Misplaced Pages

#554445

92-792: The Plantagenet kings of England had exercised the right of requiring the maritime towns and counties to furnish ships in time of war, and this duty was sometimes commuted for a money payment. Although several statutes of Edward I and Edward III , notably their confirmations of Magna Carta , had made it illegal for the Crown to exact any taxes without the consent of Parliament , the prerogative of levying ship money in time of war had never fallen wholly into abeyance. In 1619, James I aroused no popular opposition by levying £40,000 (equivalent to $ 9,966,154 in 2023) of ship money on London and £8,550 on other seaport towns. In 1628, Charles I, having prorogued Parliament in early summer and after his assent to

184-529: A partible inheritance : his eldest surviving son, Henry, would inherit England, Normandy and Anjou; Richard (his mother's favourite) would inherit the Duchy of Aquitaine; Geoffrey would inherit Brittany; and John would inherit Ireland. This resulted in further conflict. The younger Henry rebelled again, but died of dysentery . Geoffrey died in 1186 after an accident in a tournament. In 1189, Richard and Philip II of France reasserted their various claims, exploiting

276-477: A challenge to his authority. Becket later excommunicated those who had offended him. When he received this news, Henry said: "What miserable drones and traitors have I nurtured and promoted in my household who let their lord be treated with such shameful contempt by a low-born clerk." Four of Henry's knights killed Becket in Canterbury Cathedral after Becket resisted a failed arrest attempt. Henry

368-540: A daughter who died as a child: Evidence for Edward's involvement in legal reform is hard to find but his reign saw a major programme of legal change. Much of the drive and determination is likely to have come from the king and his experience of the baronial reform movement of the late 1250s and early 1260s. With the Statutes of Mortmain , Edward imposed his authority over the Church; the statutes prohibited land donation to

460-501: A determination on the part of the king to dispense altogether with parliamentary government. Charles responded with a written opinion, signed by ten out of twelve judges consulted, to the effect that in time of national danger, of which the Crown was the sole judge, ship money might legally be levied on all parts of the country by writ under the Great Seal . The issue of a third writ of ship money on 9 October 1636 made it evident that

552-552: A large portion of it spent on a network of castles. Edward asserted that the king of Scotland owed him feudal allegiance, and intended to unite the two nations by marrying his son Edward to Margaret , the sole heir of King Alexander III . When Margaret died in 1290, competition for the Scottish crown ensued. By invitation of Scottish magnates, Edward I resolved the dispute, ruling in favour of John Balliol , who duly swore loyalty to him and became king. Edward insisted that he

644-414: A noble named Ingelger , whose recorded history dates from 870. During the 10th and 11th centuries, power struggles occurred between rulers in northern and western France, including those of Anjou, Normandy , Brittany , Poitou , Blois and Maine , and the kings of France. In the early 12th century, Geoffrey of Anjou married Empress Matilda , King Henry I 's only surviving legitimate child and heir to

736-515: A second time in 1697, again in the Peerage of England, in favour of Thomas Coventry, 5th Baron Coventry . The Coventry family descends from John Coventry who served as Lord Mayor of London in 1426. His descendant Sir Thomas Coventry was a noted early 17th-century lawyer and politician. He served as Solicitor General , as Attorney General and as Lord Keeper of the Great Seal . In 1628 he

828-494: A territory or place of birth, eg., House of Normandy , House of Wessex . "Angevin" can also refer to the period of history in which they reigned. Many historians identify the Angevins as a distinct English royal house. "Angevin" is also used in reference to any sovereign or government derived from Anjou. As a noun, it refers to any native of Anjou or an Angevin ruler, and specifically to other counts and dukes of Anjou , including

920-533: A treaty that required Edward to pay homage in France to Charles. Edward resigned Aquitaine and Ponthieu to his son Edward , who travelled to France to give homage in his stead. With the English heir in her power, Isabella refused to return to England unless Edward II dismissed his favourites, and she became the mistress of Roger Mortimer . The couple invaded England and, with Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster , captured

1012-555: Is a falsification of an existing letter and that was not in fact Adrian's intention. It originally allowed Henry's brother William some territory. Henry did not personally act on this until 1171, by which time William was already dead. He invaded Ireland to assert his authority over knights who had accrued autonomous power after they recruited soldiers in England and Wales and colonised Ireland with his permission. Henry later gave Ireland to his youngest son, John. In 1172, Henry gave John

SECTION 10

#1732775736555

1104-598: Is a nephew, David Duncan Sherwood Coventry (born 1973). Several other members of the Coventry family may be mentioned. The Hon. Henry Coventry (1618–1686), a son from the second marriage of the first Baron, was one of two Members of Parliament for Droitwich. Another son from the second marriage of the first Baron, Sir William Coventry (d. 1686), represented Great Yarmouth in the House of Commons and became an influential politician. Sir John Coventry (c. 1636–1685), son of

1196-612: Is the great-great-grandson of the Hon. William James Coventry, the younger son of the seventh Earl. The new Lord Coventry then lived in Canada and now lives in Hampton , Greater London. He is one of the sons of Commander Cecil Dick Bluett Coventry and was educated at Prince of Wales School, Nairobi . In 1965, he married Gillian Frances Randall, by whom he has one daughter, Lady Diana Elizabeth Sherwood Coventry (born 1980). The heir presumptive

1288-517: The Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal . As a result of John's behaviour the powerful Thouars, Lusignan, and des Roches families rebelled and John lost control of Anjou, Maine, Touraine, and northern Poitou. His son, King Henry III, maintained the claim to the Angevin territories until December 1259 when he formally surrendered them and in return was granted Gascony as duke of Aquitaine and a vassal of

1380-552: The Battle of Wytschaete on 27 May 1940, during the retreat of the British Expeditionary Force to Dunkirk. He is buried in the cemetery at Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée . He was succeeded by his only son, the eleventh Earl, who had a varied career. Despite four marriages, he died in 2002 without a surviving son, as his heir, Edward George William Oscar Coventry, Viscount Deerhurst (1957–1997) had died before him. He

1472-664: The English Middle Ages both met their end with the death of King Richard III. Henry VII , a Lancastrian, became king of England; five months later he married Elizabeth of York , thus ending the Wars of the Roses and giving rise to the Tudor dynasty . The Tudors worked to centralise English royal power, which allowed them to avoid some of the problems that had plagued the last Plantagenet rulers. The resulting stability allowed for

1564-630: The English Renaissance and the advent of early modern Britain . Every English, and later United Kingdom , monarch from Henry VII to present has been a descendant of the Plantagenets. In the 15th century, near the end of the dynastic line, Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York , adopted Plantagenet as his family name. Plantegenest (or Plante Genest ) had been a 12th-century nickname for his ancestor Geoffrey , Count of Anjou and Duke of Normandy . One of many popular theories suggests

1656-521: The Holy Roman Emperor , and his half-brother William attacked from the north. He also brought his niece Eleanor of Brittany, aiming to establish her as Duchess of Brittany. The plan failed when John's allies were defeated at the Battle of Bouvines . Otto retreated and was soon overthrown, William was captured by the French and John agreed to a five-year truce. From then on John also gave up

1748-591: The Petition of Right , proceeded to levy ship money on every county in England without Parliament, issuing writs requiring £173,000 to be returned to the exchequer. This was the first occasion when the demand for ship-money aroused serious opposition, in view of the declaration in the petition that [Y]our subjects have inherited this freedom, that they should not be compelled to contribute to any tax, tallage, aid, or other like charge not set by common consent, in parliament. Charles' requests to sheriffs were rejected by

1840-607: The Provisions of Oxford , under which his debts were paid in exchange for substantial reforms. In France, with the Treaty of Paris , Henry formally surrendered the territory of his Angevin ancestors to Louis IX of France , receiving in return the title duke of Aquitaine and the territory of Gascony as a vassal of the French king. Disagreements between the barons and the king intensified. The barons, under Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester , captured most of southeast England in

1932-532: The Second Barons' War . At the Battle of Lewes in 1264, Henry and Prince Edward were defeated and taken prisoner. De Montfort assembled the Great Parliament , recognized as the first Parliament because it was the first time the cities and boroughs had sent representatives. Edward escaped, raised an army and defeated and killed de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Savage retribution

SECTION 20

#1732775736555

2024-533: The Star Chamber and by the judges on assize . Ship money enabled Charles to meet peacetime government expenditures in the 1630s. Payment was, however, refused by John Hampden , a wealthy Buckinghamshire gentleman landowner. The case against the latter ( R v Hampden ) was finally heard before all 12 judges in the Court of Exchequer Chamber in 1637, after Denham had expressed his doubts to Davenport , who

2116-496: The Treaty of Lambeth after Marshal's victories at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich in 1217. The Marshal regime issued an amended Magna Carta as a basis for future government. Despite the Treaty of Lambeth, hostilities continued and Henry was forced to compromise with the newly crowned Louis VIII of France and Henry's stepfather, Hugh X of Lusignan . They both overran much of Henry's remaining continental lands, further eroding

2208-470: The Angevin territory with comparable finances. Nick Barratt has calculated that Angevin resources available for use in the war were 22 per cent less than those of Philip, putting the Angevins at a disadvantage. By 1214, John had re-established his authority in England and planned what Gillingham has called a grand strategy to recapture Normandy and Anjou. The plan was that John would draw the French from Paris , while another army, under his nephew Otto IV ,

2300-483: The Angevins' power on the continent. In his political struggles, Henry perceived many similarities between himself and England's patron saint, Edward the Confessor . Consequently, he named his first son Edward and built the existing magnificent shrine for the Confessor. In early 1225, a great council approved a tax of £40,000 to dispatch an army, which quickly retook Gascony. During an assembly feudal prerogatives of

2392-575: The Church, asserted the rights of the Crown at the expense of traditional feudal privileges, promoted the uniform administration of justice, raised income and codified the legal system. His military campaigns left him in heavy debt and when Philip IV of France confiscated the Duchy of Gascony in 1294, Edward needed funds to wage war in France. When Edward summoned a precedent-setting assembly in order to raise more taxes for military finance, he included lesser landowners and merchants. The resulting parliament included barons, clergy, knights, and burgesses for

2484-592: The English maternal inheritance and Geoffrey the Angevin paternal inheritance. This would separate the realms of England and Anjou. In order to secure an orderly succession, Geoffrey and Matilda sought more power from Henry I, but quarrelled with him after the king refused to give them power that might be used against him. When he died in December 1135, the couple were in Anjou, allowing Matilda's cousin Stephen to seize

2576-527: The English throne from the House of Normandy . As a result of this marriage, Geoffrey's son Henry II inherited the English throne as well as Norman and Angevin titles, thus marking the beginning of the Angevin and Plantagenet dynasties. The marriage was the third attempt of Geoffrey's father, Fulk V, Count of Anjou , to build a political alliance with Normandy. He first espoused his daughter, Matilda , to William Adelin , Henry I's heir. After William drowned in

2668-546: The Hon. John Coventry, a son of the second marriage of the first Baron, sat as Member of Parliament for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis . Thomas Henry Coventry, Viscount Deerhurst (1721–1744), eldest son and heir apparent of the fifth Earl, briefly represented Bridport in Parliament before his premature death. The ancestral seat of the Coventry family is Croome Court , near Pershore in Worcestershire . Croome Court

2760-717: The Plantagenet territories on the European mainland by supporting his vassal Arthur's claim to the English crown. John won a significant victory while preventing Arthur's forces from capturing his mother, seizing the entire rebel leadership at the Battle of Mirebeau and his sister Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany . John disregarded his allies' opinions on the fate of the prisoners, many of them their neighbours and kinsmen. Instead he kept his prisoners so vilely and in such evil distress that it seemed shameful and ugly to all those who were with him and who saw this cruelty, according to

2852-472: The accession of Henry II , until 1485, when Richard III died. England was transformed under the Plantagenets, although only partly intentionally. The Plantagenet kings were often forced to negotiate compromises such as Magna Carta , which constrained royal power in return for financial and military support. The king was no longer just the most powerful man in the nation, holding the prerogative of judgement, feudal tribute and warfare, but had defined duties to

Ship money - Misplaced Pages Continue

2944-417: The age of nine, Henry was repeatedly sent to England to be the male figurehead of the campaigns, since it became apparent that he would become king if England were conquered. In 1141, Stephen was captured at the Battle of Lincoln and later exchanged for Robert, who had also been captured. Geoffrey continued the conquest of Normandy and, in 1150, transferred the duchy to Henry while retaining the primary role in

3036-420: The aging Henry's failing health. Henry was forced to accept humiliating peace terms, including naming Richard his sole heir. The old King died two days later, defeated and miserable. French and English contemporary moralists viewed this fate as retribution for the murder of Becket; even his favourite legitimate son, John, had rebelled although the constantly loyal illegitimate son Geoffrey remained with Henry until

3128-525: The ancestors of the three kings who formed the English royal house; their cousins, who held the crown of Jerusalem ; and to unrelated members of the French royal family who were later granted the titles and formed different dynasties, such as the Capetian House of Anjou and the Valois House of Anjou . Consequently, there is disagreement between those who consider John's son, Henry III , to be

3220-414: The ancient restrictions that limited the levying of the tax to the maritime parts of the kingdom and to times of war (or imminent national danger) had been finally swept away, and the king intended to convert it into a permanent and general form of taxation without parliamentary sanction. The judges again, at Charles's request, gave an opinion favourable to the prerogative, which was read by Lord Coventry in

3312-463: The blossom of the common broom , a bright yellow ("gold") flowering plant, called genista in medieval Latin , as the source of the nickname. It is uncertain why Richard of York chose this specific name, although during the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487) it emphasised Richard's status as Geoffrey's patrilineal descendant. The retrospective usage of the name for all of Geoffrey's male-line descendants

3404-623: The castles of Chinon , Loudun and Mirebeau as a wedding gift. This angered Henry's eighteen-year-old son, Henry the Young King , who believed that those were his. A rebellion by Henry II's wife and three eldest sons ensued. Louis VII of France supported the rebellion. William the Lion , king of the Scots, and others joined the revolt. After eighteen months, Henry subdued the rebels. In Le Mans in 1182, Henry II gathered his children to plan

3496-572: The claim to Brittany of Eleanor and had her confined for life. John's defeat weakened his authority in England, and his barons forced him to agree to Magna Carta in 1215, which limited royal power. Both sides failed to abide by the terms of Magna Carta, leading to the First Barons' War , in which rebellious barons invited Prince Louis , the husband of Blanche , Henry II's granddaughter, to invade England. Louis did so but in October 1216, before

3588-627: The conflict was conclusively ended, John died. The official website of the British Monarchy presents John's death as the end of the Angevin dynasty and the beginning of the Plantagenet dynasty. All subsequent English monarchs were descendants of the Angevin line via John, who had five legitimate children with Isabella : John also had illegitimate children with several mistresses. These children probably included nine sons called Richard , Oliver, Henry, Osbert Gifford, Geoffrey, John FitzJohn or Courcy, Odo or Eudes FitzRoy, Ivo, Henry, Richard

3680-461: The constable of Wallingford Castle and three daughters called Joan , Matilda the abbess of Barking and Isabella la Blanche. Joan was the best known of these, since she married Prince Llewelyn the Great of Wales. William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke , was appointed regent for the nine-year-old King Henry on King John's death. Thereafter, support for Louis declined, and he renounced his claims in

3772-479: The crown of England. Stephen's contested accession initiated the widespread civil unrest later called the Anarchy. Count Geoffrey had little interest in England. Instead he commenced a ten-year war for the duchy of Normandy, but it became clear that to bring this conflict to a successful conclusion, Stephen would need to be challenged in England. In 1139, Matilda and her half-brother, Robert , invaded England. From

Ship money - Misplaced Pages Continue

3864-503: The daughter of Louis VII, while she was betrothed to his son Richard. William's many competencies and importance as a royal bastard led to a long and illustrious career. Henry reasserted and extended previous suzerainties to secure possession of his inherited realm. In 1162, he attempted to re-establish what he saw as his authority over the English Church by appointing his friend Thomas Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury upon

3956-499: The death of the incumbent archbishop, Theobald . Becket's defiance as Archbishop alienated the king and his counsellors. Henry and Becket had repeated disputes over issues such as church tenures, the marriage of Henry's brother, and taxation. Henry reacted by getting Becket and other English bishops to recognise sixteen ancient customs in writing for the first time in the Constitutions of Clarendon , governing relations between

4048-400: The denial of numerous freedoms. English nobles raised private armies, engaged in private feuds and openly defied Henry VI . The rivalry between the House of Plantagenet's two cadet branches of York and Lancaster brought about the Wars of the Roses , a decades-long fight for the English succession. It culminated in the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, when the reign of the Plantagenets and

4140-554: The duchy's government. Three events allowed the Angevins' successful termination of the conflict: Of Henry's siblings, William and Geoffrey died unmarried and childless, but the tempestuous marriage of Henry and Eleanor, who already had two daughters ( Marie and Alix ) through her first marriage to King Louis, produced eight children in thirteen years: Henry also had illegitimate children with several mistresses, possibly as many as twelve. These children included Geoffrey , William , Peter and four children who died young by Alys ,

4232-617: The end. Following Richard's coronation, he quickly put the kingdom's affairs in order and departed on a Crusade for the Middle East. Opinion of Richard has fluctuated. He was respected for his military leadership and courtly manners. He rejected and humiliated the sister of the king of France. He deposed the king of Cyprus and later sold the island. On the Third Crusade , he made an enemy of Leopold V, Duke of Austria , by showing disrespect to his banners as well as refusing to share

4324-581: The fifth Baron. He sat as Member of Parliament for Droitwich, Camelford and Warwick . In 1697 he was made Viscount Deerhurst , of the hundred of Deerhurst in the County of Gloucester, and Earl of Coventry , with remainder, failing heirs male of his own, to 1) the heirs male of his deceased uncle the Hon. Francis Coventry (1612–1680), failing which to 2) his three second cousins William Coventry, Thomas Coventry and Henry Coventry, grandsons of his deceased great-uncle Walter Coventry (d. 1640), younger brother of

4416-399: The first Baron Coventry. The titles were in the Peerage of England. He was succeeded by his eldest son, the second Earl. He was Custos Rotulorum of Worcestershire. His son, the third Earl, died as a child and was succeeded by his uncle, the fourth Earl. He had no sons and on his death in 1719 the barony of Coventry became extinct. He was succeeded in the viscountcy and earldom according to

4508-587: The first Plantagenet monarch, and those who do not distinguish between Angevins and Plantagenets and therefore consider the first Plantagenet to be Henry II. The term " Angevin Empire " was coined by Kate Norgate in 1887. There was no known contemporary collective name for all of the territories under the rule of the Angevin Kings of England. This led to circumlocutions such as "our kingdom and everything subject to our rule whatever it may be" or "the whole of

4600-464: The first time. On his accession, Edward I sought to organise his realm, enforcing his claims to primacy in the British Isles . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd claimed to rule North Wales "entirely separate from" England but Edward viewed him to be "a rebel and disturber of the peace". Edward's determination, military experience and skilful naval manoeuvres ended what was to him rebellion. The invasion

4692-412: The justices of London and other seaports, requiring them to provide a certain number of ships of war of a prescribed tonnage and equipment, or their equivalent in money, and empowering them to assess the inhabitants for payment of the tax, according to their substance. The distinctive feature of the writ of 1634 was that it was issued, contrary to all precedent, in time of peace. Charles desired to conceal

SECTION 50

#1732775736555

4784-619: The king of France. John's reputation was further damaged by the rumour, described in the Margam annals , that while drunk he himself had murdered Arthur, and if not true it is almost certain John ordered the killing. There are two contrasting schools of thought explaining the sudden collapse of John's position. Sir James Holt suggests this was the inevitable result of superior French resources. John Gillingham identifies diplomatic and military mismanagement and points out that Richard managed to hold

4876-475: The king suggested that these taxes were necessary for the defense and safety of England. Hampden lost the case, seven judges to five: Despite the trial case being won by Charles the opposition to ship money continued. In 1640, a group of citizens of London petitioned Charles directly and at the top of their grievances was against the tax: The petition starts off by attacking the tax: The pressing and unusual Impositions upon Merchandize, Importing and Exporting, and

4968-552: The king were challenged by the barons, bishops and magnates who demanded that the king reissue Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest in exchange for support. Henry declared that the charters were issued of his own "spontaneous and free will" and confirmed them with the royal seal, giving the new Great Charter and the Charter of the Forest of 1225 much more authority than any previous versions. Henry III had nine children: Henry

5060-633: The king's council. Edward finally repealed the Ordinances after defeating and executing Lancaster at the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322. The French monarchy asserted its rights to encroach on Edward's legal rights in Gascony. Resistance to one judgement in Saint-Sardos resulted in Charles IV declaring the duchy forfeit. Charles's sister, Queen Isabella , was sent to negotiate and agreed

5152-753: The king's military needs. It was later stopped by the Long Parliament when they voted the Ship Money Act 1640 ( 16 Cha. 1 . c. 14). Hampden went on to Parliamentary and Civil War leadership, only to die early on at the Battle of Chalgrove Field . Finally, half a century later, in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution , the Bill of Rights 1689 prohibited all forms of extra-parliamentary taxation. Plantagenet The House of Plantagenet ( /plænˈtædʒənət/ plan-TAJ-ə-nət )

5244-470: The king, his courts and the church. When Becket tried to leave the country without permission, Henry tried to ruin him by filing legal cases relating to Becket's previous tenure as chancellor. Becket fled and remained in exile for five years. Relations later improved, and Becket returned, but they declined again when Henry's son was crowned as coregent by the Archbishop of York , which Becket perceived as

5336-416: The king. Edward II abdicated on condition that his son would inherit the throne rather than Mortimer. Although there is no historical record of the cause of death, he is popularly believed to have been murdered at Berkeley Castle by having a red-hot poker thrust into his bowels. A coup by Edward III ended four years of control by Isabella and Mortimer. Mortimer was executed. Though removed from power, Isabella

5428-408: The kingdom which had belonged to his father". The "Empire" portion of "Angevin Empire" has been controversial, especially as these territories were not subject to any unified laws or systems of governance, and each retained its own laws, traditions, and feudal relationships. In 1986, a convention of historians concluded that there had not been an Angevin state, and therefore no "Angevin Empire", but that

5520-486: The lands seized during his captivity. When close to complete victory, he was injured by an arrow during a siege and died ten days later. Richard's failure to provide an heir caused a succession crisis and conflict between supporters of the claim of his nephew, Arthur , and John. Guillaume des Roches led the magnates of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine declaring for Arthur. Once again Philip II of France attempted to disturb

5612-544: The necessary funds. In 1303 the French king restored Gascony to Edward by signing the Treaty of Paris . Meanwhile, William Wallace rose in Balliol's name and recovered most of Scotland. Wallace was defeated at the Battle of Falkirk , after which Robert the Bruce rebelled and was crowned king of Scotland. Edward died while travelling to Scotland for another campaign. King Edward II's coronation oath on his succession in 1307

SECTION 60

#1732775736555

5704-700: The overburdened inland populations; Lord Northampton , Lord-Lieutenant of Warwickshire, and the Earl of Banbury in Berkshire, refused to assist in collecting the money; and Charles withdrew the writs. In 1634, Charles made a secret treaty with Philip IV of Spain to assist him against the Dutch. To raise funds for this, William Noy , the Attorney-General , suggested that further resort should be had to ship money. Noy investigated such legal learning as there

5796-480: The realm, underpinned by a sophisticated justice system. A distinct national identity was shaped by their conflict with the French, Scots, Welsh and Irish, as well as by the establishment of Middle English as the primary language. In the 15th century, the Plantagenets were defeated in the Hundred Years' War and beset with social, political and economic problems. Popular revolts were commonplace, triggered by

5888-461: The second creation was for the Coventry family and is still extant. The earldom of Coventry was created for the first time in 1623, in the Peerage of England , in favour of George Villiers, 1st Marquess of Buckingham . He was made Duke of Buckingham at the same time. The title became extinct in 1687 upon the death of George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham . The earldom of Coventry was created

5980-481: The senior grandson of Philip III in the male line, Phillip of Valois, became king. Not yet in power, Edward paid homage to Phillip as Duke of Aquitaine. Earl of Coventry Earl of Coventry is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of England . The first creation for the Villiers family was created in 1623 and took its name from the city of Coventry . It became extinct in 1687. A decade later,

6072-399: The seventh Earl, was also Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire. On his death, the titles passed to his eldest son, the eighth Earl. He represented Worcester in the House of Commons and served as Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire. He was succeeded by his grandson, the ninth Earl, who held the title for 87 years. He was the son of George William Coventry, Viscount Deerhurst (1808–1838). Lord Coventry

6164-514: The special remainders by his second cousin once removed William Coventry, the fifth Earl. He was the grandson of Walter Coventry, youngest brother of the first Baron. Lord Coventry had earlier represented Bridport in Parliament and served as Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire . He was succeeded by his second but eldest surviving son, the sixth Earl. He sat as Tory Member of Parliament for Bridport and for Worcestershire and served as Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire. His son from his first marriage,

6256-621: The spoils of war. He was rumoured to have arranged the assassination of Conrad of Montferrat . His ruthlessness was demonstrated by his massacre of 2,600 prisoners in Acre . He obtained victories during the Third Crusade, but failed to capture Jerusalem . According to Steven Runciman Richard was "a bad son, a bad husband and a bad king". Jonathan Riley-Smith described him as "vain ... devious and self-centred". In an alternate view John Gillingham points out that for centuries Richard

6348-402: The term espace Plantagenet (French for "Plantagenet area") was acceptable. Nonetheless, historians have continued to use "Angevin Empire". The later counts of Anjou , including the Plantagenets, descended from Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais , and his wife Ermengarde of Anjou . In 1060, the couple inherited the title via cognatic kinship from an Angevin family that was descended from

6440-490: The true aim of his policy, which he knew would be detested by the country, and he accordingly gave as a pretext for the impost the danger to commerce from pirates, and the general condition of unrest in Europe. The citizens of London immediately claimed exemption under their charter, while other towns argued as to the amount of their assessment; but no resistance on constitutional grounds appears to have been offered, and £104,000

6532-464: The urging and Levying of Ship-money, notwithstanding both which, Merchants Ships and Goods have been taken and destroyed both by Turkish and other Pirates. The narrowness of the case encouraged others to refuse the tax. By 1639, less than 20% of the money demanded was raised. As matters deteriorated in England and Scotland starting with the Bishops' War , ship money proved to be insufficient to finance

6624-468: The wreck of the White Ship , Fulk married another of his daughters, Sibylla , to William Clito , son of Henry I's older brother, Robert Curthose . Henry I had the marriage annulled to avoid strengthening William's rival claim to Normandy. Finally Fulk achieved his goal through the marriage of Geoffrey and Matilda. Fulk then passed his titles to Geoffrey and became King of Jerusalem . When Henry II

6716-638: The year, never to participate in a crusade again. When Henry III died, Edward acceded to the throne; the barons swore allegiance to him even though he did not return for two years. Edward I married Eleanor of Castile , daughter of King Ferdinand of Castile , a great-grandson of Henry II through his second daughter Eleanor in 1254. Edward and Eleanor had sixteen children; five daughters survived to adulthood, but only one son survived Edward: Following Eleanor's death in 1290, Edward married Margaret of France , daughter of Philip III of France , in 1299. Edward and Margaret had two sons, who both lived to adulthood, and

6808-476: Was Scotland's sovereign and possessed the right to hear appeals against Balliol's judgements, undermining Balliol's authority. Balliol allied with France in 1295; Edward invaded Scotland the following year, deposing and exiling Balliol. Edward was less successful in Gascony, which was overrun by the French. With his resources depleting, Edward was forced to reconfirm the Charters, including Magna Carta, to obtain

6900-602: Was a Conservative politician and held office under Benjamin Disraeli and Lord Salisbury as Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms and as Master of the Buckhounds . He was also Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire. He was succeeded by his grandson, the tenth Earl, the son of George William Coventry, Viscount Deerhurst (1865–1927), eldest son of the ninth Earl. Lord Coventry was killed in action in

6992-624: Was a royal house which originated from the French county of Anjou . The name Plantagenet is used by modern historians to identify four distinct royal houses: the Angevins , who were also counts of Anjou; the main line of the Plantagenets following the loss of Anjou; and the Houses of Lancaster and York , two of the Plantagenets cadet branches . The family held the English throne from 1154, with

7084-594: Was bankrupted by his military expenditure and general extravagance. The pope offered Henry's brother Richard the Kingdom of Sicily , but the military cost of displacing the incumbent Emperor Frederick was prohibitive. Matthew Paris wrote that Richard stated: "You might as well say, 'I make you a present of the moon – step up to the sky and take it down'." Instead, Henry purchased the kingdom for his son Edmund, which angered many powerful barons. The barons led by Henry's brother-in-law Simon de Montfort forced him to agree to

7176-497: Was born in 1133, his maternal grandfather, Henry I, was reportedly delighted, saying that the boy was "the heir to the kingdom". The birth reduced the risk that the King's realm would pass to his son-in-law's family, which was possible if the marriage of Matilda and Geoffrey ended childless. The birth of a second son, also named Geoffrey , increased the likelihood of partible inheritance following French custom, in which Henry would receive

7268-400: Was collected. On 9 October 1635, a second writ of ship money was issued, directed to the sheriffs and justices of inland as well as of maritime counties and towns, as in the revoked writ of 1628. £208,000 was demanded, to be obtained by assessment on personal as well as real property , payment to be enforced by distraint . This demand gave rise to popular discontent, which now began to see

7360-575: Was considered a model king. Returning from the crusade with a small band of followers, Richard was captured by Leopold and was passed to Emperor Henry VI . Henry held Richard captive for eighteen months (1192–1194) while his mother raised the ransom, valued at 100,000 marks . In Richard's absence, Philip II overran large portions of Normandy and John acquired control of Richard's English lands. After returning to England, Richard forgave John and re-established his authority in England. He left again in 1194 and battled Philip for five years, attempting to regain

7452-456: Was executed by one of the largest armies ever assembled by an English king, comprising Anglo-Norman cavalry and Welsh archers and laying the foundation for future victories in France. Llywelyn was driven into the mountains, later dying in battle. The Statute of Rhuddlan established England's authority over Wales, and Edward's son was proclaimed the first English Prince of Wales upon his birth. Edward spent vast sums on his two Welsh campaigns with

7544-567: Was forced to agree to the appointment of Ordainers , led by his cousin Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster , to reform the royal household with Piers Gaveston exiled again. When Gaveston returned again to England, he was abducted and executed after a mock trial. The ramifications of this drove Thomas and his adherents from power. Edward's humiliating defeat by Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, confirming Bruce's position as an independent king of Scots, leading to Lancaster being appointed head of

7636-479: Was in support of the demand, and unearthed old records of ship money in the Tower of London ; some historians, such as Hallam , have seen Noy's findings as evidence that, before Charles' use of it, the tax had been disused for centuries. The King obtained an opinion affirming the legality of the writ from Lord Keeper Coventry and the Earl of Manchester , whereupon the writ was issued in October 1634 and directed to

7728-564: Was inflicted upon the rebels, and authority restored to Henry. With the realm now peaceful, Edward left England to join Louis IX on the Ninth Crusade ; he was one of the last crusaders. Louis died before Edward's arrival, but Edward decided to continue. The result was disappointing; Edward's small force only enabled him to capture Acre and launch a handful of raids. After surviving an assassination attempt, Edward left for Sicily later in

7820-444: Was popular during the subsequent Tudor dynasty , perhaps encouraged by the further legitimacy it gave to Richard's great-grandson, Henry VIII . It was only in the late 17th century that it passed into common usage among historians. Angevin is French for "of Anjou ". The three Angevin kings were the 12th-century Geoffrey of Anjou's son, Henry II , and grandsons Richard I and John . Noble houses were regularly denominated by

7912-401: Was raised to the Peerage of England as Baron Coventry , of Aylesborough in the County of Worcester. He was succeeded by his son from his first marriage, the second Baron. He represented Droitwich and Worcester in the House of Commons . His eldest son, the third Baron, served as Custos Rotulorum of Worcestershire . His son, the fourth Baron, died unmarried and was succeeded by his uncle,

8004-419: Was sold in 1949 and the family moved to the smaller, half-timbered, somewhat confusingly named Earls Croome Court on the estate, while still retaining most of the 15,000 acres (61 km ) Coventry agricultural and forestry estate. Earls Croome Court remained as the seat of the family until 2007, when it was sold by Rachel, Countess of Coventry, the widow of the 11th Earl who died in 2002. The park at Croome Court

8096-413: Was succeeded by his 89-year-old first cousin once removed, the twelfth Earl, the second but eldest surviving son of Colonel the Hon. Charles John Coventry , second son of the ninth Earl. He had one daughter but no sons, and the direct male line of descent from the eighth Earl failed upon his death in 2004. He was succeeded by a distant kinsman, the thirteenth and (as of 2022) present holder of the titles. He

8188-510: Was the first to reflect the king's responsibility to maintain the laws that the community "shall have chosen" ( aura eslu in French). He was not unpopular initially but faced three challenges: discontent over the financing of wars; his household spending; and the role of his favourite Piers Gaveston . When Parliament decided that Gaveston should be exiled the king was left with no choice but to comply. Edward engineered Gaveston's return, but

8280-422: Was treated well, and lived in luxury for the next 27 years. In 1328, Charles IV of France died without a male heir. Queen Isabella made a claim to the throne of France on behalf of her son Edward, on the grounds that he was a matrilineal grandson of Philip IV of France. However, the precedents set by Philip V's succession over his niece Joan II of Navarre and Charles IV's succession over his nieces meant that

8372-474: Was wary of the four-judge panel which would have sat in a less unusual case. Hampden was defended by Oliver St John and Robert Holborne . The Solicitor-General, Sir Edward Littleton , and the Attorney-General, Sir John Banks , prosecuted. Hampden's lawyers argued that the taxation was the king going around Parliament and attempting to squeeze money out from the people of England, while defenders of

8464-574: Was widely considered complicit in Becket's death throughout Christian Europe. This made Henry a pariah; in penance, he walked barefoot into Canterbury Cathedral, where he was severely whipped by monks. From 1155, Henry claimed that Pope Adrian IV had given him authorisation to reform the Irish church by assuming control of Ireland, but Professor Anne Duggan's research indicates that the Laudabiliter

#554445