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104-523: In 1895, he stood surety for the bail of Oscar Wilde . Douglas was born in Edinburgh , a member of the aristocratic Queensberry family , part of the Clan Douglas . He was the son of Arthur Johnstone-Douglas DL JP of Lockerbie (1846–1923) and his wife Jane Maitland Stewart, and the grandson of Robert Johnstone Douglas of Lockerbie, himself the son of Henry Alexander Douglas, a brother of

208-676: A Surety to a government and its constituents (obligee) that a company (principal) will comply with an underlying statute , state law , municipal ordinance, or regulation . Specific examples include: Court bonds are those bonds prescribed by statute and relate to the courts. They are further broken down into judicial bonds and fiduciary bonds. Judicial bonds arise out of litigation and are posted by parties seeking court remedies or defending against legal actions seeking court remedies. Fiduciary , or probate , bonds are filed in probate courts and courts that exercise equitable jurisdiction; they guaranty that persons whom such courts have entrusted with

312-493: A blue or light green palette. After he returned to London, he painted several more nocturnes over the next ten years, many of the River Thames and of Cremorne Gardens , a pleasure park famous for its frequent fireworks displays, which presented a novel challenge to paint. In his maritime nocturnes, Whistler used highly thinned paint as a ground with lightly flicked color to suggest ships, lights, and shore line. Some of

416-415: A bonded entity's clients from theft. These bonds are common for home health care, janitorial service, and other companies who routinely enter their homes or businesses. While these bonds are often confused with fidelity bonds, they are much different. A business service bond allows the bonded entity's client to claim on the surety bond when the client's property has been stolen by the bonded entity. However,

520-476: A fairly common basis. As of 2009 annual US surety bond premiums amounted to approximately $ 3.5 billion. State insurance commissioners are responsible for regulating corporate surety activities within their jurisdictions. The commissioners also license and regulate brokers or agents who sell the bonds. These are known as producers; the National Association of Surety Bond Producers (NASBP)

624-566: A few months he lived in Baltimore with a wealthy friend, Tom Winans, who even furnished Whistler with a studio and some spending cash. The young artist made some valuable contacts in the art community and also sold some early paintings to Winans. Whistler turned down his mother's suggestions for other more practical careers and informed her that with money from Winans, he was setting out to further his art training in Paris. Whistler never returned to

728-444: A good deal of old-fashioned likeness-making. His work, however, is somewhat lacking in that straightforward, if often undistinguished, grasp of character which gives much old-fashioned art an interest of its own, and frequently it fails to reach the conventional distinction possessed by much modern portraiture. Still, this combination of qualities makes his portraiture acceptable to those who care for neither of these elements alone, and,

832-488: A guarantor when the ability of the primary obligor, or principal , to perform its obligations to the obligee (counterparty) under a contract is in question or when there is some public or private interest that requires protection from the consequences of the principal's default or delinquency. In most common law jurisdictions, a contract of suretyship is subject to the Statute of Frauds (or its equivalent local laws) and

936-415: A journey that has puzzled scholars, although Whistler stated that he did it for political reasons. Chile was at war with Spain and perhaps Whistler thought it a heroic struggle of a small nation against a larger one, but no evidence supports that theory. What the journey did produce was Whistler's first three nocturnal paintings (which he originally termed "moonlights"): night scenes of the harbor painted with

1040-420: A letter from his mother, so Whistler turned to his mother and suggested that he do her portrait. He had her stand at first, in his typically slow and experimental way, but that proved too tiring so the seated pose was adopted. It took dozens of sittings to complete. The austere portrait in his normally constrained palette is another Whistler exercise in tonal harmony and composition. The deceptively simple design

1144-406: A license. Included in this category are bid bonds (guaranty that a contractor will enter into a contract if awarded the bid); performance bonds (guaranty that a contractor will perform the work as specified by the contract); payment bonds (guaranty that a contractor will pay for services, particularly subcontractors and materials and particularly for federal projects where a mechanic's lien

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1248-525: A lily in her left hand and stands upon a wolf skin rug (interpreted by some to represent masculinity and lust) with the wolf's head staring menacingly at the viewer. The portrait was refused for exhibition at the conservative Royal Academy, but was shown in a private gallery under the title The Woman in White . In 1863, it was shown at the Salon des Refusés in Paris, an event sponsored by Emperor Napoleon III for

1352-560: A literal portrayal of the natural world. Two years later, Whistler painted another portrait of Hiffernan in white, this time displaying his newfound interest in Asian motifs, which he entitled The Little White Girl . His Lady of the Land Lijsen and The Golden Screen , both completed in 1864, again portray his mistress, in even more emphatic Asian dress and surroundings. During this period Whistler became close to Gustave Courbet ,

1456-652: A lively and expressive rendering of the faces; just the qualities which Mr. David Neave missed, for his success with accessories seems to beguile his brush away from the sitters. On 9 November 1912, under the headline 'Sholto J. Douglas Coming Here', the New York Times reported Douglas's sailing from London for the United States , having "a number of commissions to paint portraits in New York ". His work also includes many paintings of " dazzle ships " during

1560-506: A producer; the National Association of Surety Bond Producers (NASBP) is a trade association that represents such producers. If the surety is required to pay or perform due to the principal's failure to do so, the law will usually give the surety a right of subrogation , allowing the surety to "step into the shoes of" the principal and use the surety's contractual rights to recover the cost of making payment or performing on

1664-539: A scion of a Dumfriesshire county family, he has painted many people of social standing. However, Caw says elsewhere in the same book "The portraits of Harrington Mann and Fiddes Watt , of Sholto Douglas and E. A. Borthwick, and of a few others, are more on lines which have become a convention with the younger school." In 1909, The International Studio said of a painting "Mr. Sholto Douglas experimented perhaps beyond his powers, but in A Day in June he secured

1768-456: A specific meaning almost immediately to almost every viewer. These few works have successfully made the transition from the elite realm of the museum visitor to the enormous venue of popular culture. Other important portraits by Whistler include those of Thomas Carlyle (historian, 1873), Maud Franklin (his mistress, 1876), Cicely Alexander (daughter of a London banker, 1873), Lady Meux (socialite, 1882), and Théodore Duret (critic, 1884). In

1872-482: A splendid power of composition and design, which evince a just appreciation of nature very rare amongst artists." The work is unsentimental and effectively contrasts the mother in black and the daughter in white, with other colors kept restrained in the manner advised by his teacher Gleyre . It was displayed at the Royal Academy the following year, and in many exhibits to come. In a second painting executed in

1976-603: A statistical agent for the reporting of fidelity and surety experience. The SFAA is a trade association consisting of companies that collectively write the majority of surety and fidelity bonds in the United States. Then in 1935 the Miller Act was passed, replacing the Heard Act. The Miller Act is the current federal law mandating the use of surety bonds on federally funded projects. A surety most typically requires

2080-544: A surety company they are called surety / bonds. They pay out cash to the limit of guaranty in the event of the default of the Principal to uphold his obligations to the Obligee, without reference by the Obligee to the Principal and against the Obligee's sole verified statement of claim to the bank. Through a surety bond, the surety agrees to uphold—for the benefit of the obligee—the contractual promises (obligations) made by

2184-597: A traditional paper surety bond. In 2016, the Nationwide Multistate Licensing System and Registry (NMLS) initiated a system for the issuance, tracking, and maintenance of ESBs in support of some licenses being managed through the NMLS. This new online system speeds bond issuance and decreases paperwork, among other potential benefits. The NMLS ESB initiative began on January 25, 2016, when surety bond companies and providers were able to begin

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2288-451: A truly poetic sense of atmosphere, the subtle half-tones of his native countryside". In 1897, Douglas visited Australia and New Zealand . His uncle John Douglas , a former Premier of Queensland and Governor of New Guinea , arranged for the author R. W. Semon to take Douglas with him on a visit to New Guinea. Semon wrote "This young Scotsman was just then staying with his uncle on Thursday Island , being on his way back to Europe after

2392-467: A voyage to Australia and New Zealand." In 1900, Douglas painted the author John Buchan . His portrait of his friend George Howson , headmaster of Gresham's School , hangs at the school. In 1904, London's Temple Bar magazine reported We cannot leave the exhibition without noting the astonishingly successful treatment of light in the speaking portrait of Madame Besnard, full of fine drawing, ease, and originality, which M. Besnard has given us, nor

2496-621: A watercolour set with instruction. Whistler already was imagining an art career. He began to collect books on art and he studied other artists' techniques. When his portrait was painted by Sir William Boxall in 1848, the young Whistler exclaimed that the portrait was "very much like me and a very fine picture. Mr. Boxall is a beautiful colourist... It is a beautiful creamy surface, and looks so rich." In his blossoming enthusiasm for art, at fifteen, he informed his father by letter of his future direction, "I hope, dear father, you will not object to my choice." His father, however, died from cholera at

2600-640: A written legal code. Suretyship was not always accomplished through the execution of a bond. Frankpledge , for example, was a system of joint suretyship prevalent in Medieval England which did not rely upon the execution of bonds. The first corporate surety, the Guarantee Society of London (whose insurance business ultimately merged into Aviva ), dates from 1840. In 1865, the Fidelity Insurance Company became

2704-458: Is a gas ." As he himself put it later: "If silicon were a gas, I would have been a general one day". However, a separate anecdote suggests misconduct in drawing class as the reason for Whistler's departure. After West Point, Whistler worked as draftsman mapping the entire U.S. coast for military and maritime purposes. He found the work boring and he was frequently late or absent. He spent much of his free time playing billiards and idling about,

2808-464: Is a specified amount of money which is the maximum amount that the surety will be required to pay in the event of the principal's default. This allows the surety to assess the risk involved in giving the bond; the premium charged is determined accordingly. Surety bonds also occur in other situations, for example, to secure the proper performance of fiduciary duties by persons in positions of private or public trust. Individual surety bonds represent

2912-490: Is a trade association which represents this group. In 2008, the New York Times wrote "posting bail for people accused of crimes in exchange for a fee, is all but unknown in the rest of the world". The Miller Act may require a surety bond for contractors on certain federal construction projects; in addition, many states have adopted their own "Little Miller Acts". The surety transaction will typically involve

3016-582: Is in fact a balancing act of differing shapes, particularly the rectangles of curtain, picture on the wall, and floor which stabilize the curve of her face, dress, and chair. Whistler commented that the painting's narrative was of little importance, yet the painting was also paying homage to his pious mother. After the initial shock of her moving in with her son, she aided him considerably by stabilizing his behavior somewhat, tending to his domestic needs, and providing an aura of conservative respectability that helped win over patrons. The public reacted negatively to

3120-499: Is liable for) ranging from around 1% to 5%, with the most credit-worthy contracts paying the least. The bond typically includes an indemnity agreement whereby the principal contractor or others agree to indemnify the surety if there is a loss. In the United States, the Small Business Administration may guaranty surety bonds; in 2013 the eligible contract tripled to $ 6.5 million. Commercial bonds represent

3224-449: Is not available ); and maintenance bonds (guaranty that a contractor will provide facility repair and upkeep for a specified period of time ). There are also miscellaneous contract bonds that do not fall within the categories above, the most common of which are subdivision and supply bonds. Bonds are typically required for federal government projects by the Miller Act and state projects under "little Miller Acts". In federal government,

Sholto Johnstone Douglas - Misplaced Pages Continue

3328-533: Is really so charming and does so poetically say all that I want to say and no more than I wish! At that point, Whistler painted another self-portrait and entitled it Arrangement in Gray: Portrait of the Painter (c. 1872), and he also began to re-title many of his earlier works using terms associated with music, such as a " nocturne ", " symphony ", " harmony ", " study " or " arrangement ", to emphasize

3432-477: Is unenforceable unless it is recorded in writing and signed by the surety and by the principal. The SFAA published preliminary US and Canadian H1 surety results for the 2022 calendar year. Direct written premium totaled $ 8.6 billion and a direct loss ratio of 14.5%, highlighting strong profitability in the surety industry. The industry remains highly fragmented with over 100 companies directly writing surety bonds with new market entrants entering or reentering on

3536-841: The First World War , and the Imperial War Museum has fifty-two of these paintings. In December 1921, the novelist Arnold Bennett noted in his journal that on Boxing Day he had lunched with Douglas and his wife at the Hotel Bristol in Cannes to meet the Polish singer Jean de Reszke . From 1926 to 1939, Douglas lived in France and painted many landscapes in Provence . Elsie Bonita Adams has compared Douglas to

3640-475: The Imperial Academy of Arts at age eleven. The young artist followed the traditional curriculum of drawing from plaster casts and occasional live models, revelled in the atmosphere of art talk with older peers, and pleased his parents with a first-class mark in anatomy. In 1844, he met the noted artist Sir William Allan , who came to Russia with a commission to paint a history of the life of Peter

3744-516: The Musée d'Orsay in Paris. During the Great Depression in the United States, the picture was billed as a "million dollar" painting and was a big hit at the 1933–34 Chicago World's Fair . It was accepted as a universal icon of motherhood by the worldwide public, which was not particularly aware of or concerned with Whistler's aesthetic theories. In recognition of its status and popularity,

3848-717: The Southern cause during the American Civil War . He adopted his mother's maiden name after she died, using it as an additional middle name. His father was a railroad engineer, and Anna was his second wife. James lived the first three years of his life in a modest house at 243 Worthen Street in Lowell, Massachusetts. The house is now the Whistler House Museum of Art , a museum dedicated to him. He claimed St. Petersburg, Russia as his birthplace during

3952-737: The Stonington Railroad . Three of the couple's children died in infancy during this period. Their fortunes improved considerably in 1839 when his father became chief engineer for the Boston & Albany Railroad , and the family built a mansion in Springfield, Massachusetts , where the Wood Museum of History now stands. They lived in Springfield until they left the United States for Russia in late 1842. In 1842, his father

4056-477: The construction industry by general contractors as a part of construction law , are a guaranty from a surety to a project's owner (obligee) that a general contractor (principal) will adhere to the provisions of a contract. The Associated General Contractors of America , a United States trade association, provides some information for their members on these bonds. Contract bonds are not the same thing as contractor's license bonds , which may be required as part of

4160-411: The sixth and seventh Marquesses of Queensberry. His paternal grandmother, Lady Jane Douglas (1811–1881), was herself a daughter of Charles Douglas, 6th Marquess of Queensberry , so she was her husband's first cousin. Douglas's third cousin and contemporary John Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry (1844–1900) was famous for the rules of the sport of boxing . Another cousin was Lady Florence Dixie ,

4264-663: The war correspondent and big game hunter . Douglas studied art in London , at the Slade School of Fine Art and also in Paris and Antwerp . Douglas's cousin Lord Alfred Douglas , or 'Bosie', was a close friend of the writer Oscar Wilde . When Wilde sued Bosie's father for libel when accused of "posing as a somdomite" ( sic ), this led to Wilde's downfall and imprisonment . In 1895, when during his trial Wilde

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4368-439: The 1870s, Whistler painted full-length portraits of his benefactor Frederick Leyland and his wife Frances. Leyland subsequently commissioned the artist to decorate his dining room (see Peacock Room below). Whistler had been disappointed over the irregular acceptance of his works for the Royal Academy exhibitions and the poor hanging and placement of his paintings. In response, Whistler staged his first solo show in 1874. The show

4472-559: The American Gilded Age and based primarily in the United Kingdom. He eschewed sentimentality and moral allusion in painting and was a leading proponent of the credo " art for art's sake ". His signature for his paintings took the shape of a stylized butterfly with an added long stinger for a tail. The symbol combined both aspects of his personality: his art is marked by a subtle delicacy, while his public persona

4576-623: The Great . Whistler's mother noted in her diary, "the great artist remarked to me 'Your little boy has uncommon genius, but do not urge him beyond his inclination.'" In 1847–1848, his family spent some time in London with relatives, while his father stayed in Russia. Whistler's brother-in-law Francis Haden , a physician who was also an artist, spurred his interest in art and photography. Haden took Whistler to visit collectors and to lectures, and gave him

4680-626: The Impressionists in 1874, Whistler turned down the invitation, as did Manet , and some scholars attributed this in part to Fantin-Latour's influence on both men. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870 fragmented the French art community. Many artists took refuge in England, joining Whistler, including Camille Pissarro and Claude Monet , while Manet and Degas stayed in France. Like Whistler, Monet and Pissarro both focused their efforts on views of

4784-460: The Moose . Whistler did his part in promoting the picture and popularizing the image. He frequently exhibited it and authorized the early reproductions that made their way into thousands of homes. The painting narrowly escaped being burned in a fire aboard a train during shipping. It was ultimately purchased by the French government, the first Whistler work in a public collection, and is now housed in

4888-456: The Piano in 1859 in London, which he adopted as his home, while also regularly visiting friends in France. At the Piano is a portrait composed of his niece and her mother in their London music room, an effort which clearly displayed his talent and promise. A critic wrote, "[despite] a recklessly bold manner and sketchiness of the wildest and roughest kind, [it has] a genuine feeling for colour and

4992-482: The Ruskin trial: "I shall be born when and where I want, and I do not choose to be born in Lowell." Whistler was a moody child, prone to fits of temper and insolence, and he often drifted into periods of laziness after bouts of illness. His parents discovered that drawing often settled him down and helped focus his attention. The family moved from Lowell to Stonington, Connecticut in 1837, where his father worked for

5096-532: The Surety Association of America, now the Surety & Fidelity Association of America (SFAA), was formed to regulate the industry, promote public understanding of and confidence in the surety industry, and to provide a forum for the discussion of problems of common interest to its members. SFAA is a licensed rating or advisory organization in all states and is designated by state insurance departments as

5200-550: The Thames paintings also show compositional and thematic similarities with the Japanese prints of Hiroshige . In 1872, Whistler credited his patron Frederick Leyland , an amateur musician devoted to Chopin , for his musically inspired titles. I say I can't thank you too much for the name 'Nocturne' as a title for my moonlights! You have no idea what an irritation it proves to the critics and consequent pleasure to me—besides it

5304-533: The United States issued a postage stamp in 1934 featuring an adaptation of the painting. In 2015, New Yorker critic Peter Schjeldahl wrote that it "remains the most important American work residing outside the United States." Martha Tedeschi writes: Whistler's Mother , Wood 's American Gothic , Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa and Edvard Munch 's The Scream have all achieved something that most paintings—regardless of their art historical importance, beauty, or monetary value—have not: they communicate

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5408-568: The United States. Whistler arrived in Paris in 1855, rented a studio in the Latin Quarter , and quickly adopted the life of a bohemian artist. Soon he had a French girlfriend, a dressmaker named Héloise. He studied traditional art methods for a short time at the Ecole Impériale and at the atelier of Charles Gleyre . The latter was a great advocate of the work of Ingres , and impressed Whistler with two principles that he used for

5512-811: The account creation process. The second phase began on September 12, 2016, when an initial group of nine state regulatory agencies began accepting ESBs for certain license types. This initial rollout included agencies in Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Texas, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. On January 23, 2017, another group of twelve state agencies were added to allow ESB capability for certain license types. This group included agencies in Alaska, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Rhode Island, and South Dakota. Minor upgrades were also completed early in 2017. The types of licenses transitioning to ESBs and

5616-546: The age of 49, and the Whistler family moved back to his mother's home town of Pomfret, Connecticut . The family lived frugally and managed to get by on a limited income. His art plans remained vague and his future uncertain. His cousin reported that Whistler at that time was "slight, with a pensive, delicate face, shaded by soft brown curls... he had a somewhat foreign appearance and manner, which, aided by natural abilities, made him very charming, even at that age." Whistler

5720-458: The bond (the obligation to pay) on the front of the document and the condition which would nullify that promise to pay (referred to as the indenture of defeasance—essentially, the contractual obligation) on the back of the document. The penal bond, although an artifact of historical interest, fell out of use by the early part of the nineteenth century in the United States. In certain situations, an electronic surety bond (ESB) can be used in lieu of

5824-414: The broad range of bond types that do not fit the classification of contract. They are generally divided into four sub-types: license and permit, court, public official, and miscellaneous. License and permit bonds are required by certain federal, state, or municipal governments as prerequisites to receiving a license or permit to engage in certain business activities. These bonds function as a guaranty from

5928-490: The brutality of life and nature and to portray it faithfully, avoiding the old themes of mythology and allegory. Théophile Gautier , one of the first to explore translation qualities among art and music, may have inspired Whistler to view art in musical terms. Reflecting his adopted circle's banner of the Realism art movement , Whistler painted his first exhibited work, La Mère Gérard in 1858. He followed it by painting At

6032-725: The care of others' property will perform their specified duties faithfully. Examples of judicial bonds include appeal bonds, supersedeas bonds , attachment bonds, replevin bonds, injunction bonds, mechanic's lien bonds, and bail bonds . Examples of fiduciary bonds include administrator , guardian , and trustee bonds. Public official bonds guarantee the honesty and faithful performance of those people who are elected or appointed to positions of public trust. Examples of officials sometimes requiring bonds include: notaries public, treasurers, commissioners, judges, town clerks, law enforcement officers, and credit union volunteers. Miscellaneous bonds are those that do not fit well under

6136-409: The case of covered claim up to the policy limit. The penal bond is another type of the bond that was historically used to assure the performance of a contract. They are to be distinguished from surety bonds in that they did not require any party to act as surety—having an obligee and obligor sufficed. One historically significant type of penal bond, the penal bond with conditional defeasance, printed

6240-577: The character of Eugene Marchbanks in George Bernard Shaw 's play Candida (1898): Though Marchbanks has many of the external characteristics and some of the attitudes of the aesthete -artist such as Sholto Douglas or Adrian Herbert , he does not pay mere lip-service to art, his sensitivity is no pose, and he tries to rid himself of illusions. In March 2005, a portrait by Douglas of the Scottish laird Ian Brodie, 24th Brodie of Brodie,

6344-610: The city, and it is likely that Whistler was exposed to the evolution of Impressionism founded by these artists and that they had seen his nocturnes. Whistler was drifting away from Courbet's "damned realism" and their friendship had wilted, as had his liaison with Joanna Hiffernan. By 1871, Whistler returned to portraits and soon produced his most famous painting, the nearly monochromatic full-length figure entitled Arrangement in Grey and Black No.1 , but usually referred to as Whistler's Mother . A model failed to appear one day, according to

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6448-415: The claim is only valid if the bonded entity's employee is convicted of the crime in a court of law. Additionally, if the surety company pays a claim on the bond, they would seek to be reimbursed by the bonded entity for all costs and expenses incurred as a result of the claim. This differs from a traditional fidelity bond where the insured (bonded entity) would be responsible for paying the deductible only in

6552-678: The contract language is determined by the government. In private contracts the parties may freely contract the language and requirements. Standard form contracts provided by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) and the Associated General Contractors of America (AGC) make bonding optional. If the parties agree to require bonding, additional forms such as the performance bond contract AIA Document 311 provide common terms. Losses arise when contractors do not complete their contracts, which often arises when

6656-401: The contractor goes out of business. Contractors often go out of business; for example, a study by BizMiner found that of 853,372 contracts in the United States in 2002, 28.5% had exited business by 2004. The average failure rate of contractors in the United States from 1989 to 2002 was 14% versus 12% for other industries. Prices are as a percentage of the penal sum (the maximum that the surety

6760-414: The creditor could attempt to collect the debt from either party independently of the other. The guarantor's liability was ancillary and derivative: the creditor first had to attempt to collect the debt from the debtor before looking to the guarantor for payment. Many jurisdictions have abolished that distinction, in effect putting all guarantors in the position of the surety. Contract bonds, used heavily in

6864-889: The early leader of the French realist school, but when Hiffernan modeled in the nude for Courbet, Whistler became enraged and his relationship with Hiffernan began to fall apart. In January 1864, Whistler's very religious and very proper mother arrived in London, upsetting her son's bohemian existence and temporarily exacerbating family tensions. As he wrote to Henri Fantin-Latour , "General upheaval!! I had to empty my house and purify it from cellar to eaves." He also immediately moved Hiffernan to another location. From 1866, Whistler made his home in Chelsea, London , an area popular with artists, firstly in Cheyne Walk , then an ill-fated move to Tite Street , and finally Upper Church Street. In 1866, Whistler decided to visit Valparaíso, Chile ,

6968-400: The emerging Impressionist school, found Whistler's new works surprising and confounding. Fantin-Latour admitted, "I don't understand anything there; it's bizarre how one changes. I don't recognize him anymore." Their relationship was nearly at an end by then, but they continued to share opinions in occasional correspondence. When Edgar Degas invited Whistler to exhibit with the first show by

7072-399: The event of a claim, the surety will investigate it. If it turns out to be a valid claim, the surety will pay and then turn to the principal for reimbursement of the amount paid on the claim and any legal fees incurred. In some cases, the principal has a cause of action against another party for the principal's loss, and the surety will have a right of subrogation to "step into the shoes of"

7176-514: The event of greatest consequence that year was his friendship with Henri Fantin-Latour , whom he met at the Louvre. Through him, Whistler was introduced to the circle of Gustave Courbet , which included Carolus-Duran (later the teacher of John Singer Sargent ), Alphonse Legros , and Édouard Manet . Also in this group was Charles Baudelaire , whose ideas and theories of "modern" art influenced Whistler. Baudelaire challenged artists to scrutinize

7280-436: The exhibition of works rejected from the Salon . Whistler's painting was widely noticed, although upstaged by Manet's more shocking painting Le déjeuner sur l'herbe . Countering criticism by traditionalists, Whistler's supporters insisted that the painting was "an apparition with a spiritual content" and that it epitomized his theory that art should be concerned essentially with the arrangement of colors in harmony, not with

7384-585: The finish. After a year in London, he produced a set of etchings in 1860 called Thames Set, as counterpoint to his 1858 French set, as well as some early impressionistic work including The Thames in Ice . At this stage, he was beginning to establish his technique of tonal harmony based on a limited, predetermined palette. In 1861, after returning to Paris for a time, Whistler painted his first famous work, Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl . The portrait of his mistress and business manager Joanna Hiffernan

7488-594: The first US corporate surety company, but the venture soon failed. In 1894 the US Congress passed the Heard Act, which required surety bonds on all federally funded projects. The US Supreme Court held in 1896, in Prairie State Bank v United States , that an equitable claim by a surety to percentages of payment retained by the US government had priority over the claim of an assignee /lender. In 1908

7592-408: The implementation timelines vary by licensing agency. The NMLS plans to roll out additional state agencies and update the system with added functionality over time. James Abbott McNeill Whistler James Abbott McNeill Whistler RBA ( / ˈ w ɪ s l ər / ; July 10, 1834 – July 17, 1903) was an American painter in oils and watercolor , and printmaker , active during

7696-430: The matter of style, many influences, from Romsey [sic] to Wilson Steer , being apparent. Marquise? , Mrs. Russell Bryde , Study for a Portrait Group , and The Lady Kinross , however, were portraits of some distinction. In Scottish Painting, Past and Present, 1620-1908 (1908), James Lewis Caw wrote of Douglas's portrait work: Mr Sholto Johnstone Douglas unites Whistlerian tone and chicness of brushwork with

7800-521: The original form of suretyship. The earliest known record of a contract of suretyship is a Mesopotamian tablet written around 2750 BC. Evidence of individual surety bonds exists in the Code of Hammurabi and in Babylon, Persia, Assyria, Rome, Carthage, among the ancient Hebrews, and (later) in England. The Code of Hammurabi, written around 1790 BC, provides the earliest surviving known mention of suretyship in

7904-449: The other commercial surety bond classifications. They often support private relationships and unique business needs. Examples of significant miscellaneous bonds include: lost securities bonds, hazardous waste removal bonds, credit enhancement financial guaranty bonds, self–insured workers compensation guaranty bonds, and wage and welfare/fringe benefit ( trade union ) bonds. Business service bonds are surety bonds which seek to safeguard

8008-542: The other famous expatriate American John Singer Sargent . Whistler's spare technique and his disinclination to flatter his sitters, as well as his notoriety, may account for this. He also worked very slowly and demanded extraordinarily long sittings. William Merritt Chase complained of his sitting for a portrait by Whistler, "He proved to be a veritable tyrant, painting every day into the twilight, while my limbs ached with weariness and my head swam dizzily. 'Don't move! Don't move!' he would scream whenever I started to rest." By

8112-402: The painting, mostly because of its anti-Victorian simplicity during a time in England when sentimentality and flamboyant decoration were in vogue. Critics thought the painting a failed "experiment" rather than a work of art. The Royal Academy rejected it, but then grudgingly accepted it after lobbying by Sir William Boxall —but they hung it in an unfavorable location at their exhibition. From

8216-601: The period of John Singer Sargent and "...led a long life notable for its unassuming expression of civilized values". He was at home in Scotland as a painter and as a sportsman, shooting , riding and sailing . He kept ponies brought back from a visit to Iceland . He came to attention at the Royal Academy by being the first artist to hang a painting there of a motor car , but was best known for his portraits and his Scottish landscapes , which "...portrayed, with

8320-464: The poetically suggestive beauty of The Sisters by Sholto Douglas, in which a reminiscence of one of Whistler 's lovely Nocturnes is aroused." In June 1907, Douglas held an exhibition of his portraits at the Alpine Club in London . The International Studio noted that "Mr. Sholto Johnstone Douglas exhibited a collection of his portraits. The artist is apparently a prey to indecision in

8424-404: The principal and recover damages to make up for the payment to the principal. If the principal defaults and the surety turns out to be insolvent , the purpose of the bond is rendered nugatory. Thus, the surety on a bond is usually an insurance company whose solvency is verified by private audit, governmental regulation, or both. A key term in nearly every surety bond is the penal sum . This

8528-425: The principal if the principal fails to uphold its promises to the obligee. The contract is formed so as to induce the obligee to contract with the principal, i.e., to demonstrate the credibility of the principal and guarantee performance and completion per the terms of the agreement. The principal will pay a premium (usually annually) in exchange for the bonding company's financial strength to extend surety credit. In

8632-411: The principal's behalf, even in the absence of an express agreement to that effect between the surety and the principal. Traditionally, a distinction was made between a suretyship arrangement and that of a guaranty. In both cases, the lender gained the ability to collect from another person in the event of a default by the principal. However, the surety's liability was joint and primary with the principal:

8736-551: The rest of his career: that line is more important than color and that black is the fundamental color of tonal harmony. Twenty years later, the Impressionists would largely overthrow this philosophy, banning black and brown as "forbidden colors" and emphasizing color over form. Whistler preferred self-study and enjoying the café life. While letters from home reported his mother's efforts at economy, Whistler spent freely, sold little or nothing in his first year in Paris, and

8840-454: The same room, Whistler demonstrated his natural inclination toward innovation and novelty by fashioning a genre scene with unusual composition and foreshortening. It later was re-titled Harmony in Green and Rose: The Music Room . This painting also demonstrated Whistler's ongoing work pattern, especially with portraits: a quick start, major adjustments, a period of neglect, then a final flurry to

8944-451: The start, Whistler's Mother sparked varying reactions, including parody, ridicule, and reverence, which have continued to today. Some saw it as "the dignified feeling of old ladyhood", "a grave sentiment of mourning", or a "perfect symbol of motherhood"; others employed it as a fitting vehicle for mockery. It has been satirized in endless variations in greeting cards and magazines, and by cartoon characters such as Donald Duck and Bullwinkle

9048-477: The summer of 1858. Whistler recovered and traveled with fellow artist Ernest Delannoy through France and the Rhineland. He later produced a group of etchings known as "The French Set", with the help of French master printer Auguste Delâtre  [ fr ] . During that year, he painted his first self-portrait, Portrait of Whistler with Hat , a dark and thickly rendered work reminiscent of Rembrandt . But

9152-533: The terms of a contract. The surety bond protects the obligee against losses resulting from the principal's failure to meet the obligation. The person or company providing the promise is also known as a "surety" or as a "guarantor". A surety bond is defined as a contract among at least three parties: European surety bonds can be issued by banks and surety companies. If issued by banks they are called "Bank Guaranties" in English and Cautions in French, if issued by

9256-432: The time he gained widespread acceptance in the 1890s, Whistler was past his prime as a portrait painter. Whistler's approach to portraiture in his late maturity was described by one of his sitters, Arthur J. Eddy, who posed for the artist in 1894: He worked with great rapidity and long hours, but he used his colours thin and covered the canvas with innumerable coats of paint. The colours increased in depth and intensity as

9360-557: The tonal qualities and the composition and to de-emphasize the narrative content. Whistler's nocturnes were among his most innovative works. Furthermore, his submission of several nocturnes to art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel after the Franco-Prussian War gave Whistler the opportunity to explain his evolving "theory in art" to artists, buyers, and critics in France. His good friend Fantin-Latour , growing more reactionary in his opinions, especially in his negativity concerning

9464-478: The wife of Dr. Lionel Tarassenko . Surety In finance , a surety / ˈ ʃ ʊər ɪ t i / , surety bond , or guaranty involves a promise by one party to assume responsibility for the debt obligation of a borrower if that borrower defaults. Usually, a surety bond or surety is a promise by a surety or guarantor to pay one party (the obligee ) a certain amount if a second party (the principal ) fails to meet some obligation, such as fulfilling

9568-471: The work progressed. At first the entire figure was painted in greyish-brown tones, with very little flesh colour, the whole blending perfectly with the greyish-brown of the prepared canvas; then the entire background would be intensified a little; then the figure made a little stronger; then the background, and so on from day to day and week to week, and often from month to month. ... And so the portrait would really grow, really develop as an entirety, very much as

9672-469: Was accepted by the British government from Brodie's heir in lieu of tax. On 19 April 1913, Douglas married Bettina, the daughter of Harman Grisewood, of Daylesford, Gloucestershire . They had one son and one daughter: Through his daughter, he was a grandfather of Thomas Craven, 7th Earl of Craven (1957–1983), Simon Craven, 8th Earl of Craven (1961–1990), and Lady Ann Mary Elizabeth Craven (born 1959),

9776-501: Was admitted to the highly selective institution in July 1851 on the strength of his family name, despite his extreme nearsightedness and poor health history. However, during his three years there, his grades were barely satisfactory, and he was a sorry sight at drill and dress, known as "Curly" for his hair length which exceeded regulations. Whistler bucked authority, spouted sarcastic comments, and racked up demerits . Colonel Robert E Lee

9880-535: Was always broke, and although a charmer, had little acquaintance with women. After it was discovered that he was drawing sea serpents, mermaids, and whales on the margins of the maps, he was transferred to the etching division of the United States Coast Survey . He lasted there only two months, but he learned the etching technique which later proved valuable to his career. At this point, Whistler firmly decided that art would be his future. For

9984-558: Was born in Lowell, Massachusetts on July 10, 1834, the first child of Anna McNeill Whistler and George Washington Whistler , and the elder brother of Confederate surgeon William McNeill Whistler . In later years, Whistler played up his mother's connection to the American South and its roots, and he presented himself as an impoverished Southern aristocrat , although it remains unclear to what extent he truly sympathized with

10088-542: Was combative. He found a parallel between painting and music, and entitled many of his paintings "arrangements", "harmonies", and "nocturnes" , emphasizing the primacy of tonal harmony. His most famous painting, Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1 (1871), commonly known as Whistler's Mother , is a revered and often parodied portrait of motherhood. Whistler influenced the art world and the broader culture of his time with his aesthetic theories and his friendships with other leading artists and writers. James Abbott Whistler

10192-477: Was created as a simple study in white; however, others saw it differently. The critic Jules-Antoine Castagnary thought the painting an allegory of a new bride's lost innocence. Others linked it to Wilkie Collins 's The Woman in White , a popular novel of the time, or various other literary sources. In England, some considered it a painting in the Pre-Raphaelite manner. In the painting, Hiffernan holds

10296-529: Was in steady debt. To relieve the situation, he took to painting and selling copies from works at the Louvre and finally moved to cheaper quarters. As luck would have it, the arrival in Paris of George Lucas, another rich friend, helped stabilize Whistler's finances for a while. In spite of a financial respite, the winter of 1857 was a difficult one for Whistler. His poor health, made worse by excessive smoking and drinking, laid him low. Conditions improved during

10400-418: Was notable and noticed, however, for Whistler's design and decoration of the hall, which harmonized well with the paintings, in keeping with his art theories. A reviewer wrote, "The visitor is struck, on entering the gallery, with a curious sense of harmony and fitness pervading it, and is more interested, perhaps, in the general effect than in any one work." Whistler was not so successful a portrait painter as

10504-661: Was recruited by Nicholas I of Russia to design a railroad in Russia. The Emperor learned of George Whistler's ingenuity in engineering the Canton Viaduct for the Boston & Albany Railroad, and he offered him a position engineering the Saint Petersburg-Moscow Railway . The rest of the family moved to St. Petersburg to join him in the winter of 1842/43. After moving to St. Petersburg, the young Whistler took private art lessons, then enrolled in

10608-413: Was released on bail , Sholto Johnstone Douglas stood surety for £ 500 of the bail money. In his Noel Coward: A Biography (1996), Philip Hoare writes of "...late nineteenth-century enthusiasts of boy-love; writers, artists and Catholic converts inclined to intellectual paedophilia, among them Wilde, Frederick Rolfe , Sholto Douglas and Lord Alfred Douglas." As a portrait painter, Douglas belonged to

10712-493: Was sent to Christ Church Hall School with his mother's hopes that he would become a minister. Whistler was seldom without his sketchbook and was popular with his classmates for his caricatures . However, it became clear that a career in religion did not suit him, so he applied to the United States Military Academy at West Point, where his father had taught drawing and other relatives had attended. He

10816-503: Was the West Point Superintendent and, after considerable indulgence toward Whistler, he had no choice but to dismiss the young cadet. Whistler's major accomplishment at West Point was learning drawing and map making from American artist Robert W. Weir . His departure from West Point seems to have been precipitated by a failure in a chemistry exam where he was asked to describe silicon and began by saying, "Silicon

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