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31-631: An early mention of Shire is in one of the three surviving charters of Emperor Dawit I (r. 1382–1412). The metropolis was a tributary state of Adal and governed by the Christian , Diganah. As part of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War , Italian units under General Pietro Badoglio advanced out of Axum on 29 February 1936 to attack the Ethiopian army under Ras Imru Haile Selassie deployed around Shire in an action known as

62-775: A battlefield during the Ethiopian Civil War . The first clash of the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) with government forces occurred on 5 August 1975, after Mehari Tekle ("Mussie"), a member of the TPLF leadership, was arrested in Addi Daero by government militiamen and taken to prison in Shire. Before he could be transported to a more secure facility in Mek'ele or Addis Ababa , a squad of eleven men burst into

93-702: A piece of the True Cross arrived in Ethiopia. He also made endowments to the Ethiopian Church : three charters survive of grants he made of lands in Wolqayt , Serae , Adiyabo , Shire , Addi Arkay , northern Semien , the Gar'alta , Manbarta , and Karnesem which lies north of present-day Asmara . During Dawit's time atop the throne, two surviving examples of illustrated manuscripts were produced. One

124-464: A tropical monsoon climate or have more pronounced dry season(s). It is impossible for a tropical savanna climate to have more than 2,500 mm (98 in) as such would result in a negative value in that equation. In tropical savanna climates, the dry season can become severe, and often drought conditions prevail during the course of the year. Tropical savanna climates often feature tree-studded grasslands due to its dryness, rather than thick jungle. It

155-534: Is a tropical climate sub-type that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification categories Aw (for a dry "winter") and As (for a dry "summer"). The driest month has less than 60 mm (2.4 in) of precipitation and also less than 100 − ( Total Annual Precipitation (mm) 25 ) {\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\text{Total Annual Precipitation (mm)}}{25}}\right)} mm of precipitation. This latter fact

186-618: Is a translation of the Miracles of Mary , which had been written in Arabic , done at the command of Emperor Dawit. This is the oldest surviving illustrated book commissioned by an Ethiopian Emperor. The other, described as "one of the most beautiful illustrated books of the period", is a copy of the gospels , which is now preserved at the monastery of Saint Gabriel on Kebran Island in southern Lake Tana. Tropical savanna climate Tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate

217-588: Is also prevalent in sections of northern Australia , the Pacific Islands, in extreme southern North America in south Florida , and some islands in the Caribbean . Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone , but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos , Antioquia , Colombia ) also qualifies. Similarly, the Caribbean coast, eastward from

248-445: Is in a direct contrast to a tropical monsoon climate , whose driest month sees less than 60 mm (2.4 in) of precipitation but has more than 100 − ( Total Annual Precipitation (mm) 25 ) {\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\text{Total Annual Precipitation (mm)}}{25}}\right)} of precipitation. In essence, a tropical savanna climate tends to either see less overall rainfall than

279-403: Is the case East Africa (Mombasa, Kenya, Somalia), Sri Lanka ( Trincomalee ) and coastal regions of Northeastern Brazil (from São Luís through Natal to Maceió ), for instance. The difference between "summer" and "winter" in such tropical locations is usually so slight that a distinction between an As and Aw climate is trivial. In most places that have tropical wet and dry climates, however,

310-560: Is this widespread occurrence of tall, coarse grass (called savanna) which has led to Aw and As climates often being referred to as the tropical savanna. However, there is some doubt whether tropical grasslands are climatically induced. Additionally, pure savannas, without trees, are the exception rather than the rule. There are generally four types of tropical savanna climates: Tropical savanna climates are most commonly found in Africa , Asia , Central America , and South America . The climate

341-428: Is used in place of Aw if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days. This is typically due to a rain shadow effect that cuts off ITCZ-triggered summer precipitation in a tropical area while winter precipitation remains sufficient to preclude a hot semi-arid climate ( BSh ) and temperatures in the summer months are warm enough to preclude a Mediterranean climate ( Csa/Csb ) classification. This

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372-574: The Battle of Shire . Despite determined Ethiopian resistance, by 3 March the Italians had resumed their advance and shortly afterwards crossed the Tekezé River . After the restoration of the monarchy in 1941, Shire served as the capital of the Shire sub-region until the administrative reorganization of the nation following the adoption of the 1995 Ethiopian Constitution . Shire once again became

403-587: The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this city has a total population of 95,491. Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this town has a total population of 47,284, of whom 21,867 are men and 25,417 women. The majority of the inhabitants said they practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , with 85.11% reporting that as their religion, while 14.67% of

434-930: The Gulf of Urabá on the Colombia – Panamá border to the Orinoco river delta , on the Atlantic Ocean (ca. 4,000 km (2,485 mi)), have long dry periods (the extreme is the BSh climate (see below), characterized by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the Guajira , and Coro, western Venezuela, the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive <300 mm (11.8 in) total annual precipitation, practically all in two or three months). This condition extends to

465-677: The Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the Circumcaribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminishes inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon river—which flows eastward, just south of the equatorial line—the climate is Af. East from the Andes, between the arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon, are the Orinoco river Llanos or savannas , from where this climate takes its name. Sometimes As

496-439: The "first unambiguous account of Abyssinian geography which has survived; it certainly refers to the journey of a European, and the route followed can be identified pretty accurately." A notable horseman, Dawit was killed when his horse lashed out and kicked him in the head. Scottish Traveller James Brue stated that the mark of the horse's hit was still visible on the emperor's skull by the time he visited it. The Emperor Dawit

527-506: The 17th Army Division were able to evacuate Shire and fall back to Gondar . This led to the raising of the Third Revolutionary Army, composed of the 603rd, 604th and 605th core armies. Between 19 June and 3 July 1988 the 604th was able to regain control over 12 districts, and entered Shire with no significant resistance from TPLF forces. However, due to unrest amongst the government soldiers at Addi Hageray, which permitted

558-605: The Ethiopian envoy that August, but not if they arrived in Ethiopia. However, Marilyn E. Heldman found evidence of a "silver-gilt chalice" made in Venice, which, if it was the one Francisco Álvares described as seeing in Ethiopia, did reach Dawit. Another possible sign of their arrival is an itinerary of a journey from Venice by Rhodes, Cyprus, Jerusalem, Cairo and Axum to the court of Preste John in Shewa . which O. G. S. Crawford dates to Dawit's reign. Crawford considers this document

589-750: The Muslim inhabitants of the area who had been within the sphere of influence of Egypt since the thirteenth century." The Emperor apparently had a much friendlier relationship with the Sultan's successor, for according to the medieval historian al-Maqrizi , Dawit sent 22 camels laden with gifts to Berkuk , the first Sultan of the Burji dynasty. He confronted the problem of raids from the Muslim kingdoms on his eastern border with numerous counterattacks on those kingdoms. According to al-Maqrizi, in 1403 Emperor Dawit pursued

620-543: The Sultan of Ifat , Sa'ad ad-Din II , to Zeila , where he killed Sa'ad ad-Din and sacked the city. However, another contemporary source dates the death of Sa'ad ad-Din to 1415, and gives the credit to Emperor Yeshaq . Dawit sent an embassy to Europe, which had reached Venice by 23 June 1402, requesting that a number of artisans are sent to his domain. Carlo Conti Rossini assembled the surviving documents concerning this visit in 1927, which record that five artisans departed with

651-476: The TPLF to attack and occupy that town, the 604th was unable to advance again until 28 December. This led to the Second Battle of Shire , which ended on 19 February 1989 as a victory for the TPLF. Although Shire had been the headquarters of the Third Revolutionary Army at the beginning of the battle, at the end the remaining units were retreating towards Enda Aba Guna. On 21 March 1989, Shire was bombed from

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682-672: The air by the Ethiopian Air Force : one person was killed. The third edition of Lonely Planet guide to Ethiopia notes that "war relics" could still be seen near Shire. Since late 2019 swarms of desert locust have damaged crops in the horn of Africa leaving up to one million people in Ethiopia in need of food aid according to the UN. The Tigray War that began in November 2020 and the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia aggravated

713-672: The food situation in Tigray Region. The situation was particularly bad in Shire, with 100,000 internally displaced people. About ten percent of the children were diagnosed (by arm measurements) as having severe acute malnutrition. The DX Open Network , based in the UK and analysing satellite images, found that two warehouse-style structures in the UN World Food Program compound at Hitsats refugee camp had been "very specifically destroyed." Doctors Without Borders found that in

744-480: The homes, business and buildings owned by Shire Natives were destroyed. for Example Dejena Hotel, Gebar Shire Hotel, the home of Zenebe Kifle, etc. Hundreds of innocent Shire Native's had been killed by Ethiopian PP, Eritrean Shaebiya and TPLF. Shire has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw ) with average rainfall reaching 905 mm. Based on the July 2021 national census conducted by

775-618: The parts of Adigrat, Adwa and Axum that they had access to, in other parts of Tigray Region, the civilian casualties were "extremely high". During the Nov 2020 war of TPLF and Ethiopian PP, Eritrean Shaebia, and others were token place in Shire. During this bloody war Shire damaged three times morethan any place in the world, heavily destroyed by airplane bombs, missiles, explosives and heavy Ammunitions. especially in September 2022 more than 1 million Armies of those war actors has been participated; and

806-434: The population were Muslim . According to the 1994 national census the town had a population of 25,269 of whom 11,360 were men and 13,909 women. In the mid-1980s, the population of the town was below 15, 000. The Ethiopian Roads Authority had two roads built to connect Shire to neighboring towns. In June 2009, the authority released a report on their status. The road connecting Shire with Addi Goshu, 156 kilometers in length,

837-478: The prison, wounding one policeman and scattering the rest, freeing their comrade and 60 other prisoners, and spiriting him away to safety. During the latter part of the war, following the massive Ethiopian army defeat at the Battle of Afabet in March 1988, the TPLF launched a series of offensives, in which they destroyed government forces stationed at Rama , Adwa , Seleh Leha , and Shire. Only about 200 soldiers of

868-649: The protector of Orthodox Christianity in East Africa . In response, the Emir forced the Patriarch of Alexandria , Matthew I , to send a deputation to Dawit to persuade him to retire back to his kingdom. "There seems to be little or no doubt that, on the eve of the advent of the Burji dynasty of Mamluk Egypt , King Dawit had in fact led his troops beyond the northern frontiers of his kingdom, and created much havoc among

899-543: Was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1382 to 6 October 1413, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty . He was the younger son of Newaya Krestos . Early in his reign, around 1380, Dawit campaigned against Egypt . He initiated this campaign in an attempt to assist the Coptic Christians of Upper Egypt who he thought were being oppressed under Muslim rule and he felt he had the duty to protect them as he saw himself as

930-458: Was 52% complete, and would be completed by November 2010. The road that would connect to Addi Abun, 92 kilometers in length, would be completed in two years. As of May 2010 construction was underway on a road segment 71 kilometers long connecting Shire west to Dedebit , and which will continue on to Adi Remets then terminate at Dejena Densha. The town hosts an airport, Shire Airport ( IATA code SHC). Dawit I Dawit I ( Ge'ez : ዳዊት )

961-634: Was an enthusiastic Christian. He dealt with a revolt of the Beta Israel in Gonder , and encouraged missionary work in Gojjam . Early in his reign, he led a campaign against Upper Egypt after hearing stories that the native Orthodox Copts were being mistreated under Muslim rule. During this campaign, his troops were forced to retreat back to their kingdom after the Sultan of Egypt made peace with Dawit. According to E. A. Wallis Budge , during Dawit's reign,

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