and many inhabitants were not citizens. In 435 BC, the city suffered an intence civil war undertaken between the democratic faction and the aristocratic faction. After the democrats had seized power, the exiled oligarchs joined with the neighboring Taulantii to retake the city. The Illyrians besieged the city in strength, and through

5208-487: The coastal area within and around Epidamnos and Apollonia . The Illyrian raids against the Argeads who were based at Aegae indicate that Illyrian attacks also involved the Upper Macedonian regions of Lynkestis , Orestis and Eordaea , Elimea , and Tymphaea , as they were located between Illyrian territory and Argead lands. The Taulantii continued to play an important role in Illyrian history between

5301-593: The company was changed to Cable and Wireless Ltd. in 1934. A resurgence of long-distance cables began in 1956 with the laying of TAT-1 across the Atlantic Ocean, the first voice frequency cable on this route. This provided 36 high-quality telephone channels and was soon followed by even higher-capacity cables all around the world. Competition from these cables soon ended the economic viability of shortwave radio for commercial communication. Amateur radio operators also discovered that long-distance communication

5394-556: The distribution of radio programs, such as satellite radio and cable broadcasting as well as IP-based transmissions , shortwave broadcasting lost importance. Initiatives for the digitization of broadcasting did not bear fruit either, and so as of 2024 , few broadcasters continue to broadcast programs on shortwave. However, shortwave remains important in war zones, such as in the Russo-Ukrainian war , and shortwave broadcasts can be transmitted over thousands of miles from

5487-629: The east the Dassareti , and to the north-east the Penestae . The Abri or Abroi, a tribe mentioned by Hecataeus (6th century BC) as neighbors of the Chelidonioi likely also have been part of the Taulantian peoples. The extension of the Taulantii to the limits of the Apollonian territory is not very clear in the data provided by Pseudo-Skylax. The southern border of the Taulantii was likely

5580-633: The end of Macedonian presence on the Adriatic coast for almost one century. The Taulantii were involved in the struggle between Macedonia and Epirus when the Illyrian king Glaukias offered asylum to the infant Pyrrhus after his father Aeacides was expelled from his kingdom among the Molossians . Pyrrhus was raised by Glaukia's wife Beroea , who was a member of the Aeacid dynasty . The Aeacides apparently softened their conflictual relations with

5673-612: The eponymous ancestor of all the Illyrian peoples . The Taulantii lived on the southeastern Adriatic coast of southern Illyria and the Ionian Sea (modern Albania ), dominating at various times much of the plain between the rivers Drin and Aous . In earlier times the Taulantii inhabited the northern part of the Drin river; later they lived within and around the sites of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion and Apollonia . Their territory

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5766-530: The ethnonym Chelidones might have adhered to the Taulantian people located in Epidamnos, while the ethnonym Taulantii continued to be used as the name of the neighboring Taulantian people. According to a mythological tradition reported by Appian (2nd century AD), the Taulantii were among the South- Illyrian tribes that took their names from the first generation of the descendants of Illyrius ,

5859-575: The evolution of the Internet, the hobbyist can listen to shortwave signals via remotely controlled or web controlled shortwave receivers around the world, even without owning a shortwave radio. Many international broadcasters offer live streaming audio on their websites and a number have closed their shortwave service entirely, or severely curtailed it, in favour of internet transmission. Shortwave listeners, or SWLs, can obtain QSL cards from broadcasters, utility stations or amateur radio operators as trophies of

5952-724: The first successful transatlantic tests in December ;1921, operating in the 200 meter mediumwave band (near 1,500 kHz, inside the modern AM broadcast band), which at that time was the shortest wavelength / highest frequency available to amateur radio. In 1922 hundreds of North American amateurs were heard in Europe on 200 meters and at least 20 North American amateurs heard amateur signals from Europe. The first two-way communications between North American and Hawaiian amateurs began in 1922 at 200 meters. Although operation on wavelengths shorter than 200 meters

6045-615: The first transatlantic two-way contacts. By 1924 many additional specially licensed amateurs were routinely making transoceanic contacts at distances of 6,000 miles (9,600 km) and more. On 21 September 1924 several amateurs in California completed two-way contacts with an amateur in New Zealand . On 19 October amateurs in New Zealand and England completed a 90 minute two-way contact nearly halfway around

6138-577: The founding of Durrës in 637 B.C. Shijak developed as a satellite site for the Taulantii tribe although under a different name, with the tribe's hub located in Durrës. Later Shijak was named as Shen Jak, translated to "Saint Jacob". Later Shijak would be known as Shenjak , Shejak , Shinjak , then Shijak . The settlement suffered some destruction during the Ottoman invasion including some destruction to

6231-472: The goal is to hear as many stations from as many countries as possible ( DXing ) ; others listen to specialized shortwave utility, or "ute", transmissions such as maritime, naval, aviation, or military signals. Others focus on intelligence signals from numbers stations , stations which transmit strange broadcast usually for intelligence operations, or the two way communications by amateur radio operators. Some short wave listeners behave analogously to "lurkers" on

6324-492: The harmonics of natural sound and creating at times a strange "spacey" quality due to echoes and phase distortion. Evocations of shortwave reception distortions have been incorporated into rock and classical compositions, by means of delays or feedback loops, equalizers, or even playing shortwave radios as live instruments. Snippets of broadcasts have been mixed into electronic sound collages and live musical instruments, by means of analogue tape loops or digital samples . Sometimes

6417-404: The hinterland, which was mediated by a magistrate, called poletes ('seller'). The poletes was chosen each year from among the citizens who were deemed worthy by the Epidamnians. Justin (2nd century AD) reports that at a time when the ruler of Macedonia was the infant Aeropus I (around 6th century BC), the Illyrians attacked successfully Macedonia until the infant ruler was brought to

6510-573: The hobby. Some stations even give out special certificates, pennants, stickers and other tokens and promotional materials to shortwave listeners. Some musicians have been attracted to the unique aural characteristics of shortwave radio which – due to the nature of amplitude modulation, varying propagation conditions, and the presence of interference – generally has lower fidelity than local broadcasts (particularly via FM stations). Shortwave transmissions often have bursts of distortion, and "hollow" sounding loss of clarity at certain aural frequencies, altering

6603-415: The inhabitants of Scodra , Dassarenses and Seleptani , as well as other Illyrians, had to pay half of the tax. The Taulantii appear as one of the Illyrian peoples defeated by Octavian during the course of the Illyrian war he undertook in 35–33 BC. They are mentioned along with other Illyrian tribes: Oxyaei, Pertheenatae, Bathiatae, Cambaei, Cinambri, Merromeni, and Pyrissaei. Octavian defeated them in

6696-466: The king's name and the symbol of the city. The fact that their coins were struck in the city mint of Dyrrhachion stresses that they exercised to some extent their authority over the city. Illyrians under Mytilus clashed with the Epirotes under Alexander II son of Pyrrhus, as reported by Pompeius Trogus (1st century BC) and Frontinus (1st century AD). As reported by Livy (1st century BC), after

6789-441: The local church. In 1880 Sali Bej Deliallisi founded Shijak as a village. The population of Shijak grew when Bosniak settlers immigrated into two neighboring villages which later became known as Koxhas and Borakë. Shijak later developed into a town as natural growth occurred and around 1908 people from the cities of Tirana, Kruja, and Shengjergj migrated into Shijak and built residences and shops. Shijak became an official town with

6882-401: The local population and establishing the larger trading system to the port. The city was called Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion , thought to have been the names of two barbarian/Illyrian rulers of the region. The double name was determined by the presence of a pre-existing Illyrian settlement presumably located on the hills ( Epidamnos ), while the plain, formerly occupied by a lagoon communicating with

6975-462: The most anciently known Illyrian group of tribes. Taulantian settlement at the site of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion is estimated to have happened not later than the 10th century BC. After their occupation of the site, Illyrian tribes most likely left the eastern coast of the Adriatic for Italy departing from the region of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion for the best crossing to Bari , in Apulia . When they settled in

7068-816: The normal the WRC-allocated bands or use off-channel frequencies. This is done for practical reasons, or to attract attention in crowded bands (60 m, 49 m, 40 m, 41 m, 31 m, 25 m). The new digital audio broadcasting format for shortwave DRM operates 10 kHz or 20 kHz channels. There are some ongoing discussions with respect to specific band allocation for DRM, as it mainly transmitted in 10 kHz format. The power used by shortwave transmitters ranges from less than one watt for some experimental and amateur radio transmissions to 500 kilowatts and higher for intercontinental broadcasters and over-the-horizon radar . Shortwave transmitting centers often use specialized antenna designs (like

7161-562: The north of the Sesarethioi ( Σεσαρήθιοι ). Furthermore he reported that Sesarethos ( Σεσάρηθος ) was a Taulantian city, with Sesarethioi as its ethnicon . It has been suggested either that the name Chelidonioi might have been an exonym , and that Hecataeus wrongly differentiated two tribes misjudging the meaning of the name, or that after the name of the local tribe was translated from Illyrian by Greek colonists in Epidamnos ,

7254-412: The occupation of the surrounding region, they caused much damage to the economy of the city. The social crisis caused the intervention of the two mother cities: Corinth on the side of the democrats and Corcyra on the side of the aristocrats and native Illyrians. Corcyra won the naval battle against Corinth, taking Epidamnos and driving out the demos . At the end of the naval battle Athens , the leader of

7347-474: The private sector. There are 246 small businesses and 17 large businesses as of 2007. These businesses are largely trade and services. Money also comes into Shijak in the form of remittances from the many Shijak residents living abroad. The local municipality recorded unemployment in 2007 to be at around 10%, but it is considered to be higher when accounting for all the persons able to work. Around 130 homeless families lived in Shijak in 2007. South of Shijak, there

7440-469: The reigning period of Argaeus I is correct. Friendly relationships were created between Corinthians and certain Illyrian tribes. In the 7th century BC the Taulantii invoked the aid of Corinth and Corcyra in a war against the Liburni . After the defeat and expulsion of the Liburni from the region, the Corcyreans were welcomed in 627 BC on the Illyrian coast in the city of Epidamnos mixing with

7533-409: The sea, provided favorable conditions that created a natural harbor ( Dyrrachion ). The city was therefore founded in a territory that corresponded to a narrow promontory surrounded by the sea that gave the city the appearance of an island. A flourishing commercial centre emerged and the city grew rapidly. It thrived for about two centuries, mainly as a result of trade with the neighboring Illyrians of

7626-510: The sounds of instruments and existing musical recordings are altered by remixing or equalizing, with various distortions added, to replicate the garbled effects of shortwave radio reception. The first attempts by serious composers to incorporate radio effects into music may be those of the Russian physicist and musician Léon Theremin , who perfected a form of radio oscillator as a musical instrument in 1928 ( regenerative circuits in radios of

7719-409: The southern part of the kingdom of Agron and Teuta . Shortwave radio Shortwave radio is radio transmission using radio frequencies in the shortwave bands (SW). There is no official definition of the band range, but it always includes all of the high frequency band (HF) , which extends from 3 to 30 MHz (100 (exactly 99.930819333) to 10 (exactly 9.9930819333) meters); above

7812-480: The time were prone to breaking into oscillation , adding various tonal harmonics to music and speech); and in the same year, the development of a French instrument called the Ondes Martenot by its inventor Maurice Martenot , a French cellist and former wireless telegrapher. Karlheinz Stockhausen used shortwave radio and effects in works including Hymnen (1966–1967), Kurzwellen (1968) – adapted for

7905-454: The visual horizon, about 64 km (40 miles). Shortwave broadcasts of radio programs played an important role in the early days of radio history. In World War II it was used as a propaganda tool for an international audience. The heyday of international shortwave broadcasting was during the Cold War between 1960 and 1980. With the wide implementation of other technologies for

7998-414: The wavelengths in this band are shorter than 200 m (1,500 kHz) which marked the original upper limit of the medium frequency band first used for radio communications. The broadcast medium wave band now extends above the 200 m / 1,500 kHz limit. Early long-distance radio telegraphy used long waves, below 300  kilohertz (kHz) / above 1000 m. The drawbacks to this system included

8091-635: The world. On 10 October the Third National Radio Conference made three shortwave bands available to U.S. amateurs at 80 meters (3.75 MHz), 40 meters (7 MHz) and 20 meters (14 MHz). These were allocated worldwide, while the 10 meter band (28 MHz) was created by the Washington International Radiotelegraph Conference on 25 November 1927. The 15 meter band (21 MHz)

8184-528: Was centered in the area of present-day Tirana , and its hinterland between the valleys of the Mat and Shkumbin rivers. In Roman times, their neighbours to the north were the Labeatae , to the east the Parthini , and to the south-east the Bylliones . The Parthini probably have been part of the Taulantian peoples before their first appearance as Roman allies in the late 3rd century BC, neighboring to

8277-548: Was involved in the intervention in Illyria of the Macedonians under Cassander , who clashed with the Illyrians under Glaukias. In 314 BC the Macedonian king seized the city but the garrison he established there was in turn besieged and driven out by the Illyrian king and the Corcyrans . In 312 BC, after another unsuccessful attack of Cassander in the region, the city came under the protection of Glaukias. Those events marked

8370-607: Was opened to amateurs in the United States on 1 May 1952. Shortwave radio frequency energy is capable of reaching any location on the Earth as it is influenced by ionospheric reflection back to Earth by the ionosphere , (a phenomenon known as " skywave propagation"). A typical phenomenon of shortwave propagation is the occurrence of a skip zone where reception fails. With a fixed working frequency, large changes in ionospheric conditions may create skip zones at night. As

8463-524: Was particularly interested in Dyrrhachium, as it was the most important harbour, and later it must have become a key naval base of Octavian's fleet. The idiom spoken by the Taulanti is included in the southern Illyrian onomastic province in modern linguistics. The territory they inhabited belongs to the area that is considered in current scholarship as the linguistic core of Illyrian. The Abri,

8556-472: Was possible on shortwave bands. Early long-distance services used surface wave propagation at very low frequencies , which are attenuated along the path at wavelengths shorter than 1,000 meters. Longer distances and higher frequencies using this method meant more signal loss. This, and the difficulties of generating and detecting higher frequencies, made discovery of shortwave propagation difficult for commercial services. Radio amateurs may have conducted

8649-405: Was technically illegal (but tolerated at the time as the authorities mistakenly believed that such frequencies were useless for commercial or military use), amateurs began to experiment with those wavelengths using newly available vacuum tubes shortly after World War I. Extreme interference at the longer edge of the 150–200 meter band – the official wavelengths allocated to amateurs by

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