The Chicham languages, also known as Jivaroan ( Hívaro , Jívaro , Jibaro ) is a small language family of northern Peru and eastern Ecuador .
5-681: Shiwiar , also known as Achuar , Jivaro and Maina , is a Chicham language spoken along the Pastaza and Bobonaza rivers in Ecuador . Shiwiar is one of the thirteen indigenous languages of Ecuador. All of these indigenous languages are endangered. Shiwiar is a language spoken by the Achuar people of the Amazonian region of Ecuador. The Achuar people also speak Spanish , Shuar , and Kichwa along with their native language, Shiwiar. Shuar belongs to
10-772: The Quechuan , Kwaza , Taruma , Yanomami , Katukina-Katawixi , Kandoshi , Tupi , and Arawan language families due to contact. This suggests that Chicham had originated further downstream in the Central Amazon region. Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chicham languages. Payne's (1981) Proto-Shuar reconstruction is based on data from Shuar, Achuar, Aguaruna, and Huambisa, while his Proto-Shuar-Candoshi reconstruction also integrates data from Candoshi and Shapra. For reconstructions of Proto-Shuar and Proto-Shuar-Candoshi by Payne (1981), see
15-617: The Dirección Nacional de Educación Indígena Intercultural Bilingüe (DINEIIB). Chicham languages Chicham consists of four languages: This language family is spoken in Amazonas , Cajamarca, Loreto , and San Martin, Peru and the Oriente region of Ecuador. Internal classification of the Chicham languages by Mason (1950): Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016): ( † = extinct) The extinct Palta language
20-602: The same language family as Shiwiar – Jivaroan. Although the Achuar live in the Amazon Basin, the extracting of oil and raw materials from Ecuador through mining has displaced the Achuar communities and endangered their homes. While Ecuador's official language is Spanish , the Achuar people along with other indigenous groups have the right to use their own languages in education through the official language policies of Ecuador legalized in Decree No. 000529, Article 27, and
25-925: Was classified as Chicham by Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño about 1940 and was followed by Čestmír Loukotka . However, only a few words are known, and Kaufman (1994) states that there is "little resemblance". The most promising external connections are with the Cahuapanan languages and perhaps a few other language isolates in proposals variously called Jívaro-Cahuapana (Hívaro-Kawapánan) ( Jorge Suárez and others) or Macro-Jibaro or Macro-Andean ( Morris Swadesh and others, with Cahuapanan, Urarina , Puelche , and maybe Huarpe ). The unclassified language Candoshi has also been linked to Chicham, as David Payne (1981) provides reconstructions for Proto-Shuar as well as Proto-Shuar-Candoshi. However, more recently, linguists have searched elsewhere for Candoshi's relatives. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with
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