Japanese martial arts refers to the variety of martial arts native to the country of Japan . At least three Japanese terms ( budō , bujutsu , and bugei ) are used interchangeably with the English phrase Japanese martial arts.
100-741: Shorinji Kempo ( 少林寺拳法 , Shōrin-ji Kenpō , meaning "Shaolin Temple Pugilism") is a Japanese martial art claimed to be a modified version of Shaolin kung fu . The name Shōrinji Kempo is the Japanese reading of Shàolínsì Quánfǎ . It was established in 1947 by Doshin So ( 宗 道臣 , Sō Dōshin ) [born Michiomi Nakano ( 中野道臣 , Nakano Michiomi ) ], a Japanese martial artist and former military intelligence agent who lived in China for many years before and during World War II. Shorinji Kempo
200-405: A Kendō club to offer Iaidō practice as well. Aikido ( 合氣道:あいきどう , aikidō ) means "the way to harmony with ki ". It is a Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba (植芝 盛平 Ueshiba Morihei , 1883 – 1969). The art consists of "striking", "throwing" and "joint locking" techniques and is known for its fluidity and blending with an attacker, rather than meeting "force with force". Emphasis
300-457: A battlefield. They would, however, be quite valuable to anyone confronting an enemy or opponent during peacetime dressed in normal street attire. Occasionally, inconspicuous weapons such as knives or tessen (鉄扇; iron fans) were included in the curriculum. Today, jujutsu is practiced in many forms, both ancient and modern. Various methods of jujutsu have been incorporated or synthesized into judo and aikido , as well as being exported throughout
400-469: A broad curriculum of self-defense techniques, known as hokei (法形). For demonstration or competition purposes, these are combined into a choreographed sequence known as an embu (演武). The embu consists of (typically) 6 sections and each section includes a series of gōhō (剛法) or hard techniques and jūhō (柔法) or soft techniques. During a pair-form or kumi embu , one person attacks and another person defends for one section, and they then swap roles for
500-429: A group). Initially, there was no regulation in performing embu. Nowadays, it is rated out of 5 (sometimes 3 at preliminary selection) judges having 60 points each for the 6 sections and 40 points each for other factors for comprehensiveness. The maximum possible total of 300 points can be achieved after eliminating the highest and the lowest scores when 5 judges are judging. Kumi-embu and dantai-embu are performed within
600-541: A heavily armed and armored enemy on the battlefield. Ideally, the samurai would be armed and would not need to rely on such techniques. In later times, other koryū developed into systems more familiar to the practitioners of the jujutsu commonly seen today. These systems are generally designed to deal with opponents neither wearing armor nor in a battlefield environment. For this reason, they include extensive use of atemi waza (当て身技; vital-striking technique). These tactics would be of little use against an armored opponent on
700-708: A left-front stance, the other also takes a left-front stance) hiraki-gamae (開構え) (when one kenshi has a left-front stance, the other takes a right-front stance) • Umpo-hō (運歩法 "footwork") fumikomi-ashi (踏込足) maeyose-ashi (前寄足) kumo-ashi (蜘蛛足) kani-ashi (蟹足) chidori-ashi (千鳥足) sashikomi-ashi (差込足) sashikae-ashi (差替足) tobikomi-ashi (跳込足) • Tai-sabaki (体捌き "body movement") furi-mi (振身) sori-mi (反り身) hiki-mi (引身) ryūsui (流水) han-tenshin (半転身) gyaku-tenshin (逆転身) han-tenkan (半転換) zen-tenkan (全転換) • Ukemi (受身 "breakfalls") mae-ukemi (前受身) ushiro-ukemi (後受身) ōten yori okiagari (横転より起き上がり) (also in
800-714: A martial art, and even if this were not the case, there is no possibility of confusion of the BSKF's mark with that of the SKU. In 2015, the International Kempo Association (IKA) was formed (and incorporated in the UK), as an umbrella organisation and loose collective for several ex-WSKO groups. It currently includes member organisations from Czech Republic, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, and UK (BSKF). Japanese martial arts The usage of
900-715: A master in Yihe Mén Quán or Yihe Quán (meaning "Righteous Harmony Fist"). Wen would take in Nakano as his student at the Shaolin Temple, at Henan , and passed onto him the title of grandmaster in that specific style of quan fa . In the final days of the Second World War, the Soviet Union broke its neutrality pact with Japan, declaring war. The Soviets invaded Manchuria on 9 August, and overran
1000-440: A mutual kill. This is not aiki . Aiki is epitomized by the notion of joining physically and mentally with the opponent for the express purpose of avoiding a direct clash of force. In practice, aiki is achieved by first joining with the motion of the opponent (the physical aspect) as well as the intent (the mental portion), then overcoming the will of the opponent, redirecting their motion and intent. Historically, this principle
1100-545: A paper scroll. This skill was useful for muskets which require dry gunpowder . Nihon Eiho is practiced by 28 schools and recognized by the Japan Swimming Federation . During the feudal era of Japan, various types of martial arts flourished, known in Japanese under the name of bujutsu ( 武術 ) . The term jutsu can be translated as "method", "art" or "technique" and the name that each one has
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#17327828346481200-456: A physical education exhibition sponsored by the ministry of education in 1917, and again in 1922. As a result, karate training was subsequently incorporated into Japan's public school system. It was also at this time that the white uniforms and the kyū / dan ranking system (both originally implemented by judo's founder, Kano Jigoro) were adopted. Karate practice is primarily characterized by linear punching and kicking techniques executed from
1300-529: A powerful system of new techniques and training methods, which famously culminated on June 11, 1886, in a tournament that would later be dramatized by celebrated Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa (黒沢 明 Kurosawa Akira , 1910–1998), in the film " Sanshiro Sugata " (1943). Judo became an Olympic sport in 1964, and has spread throughout the world. Kano Jigoro's original school, the " Kodokan ", has students worldwide, and many other schools have been founded by Kano's students. Kendo ( 剣道:けんどう , kendō ) , meaning
1400-487: A stable, fixed stance. Many styles of karate practiced today incorporate the forms ( kata ) originally developed by Funakoshi and his teachers and many different weapons traditionally concealed as farm implements by the peasants of Okinawa. Many karate practitioners also participate in light- and no-contact competitions while some (ex. kyokushin karate ) still compete in full-contact competitions with little or no protective gear. Shorinji Kempo ( 少林寺拳法 , shōrinji-kenpō )
1500-575: A symbol used to represent pre-Christian and Christian European groups such as the Irish . Neo-Nazis also employ various number symbols: In 1997, Wolfgang Fröhlich, a Holocaust denier and former district council member for the Freedom Party of Austria , alleged that Adolf Hitler 's favorite food was egg dumplings ( Eiernockerl ). Some restaurants in Austria started advertising the dish as
1600-583: A time limit of between one and a half to two minutes. The most famous embu pair was Masuomi Nakano and Toshio Misaki whose embu was said to have impressed Doshin So. Earlier in Shorinji Kempo's history, was the Unyo-ho, a fighting competition. After many accidents during sparring bouts with no headgear, the organization required the wearing of headgear, body protectors, and groin guards. A system of limiting each kenshi to one role of defender or attacker
1700-620: Is Shorinji Kempo?", said that he pursued his revelations and the development of the fighting technique of Bodhidharma known as the Arakan no ken (阿羅漢之拳) or the Arhat fist . He believed this to have originated in India around 5,000 years ago. He was inspired by seeing representations of the wall paintings at the Shaolin Temple in China. Those who practice Shorinji Kempo are called kenshi (拳士; meaning 'boxers'). Kenshi always salute with gassho (合掌)
1800-409: Is a holistic system, whose training methods are divided into three parts: self-defence training, mental training and, health training. The basis are the concepts that "spirit and body are not separable" (心身一如: shinshin-ichinyo ) and that it is integral to train both "body and mind as one" (拳禅一如: kenzen ichinyo ). Through employing a well-organised technical course outline, Shorinji Kempo aims to help
1900-440: Is a much stronger focus upon perfecting form. The primary technical aspects are smooth, controlled movements of drawing the sword from its scabbard, striking or cutting an opponent, removing blood from the blade, and then replacing the sword in the scabbard. Naginatajutsu ( 長刀術:なぎなたじゅつ ) is the Japanese art of wielding the naginata , a weapon resembling the medieval European glaive or guisarme . Most naginata practice today
2000-581: Is a post-World War II system of self-defense and self-improvement training (行: gyo or discipline) known as the modified version of Shaolin Kung Fu . There are two primary technique categories such as gōhō (剛法; strikes, kicks and blocks) and jūhō (柔法; pins, joint locks and dodges). It was established in 1947 by Doshin So ( 宗 道臣 , Sō Dōshin ) who had been in Manchuria during World War II and who on returning to his native Japan after World War II saw
2100-518: Is also sometimes called "the way of the empty hand" ( 空手道 , karatedō ) . It was originally called 唐手 ("Chinese hand"), also pronounced 'karate'. Karate originated in and, is technically, Okinawan , except for Kyokushin (an amalgamation of parts of Shotokan and Gojoryu), formerly known as the Ryūkyū Kingdom , but now a part of present-day Japan. Karate is a fusion of pre-existing Okinawan martial arts , called " te ", and Chinese martial arts . It
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#17327828346482200-588: Is an art that has been adopted and developed by practitioners on the Japanese main island of Honshu . Karate's route to Honshu began with Gichin Funakoshi (船越 義珍 Funakoshi Gichin , 1868–1957), who is called the father of karate, and is the founder of Shotokan karate. Although some Okinawan karate practitioners were already living and teaching in Honshū , Funakoshi gave public demonstrations of karate in Tokyo at
2300-517: Is for self-improvement, with self-defense as a secondary purpose. Additionally, many of the gendai budō have included a sporting element to them. Judo and kendo are both examples of this. Judo ( 柔道:じゅうどう , jūdō ) , literally meaning "gentle way" or "way of softness", is a grappling -based martial art, practiced primarily as a sport. It contains substantially the same emphasis on the personal, spiritual, and physical self-improvement of its practitioners as can be found throughout gendai budō . Judo
2400-502: Is in a modernized form ( gendai budō ) called the "way of naginata" ( naginata-dō ) or "new naginata" ( atarashii naginata ), in which competitions are also held. However, many koryu maintain naginatajutsu in their curriculum. Also of note, during the late Edo period , naginata were used to train women and ladies in waiting. Thus, most naginatajutsu styles are headed by women and most naginata practitioners in Japan are women. This has led to
2500-429: Is indicative of the mode or weapon with which they are executed. The combat methods that were developed and perfected are very diverse, among which are: Ordinarily, the development of combative techniques is intertwined with the tools used to execute those techniques. In a rapidly changing world, those tools are constantly changing, requiring that the techniques to use them be continuously reinvented. The history of Japan
2600-459: Is neither a traditional form of martial art nor a kind of competitive sport. It is said to be as a religious gyō among pupils. According to the Buddhist doctrine, the spirit and fleshly body are inseparable. By practicing Shorinji Kempo techniques and learning its philosophy, it is believed to develop a firm body like a pair of standing Vajradhara (金剛神: Kongō-shin or 金剛力士 Kongō-rikishi ) and
2700-403: Is no evidence that ever visited it. The style of the monks practicing the martial arts was supposedly very fresh and vital to him. He believed it was the origin of the existing quan fa in China. (source: a book "Hi-den Shorinji Kempo" 秘伝少林寺拳法「光文社」written by Doshin So, published by Kobun-sha Kappa Books) The swastika , called manji in Japanese, was originally the emblem for Shorinji Kempo, as it
2800-498: Is part of the 20th century emphasis upon personal and spiritual development; an evolution that took place in many martial arts. In the case of iaidō , some schools merely changed in name without altering the curriculum, and others embraced the wholesale change from a combat-orientation to spiritual growth. Similar to Kendō, Iaidō is largely practiced under the All Japan Kendo Federation and it's not unusual for
2900-435: Is particularly difficult to describe or explain. The most simple translation of aiki , as "joining energy", belies its philosophical depth. Generally, it is the principle of matching your opponent in order to defeat him. It is this concept of "matching", or "joining", or even "harmonizing" (all valid interpretations of ai ) that contains the complexity. One may "match" the opponent in a clash of force, possibly even resulting in
3000-426: Is somewhat unusual in its relative isolation. Compared with the rest of the world, the Japanese tools of war evolved slowly. Many people believe that this afforded the warrior class the opportunity to study their weapons in greater depth than other cultures. Nevertheless, the teaching and training of these martial arts did evolve. For example, in the early medieval period, the bow and the spear were emphasized, but during
3100-435: Is subject to some debate. As a rule of thumb, the primary purpose of a koryū martial art was for use in war. The most extreme example of a koryū school is one that preserves its traditional, and often ancient, martial practices even in the absence of continuing wars in which to test them. Other koryū schools may have made modifications to their practices that reflect the passage of time (which may or may not have resulted in
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3200-836: Is the national president of the Japanese Shorinji Kempo Federation. In 2010, the British Shorinji Kempo Federation (BSKF) split from the WSKO, in response to the latter's announcement on March 3 that it was dissolving the former. However, the United Kingdom Shorinji Kempo Federation (UKSKF) still remains affiliated with WSKO. The BSKF applied to the British Intellectual Property Office (IPO) to register
3300-406: Is upon joining with the rhythm and intent of the opponent in order to find the optimal position and timing, when the opponent can be led without force. Aikidō is also known for emphasizing the personal development of its students, reflecting the spiritual background of its founder. Morihei Ueshiba developed aikido mainly from Daitō-ryū aiki-jūjutsu incorporating training movements such as those for
3400-531: Is used in Dharmic religions, as well as by many cultures around the world, for centuries. The swastika can either mean love (left-facing) and strength (right-facing) which symbolise Kongo-zen teaching. However, given the social stigma that the swastika carries, the WSKO replaced it with the character 拳 ( ken ), which means "fist", in the center of tate-manji (swastika guarded by shields) on the emblem or using nagare-manji which meant "rounded swastika". In 2005,
3500-623: The tantō (短刀; dagger), ryufundo kusari (weighted chain), jutte (十手; helmet-smasher), and kakushi buki (隠武器; secret or disguised weapons) were almost always included in koryū jujutsu. Most of these were battlefield-based systems to be practiced as companion arts to the more common and vital weapon systems. At the time, these fighting arts went by many different names, including kogusoku , yawara , kumiuchi , and hakuda . In reality, these grappling systems were not really unarmed systems of combat, but are more accurately described as means whereby an unarmed or lightly armed warrior could defeat
3600-477: The Czech Republic , France , Germany (see Strafgesetzbuch section 86a ), Hungary , Israel , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , Russia , Ukraine and other countries have banned Nazi symbols and it is considered a criminal offence if they are displayed publicly for non-educational purposes. On August 9, 2018, Germany lifted the ban on the usage of swastikas and other Nazi symbols in video games. "Through
3700-469: The Meiji Restoration (1868), respectively. Since gendai budō and koryū often share the same historical origin, one will find various types of martial arts (such as jujutsu , kenjutsu , or naginatajutsu ) on both sides of the divide. Koryū ( 古流:こりゅう ) , meaning "traditional school", or "old school", refers specifically to schools of martial arts, originating in Japan, either prior to
3800-646: The Mongolian invasions during the 13th century (which in particular saw the transition from mostly horseback archery to hand-to-hand ground fighting). This development of the sword is paralleled by the development of the methods used to wield it. During times of peace, the warriors trained with the sword, and invented new ways to implement it. During war, these theories were tested. After the war ended, those who survived examined what worked and what didn't, and passed their knowledge on. In 1600 AD, Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川 家康, 1543–1616) gained total control of all of Japan, and
3900-621: The Moor's head representing Saint Maurice on their arms with a sword and swastika, and Thuringia , which added a swastika to the paws of their lion. Letters of the Armanen runes invented by Guido von List were used by the SS , particularly the Doppel Siegrune , based on the historical sowilo rune reinterpreted by List to signify 'victory' instead of the sun. Other Armanen runes used by
4000-817: The Shaolin Monastery in Henan Province , China. Dōshin Sō claimed to have inherited the title of the 21st master of the Giwamon-ken (義和門拳) system (in Mandarin: Yihe Mén Quán) which is believed to have been used during the Boxer rebellion of 1899 to 1901. Dōshin Sō claimed to have been much impressed to see paintings on the wall of Byakue-den (白衣殿) chapel at Shaolin Temple, although there
4100-656: The Tokugawa period (1603–1867 CE), fewer large-scale battles took place, and the sword became the most prestigious weapon. Another trend that developed throughout Japanese history was that of increasing martial specialization as society became more stratified over time. The martial arts developed or originating in Japan are extraordinarily diverse, with vast differences in training tools, methods, and philosophy across innumerable schools and styles. That said, Japanese martial arts may generally be divided into koryū and gendai budō based on whether they existed prior to or after
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4200-495: The Warring States Period (15th–17th centuries). Closely related to, but predating iaijutsu , battōjutsu training emphasizes defensive counter-attacking. Battōjutsu training technically incorporates kata , but generally consist of only a few moves, focusing on stepping up to an enemy, drawing, performing one or more cuts, and sheathing the weapon. Battōjutsu exercises tend to lack the elaborateness, as well as
4300-492: The swastika , notably in the form of the swastika flag , which became the co-national flag of Nazi Germany in 1933, and the sole national flag in 1935. A very similar flag had represented the Party beginning in 1920. Nazi symbols and additional symbols have subsequently been used by neo-Nazis . The Nazis' principal symbol was the swastika, which the newly established Nazi Party formally adopted in 1920. The formal symbol of
4400-528: The trademark that it has used for 25 years. Shorinji Kempo Unity opposed the application, but the IPO found that SKU had not demonstrated genuine use of its registered trademark. SKU appealed the decision. In the High Court, the appeal judge found that SKU had shown genuine use of its mark, but that the BSKF mark can be registered. Judge Warren found that Shorinji Kempo is a generic term, which simply describes
4500-406: The yari (槍; spear), jō (杖; a short quarterstaff ), and perhaps also jūken (銃剣; bayonet ). Arguably the strongest influence is that of kenjutsu and in many ways, an aikidō practitioner moves as an empty handed swordsman. Kyūdō ( 弓道:きゅうどう ) , which means "way of the bow ", is the modern name for Japanese archery . Originally in Japan, kyujutsu, the "art of the bow", was a discipline of
4600-416: The "way of the sword", is based on Japanese sword-fighting. It is an evolution of the art of kenjutsu , and its exercises and practice are descended from several particular schools of swordsmanship. The primary technical influence in its development was the kenjutsu school of Ittō-ryū (founded c. 16th century), whose core philosophy revolved around the concept that all strikes in swordsmanship revolve around
4700-2331: The 5th degree (go-dan) and above are officially called sensei (先生: teacher). Kenshi who obtained 4th dan automatically obtain Sei-kenshi as well. WSKO's qualifications and conditions are a little different from its Japanese domestic counterparts. Arm emblem "category" colors: Arm emblem "title" colors: Also, there is a sokai (priesthood rank) qualification in Kongo Zen Sohon-zan Shorinji . 2nd dan or Sho-kenshi will study Kongo zen's philosophy and submit an application form and thesis. Spiritual training kiryoku (気力) kisei (気勢) kiai (気合) Mental training inyō (陰陽) kyojitsu (虚実) tempō (天方) chii (地位) chijutsu (知術) chiryaku (知略) Physical training • Gō-hō (剛法) (”hard methods”: 8 techniques, 3 traditions) 8 Gō-hō techniques: tsuki-waza (突技) uchi-waza (打技) kiri-waza (切技) keri-waza (蹴技) kari-waza (刈技) fumi-waza (踏技) taigi (体技) bōgi (防技) 3 Gō-hō traditional weapons: dokko-den (独鈷伝) nyoi-den (如意伝) kongō-den (金剛伝) • Jū-hō (柔法 ”soft methods”: 10 techniques) gyaku-waza (逆技) nage-waza (投技) katame-waza (固技) shime-waza (締技) hogi (捕技) ōatsugi (押圧技) nukite-hō (抜手法) nukimi-hō (抜身法) shu-hō (守法) baku-hō (縛法) • Sei-hō (整法 "healing methods") seikei (整経) seimyaku (整脉) seikotsu (整骨) kappō (活法) • Taigamae (体構え "stance") Byakuren hachi-jin (白蓮八陣 "8 stances of Byakuren") gasshō-gamae (合掌構え) manji-gamae (まんじ構え) midare-gamae (乱れ構え) hassō-gamae (八相構え) taiki-gamae (待気構え) gyaku taiki-gamae (逆待気構え) aiki-gamae (合気構え) byakuren chudan-gamae (白蓮中段構え) (or commonly called kaisoku chudan-gamae 開足中段構え) Giwa kyū-jin (義和九陣 "9 stances of Giwa") kesshu-gamae (結手構え) ichiji-gamae (一字構え) niō-gamae (仁王構え) chūdan-gamae (中段構え) gedan-gamae (下段構え) gyaku gedan-gamae (逆下段構え) fukko-gamae (伏虎構え) tate musō-gamae (立無相構え) yoko musō-gamae (横無相構え) • Fujin-hō (布陣法 "body positions") seitai-gamae (正対構え) (both kenshi facing in byakuren chudan-gamae ) tai-gamae (対構え) (when one kenshi has
4800-466: The Japanese in less than 11 days. The aftermath was appalling; Japanese casualties were tenfold than that of the Soviets'; both civilians and wounded Japanese soldiers were left to die while the army retreated; and many Japanese civilians committed mass suicide . It was in this carnage that Dōshin Sō recognised and understood the "nature of the human being". According to his book, the nature and quality of
4900-519: The Kyohan as tombo-gaeri とんぼ返り) dai-sharin (大車輪) Embu is a combination of hokei (organised patterns of goho and juho techniques) which has 6 sections. It is similar to "kata", except that two or more people participate. Embu is performed in the court, in the gym, at a Taikai or other ceremonial occasions. In these patterns one kenshi takes the part of attacker (kōsha 攻者) and one acts as defender (shusha 守者); they then change roles and repeat
5000-784: The Nazis and subsequently by neo-Nazis include forms derived from Eihwaz , Tiwaz , Algiz and Othala . The death's head appears on the SS-Ehrenring presented by Heinrich Himmler to favored members of the SS, and was used as an insignia by the Death's Head Units of the SS that administered the concentration camps . Units of the Wehrmacht used insignia including the Wolfsangel The Ahnenerbe research unit of
5100-536: The SS also used Wilhelm Teudt 's neo-heathen Irminsul symbol . Strasserism , a strand of Nazism with a Third Positionist ideology, used a crossed hammer and sword as its emblem. Many symbols used by the Nazis have further been appropriated by neo-Nazi groups, including a number of runes; the so-called Black Sun , derived from a mosaic floor in Himmler's remodel of Wewelsburg ; and the Celtic cross , originally
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#17327828346485200-497: The Shorinji Kempo Group introduced a new symbol for all the international Shorinji Kempo federations. The new mark is called so-en (double circle) and it is said that this is the extreme shape of two swastikas intertwined. The so-en emblem is put on the training uniform ( keikogi ), belt ( obi ), and the hōi , a black robe worn by high-ranking practitioners during exhibitions. Doshin Sō, birthname Michiomi Nakano,
5300-401: The adaptation or refinement of those tactics and techniques to facilitate systematic instruction and dissemination within a formal learning environment. Each child who grew up in a samurai family was expected to be a warrior when he grew up, so much of his childhood was spent practicing different martial arts . A complete samurai should be skilled at least in the use of the sword ( kenjutsu ),
5400-431: The aesthetic considerations of iaijutsu or iaidō kata . Finally, note that use of the name alone is not dispositive; what is battōjutsu to one school may be iaijutsu to another. Iaijutsu ( 居合術:いあいじゅつ ) , approximately "the art/science of mental presence and immediate reaction", is also the Japanese art of drawing the sword. However, unlike battōjutsu , iaijutsu tends to be technically more complex, and there
5500-675: The art of using indirect force, such as joint locks or throwing techniques, to defeat an opponent, as opposed to direct force such as a punch or a kick. This is not to imply that jujutsu does not teach or employ strikes, but rather that the art's aim is the ability to use an attacker's force against him or her, and counter-attack where they are weakest or least defended. Methods of combat included striking (kicking, punching), throwing (body throws, joint-lock throws, unbalance throws), restraining (pinning, strangulating, grappling, wrestling) and weaponry. Defensive tactics included blocking, evading, off balancing, blending and escaping. Minor weapons such as
5600-635: The art or to encompass the art as a whole. Kenjutsu ( 剣術:けんじゅつ ) literally means "the art/science of the sword". Although the term has been used as a general term for swordsmanship as a whole, in modern times, kenjutsu refers more to the specific aspect of swordsmanship dealing with partnered sword training. It is the oldest form of training and, at its simplest level, consists of two partners with swords drawn, practicing combat drills. Historically practiced with wooden katana ( bokken ; 木剣), this most often consists of pre-determined forms, called kata (型), or sometimes called kumitachi (組太刀), and similar to
5700-420: The basis of their training methodology and equipment, though wide variation still exists within each. Sumo ( 相撲:すもう , sumō ) , considered by many to be Japan's national sport, has its origins in the distant past. The earliest written records of Japan, which are dated from the 8th century AD, record the first sumo match in 23 BC, occurring specifically at the request of the emperor and continuing until one man
5800-508: The beginning of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, or the Haitōrei (Sword Abolishment Edict) in 1876. In modern usage, bujutsu ( 武術 ) , meaning military art/science , is typified by its practical application of technique to real-world or battlefield situations. The term also is used generally to indicate that a particular style or art is "traditional", rather than "modern". However, what it means for an art to be either "traditional" or "modern"
5900-493: The beginning of the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Aikido and judo are examples of gendai budō that were founded in the modern era, while iaidō represents the modernization of a practice that has existed for centuries. The core difference is, as was explained under " koryū ", above, that koryū arts are practiced as they were when their primary utility was for use in warfare, while the primary purpose of gendai budō
6000-473: The body, or forearms. Practitioners also compete in forms ( kata ) competitions, using either wooden or blunted metal swords, according to a set of forms promulgated by the AJKF. Iaidō ( 居合道:いあいどう ) , which would be "the way of mental presence and immediate reaction", is nominally the modernization of iaijutsu , but in practice is frequently identical to iaijutsu . The replacement of jutsu (術) with dō (道)
6100-454: The book "Hi-den Shōrinji Kempō" (秘伝少林寺拳法) written by Dōshin Sō, published by Kobun-sha Kappa Books). This promotion and campaign was known as Kongō-zen undō (Diamond-zen campaign) and expanded Shorinji Kempo throughout Japan by his pupils. This campaign and concept was inherited by his daughter Yūki Sō ( 宗 由貴 , Sō Yūki ) after his death in 1980 till present. After his death, Dōshin Sō is called "Kaiso" or founder. 1947 - Religious entity
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#17327828346486200-529: The bow and arrow ( kyujutsu ), the spear ( sojutsu , yarijutsu ), the halberd ( naginatajutsu ) and subsequently the use of firearms ( houjutsu ). Similarly, they were instructed in the use of these weapons while riding a horse. They were also expected to know how to swim and dive. Nihon Eiho ( 日本泳法 , Japanese swimming style) originates from the Sengoku period in the 15th century. The samurai developed Suijutsu ( 水術 , (combat) water skills) , which
6300-427: The bow as the dominant battlefield weapon. As the bow lost its significance as a weapon of war, and under the influence of Buddhism , Shinto , Daoism and Confucianism , Japanese archery evolved into kyudō, the "way of the bow". In some schools kyudō is practiced as a highly refined contemplative practice, while in other schools it is practiced as a sport. Karate ( 空手 , karate ) literally means "empty hand". It
6400-625: The change in the interpretation of the law, games that critically look at current affairs can for the first time be given a USK age rating", USK managing director Elisabeth Secker told CTV. "This has long been the case for films and with regards to the freedom of the arts, this is now rightly also the case with computer and videogames." Under the Nazi regime, government bodies were encouraged to remove religious symbolism from their heraldry . Few German councils actually changed their often ancient symbols. Some, however, did, including Coburg , which replaced
6500-419: The country entered a period of prolonged peace that would last until the Meiji Restoration . During this period, the techniques to use the sword underwent a transition from a primarily utilitarian art for killing, to one encompassing a philosophy of personal development and spiritual perfection. The terminology used in Japanese swordsmanship is somewhat ambiguous. Many names have been used for various aspects of
6600-480: The entire practice of kendo is governed by the All Japan Kendo Federation , founded in 1951. Competitions are judged by points, with the first competitor to score two points on their opponent declared the winner. One point may be scored with a successful and properly executed strike to any of several targets: a thrust to the throat, or a strike to the top of the head, sides of the head, sides of
6700-414: The famous folding process were first forged by the smith Amakuni Yasutsuna (天國 安綱, c. 700 AD). The primary development of the sword occurred between 987 AD and 1597 AD. This development is characterized by profound artistry during peaceful eras, and renewed focus on durability, utility, and mass production during the intermittent periods of warfare, most notably civil warfare during the 12th century and
6800-709: The greeting commonly used among Buddhist pupils. The gassho-rei (合掌礼) is also gassho-gamae (合掌構) stance, with both palms put together and raised in front of one's face. There are qualifications for 1st degree black belt (1st "dan") in order to achieve the steps of body and spiritual training: These are bukai , hōkai , and sōkai . Examples of bukai (武階 martial rank) and corresponding hōkai (法階 philosophical rank): After having 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree bukai qualifications, kenshi practicing at doin will automatically have Jun-kenshi , Sho-kenshi and Chu-kenshi in hokai qualifications, those kenshi practicing at branches will have these corresponding hokai after joining
6900-485: The ground with a part of the body other than the bottom of the feet, or touch the ground outside the ring with any part of the body, loses. Six grand tournaments are held annually in Japan, and each professional fighter's name and relative ranking is published after each tournament in an official list, called the banzuke , which is followed religiously by sumo fans. Jujutsu ( 柔術:じゅうじゅつ , jūjutsu ) , literally translates to "soft skills". However, more accurately, it means
7000-399: The impression overseas that naginatajutsu is a martial art that was not used by male warriors. In fact, naginatajutsu was developed in early medieval Japan and for a time was widely used by samurai . Sōjutsu ( 槍術:そうじゅつ ) is the Japanese art of fighting with the spear ( yari ). For most of Japan's history, sōjutsu was practiced extensively by traditional schools. In times of war, it
7100-520: The lecture hall. The organisation of the Shorinji Kempo group is divided into 5 entities: The relationship between these five entities is very close because of the unique fusion of religion, martial arts, and education. (Source: web site of Shorinji Kempo Foundation Federation and Shorinji Kempo Kyohan written by Doshin So) The name "Shōrinji" is a literal reading of the Chinese "Shaolin Temple" from
7200-410: The long peace of the Tokugawa shogunate there was an increase in specialization with many schools identifying themselves with particular major battlefield weapons. However, there were many additional weapons employed by the warriors of feudal Japan, and an art to wielding each. Usually they were studied as secondary or tertiary weapons within a school but there are exceptions, such as the art of wielding
7300-510: The loss of " koryū " status in the eyes of its peers). This is as opposed to "modern" martial arts, whose primary focus is generally upon the self-improvement (mental, physical, or spiritual) of the individual practitioner, with varying degrees of emphasis on the practical application of the martial art for either sport or self-defence purposes. The following subsections represent not individual schools of martial arts, but rather generic "types" of martial arts. These are generally distinguishable on
7400-609: The need to overcome the devastation and re-build self-confidence of the Japanese people on a massive scale. Although Shorinji Kempo was originally introduced in Japan in the late 1940s and 1950s through large scale programmes involving employees of major national organizations (e.g. Japan Railways) it subsequently became popular in many other countries. Today, according to the World Shorinji Kempo Organization (WSKO), there are almost 1.5 million practitioners in 33 countries. The principle of aiki ( 合気 )
7500-509: The never-give-up spirit of Bodhidharma (菩提達磨: Bodai-daruma ). Shorinji Kempo incorporates zen for mental training. Techniques are mainly divided into 3 categories: gōhō (剛法 hard techniques - hand strikes, chops, hammers, elbows, knees, kicks, reaps, stomps, and blocks); jūhō (柔法 soft techniques - throws, pins, chokes, joint manipulations, dodges and releases) and; seihō (整法 healing techniques - acupressure , bone setting, and resuscitation techniques). Doshin So in his book, "What
7600-536: The next section. The application of technique within an embu is known as hien (飛燕) or flying swallow which represents speed and smoothness of those techniques. The embu is occasionally performed wearing a black robe, called hōi (法衣), for example at an opening or closing ceremony of a taikai (大会, convention/tournament). Headquartered in Tadotsu town, Kagawa Prefecture (on Shikoku island) in Japan. Buildings: The bones and ashes of Doshin So are buried behind
7700-474: The partner drills practiced in kendo. Among advanced students, kenjutsu training may also include increasing degrees of freestyle practice. Battōjutsu ( 抜刀術:ばっとうじゅつ ) , literally meaning "the art/science of drawing a sword", and developed in the mid-15th century, is the aspect of swordsmanship focused upon the efficient draw of the sword, cutting down one's enemy, and returning the sword to its scabbard ( saya ; 鞘). The term came into use specifically during
7800-702: The party was the Parteiadler , an eagle atop a swastika. The black-white-red motif is based on the colours of the flags of the German Empire . This colour scheme was commonly associated with anti- Weimar German nationalists , following the fall of the German Empire . The Nazis denounced the black - red - gold flag of the Weimar Republic (the current flag of Germany ). Today, certain countries such as Austria , Brazil , China ,
7900-457: The person is extremely important since politics, law, and day-to-day living are all conducted by human beings. After returning to Japan, Sō thought of establishing a cram school for young people. He was stationed in the small town of Tadotsu , on Shikoku island, to teach Buddhist philosophy. He established Shorinji Kempo to take the concept of ken-zen ichinyo by following Bodhidharma and made use of techniques he had learned in China (source:
8000-630: The practitioner "establish oneself" and to promote "mutual comfort". The philosophy and techniques of Shorinji Kempo are outlined in their master text, (少林寺拳法教範) Shōrinji-Kempō-kyōhan . There are two sides of Shorinji Kempo – true budō (武道) and educational system. As the latter, the organisation is well known for their mental training institution as well as body training facilities dōjō (道場). The founder, Doshin So, wanted to establish not only an organisation which incorporated mental and physical training but also wanted to educate Japanese people who had been completely demoralised by World War II. His aim
8100-406: The public, enjoyed by both the upper class and commoners. Today, sumo retains much of its traditional trappings, including a referee dressed as a Shintō priest, and a ritual where the competitors clap hands, stomp their feet, and throw salt in the ring prior to each match. To win a match, competitors employ throwing and grappling techniques to force the other man to the ground; the first man to touch
8200-401: The samurai, the Japanese warrior class . The bow is a long range weapon that allowed a military unit to engage an opposing force while it was still far away. If the archers were mounted on horseback , they could be used to even more devastating effect as a mobile weapons platform. Archers were also used in sieges and sea battles. However, from the 16th century onward, firearms slowly displaced
8300-513: The short staff, ( jōdō ; 杖道) which was the primary art taught by the Shintō Musō-ryū . Other arts existed to teach military skills other than the use of weaponry. Examples of these include marine skills such as swimming and river-fording ( suijutsu ; 水術), equestrianism ( bajutsu ; 馬術), arson and demolition ( kajutsu ). Gendai budō ( 現代武道:げんだいぶどう ) , literally meaning "modern martial way", usually applies to arts founded after
8400-563: The subject of stories and legends through virtually all cultures in which it has been employed as a tool for violence. In Japan, the use of the katana is no different. Although originally the most important skills of the warrior class were proficiency at horse-riding and shooting the bow, this eventually gave way to swordsmanship. The earliest swords, which can be dated as far back as the Kofun era (3rd and 4th centuries) were primarily straight bladed. According to legend, curved swords made strong by
8500-401: The technique kiri-oroshi (vertical downward cut). Kendo really began to take shape with the introduction of bamboo swords, called shinai (竹刀), and the set of lightweight wooden armour, called bōgu (防具), by Naganuma Sirōzaemon Kunisato (長沼 四郎左衛門 国郷, 1688–1767), which allowed for the practice of strikes at full speed and power without risk of injury to the competitors. Today, virtually
8600-514: The technique. After the set form technique the kenshi perform ren-han-ko (連反攻: a series of offence after defence) which is a free form counter-attack which continues until the original attacker successfully blocks/parries and counters. The juho techniques are followed by katame (pinning techniques) or kime (finishing techniques with various hand strikes or kicks to nerve points). Embu start with gassho-rei and are performed usually in kumi embu (pair), tandoku embu (single) and dantai embu (6 or 8 in
8700-474: The term budō (武道) to mean martial arts is a modern one: historically the term meant a way of life encompassing physical, spiritual and moral dimensions with a focus on self-improvement , fulfillment or personal growth . The terms bujutsu (武術) and bugei (武芸) have different meanings from budō , at least historically speaking. Bujutsu refers specifically to the practical application of martial tactics and techniques in actual combat. Bugei refers to
8800-617: The training at Shorinji Kempo headquarters in Tadotsu town in Kagawa prefecture in Japan. From 1st to 3rd degree, the examinations are held in each prefectural Shorinji Kempo organization headquarters. However, the special examination is only held at its main headquarters in Tadotsu for the qualifications of 4th degree and above. Outside Japan 3rd degree practitioners (san-dan) are considered teachers. In Japan, 4th degree practitioners (yon-dan) and above are considered teachers, but those ranking at
8900-420: The world and transformed into sport wrestling systems, adopted in whole or part by schools of karate or other unrelated martial arts, still practiced as they were centuries ago, or all of the above. Swordsmanship, the art of the sword , has an almost mythological ethos, and is believed by some to be the paramount martial art, surpassing all others. Regardless of the truth of that belief, the sword itself has been
9000-665: Was a primary skill of many soldiers. Today it is a minor art taught in very few schools. Shinobi no jutsu (aka Ninjutsu ) was developed by groups of people mainly from Iga, Mie and Kōka , Shiga of Japan who became noted for their skills as infiltrators , scouts, secret agents, and spies. The training of these shinobi (忍; ninja ) involves espionage , sabotage , disguise , escape , concealment , assassination , archery , medicine , explosives , poisons , and more. The early martial art schools of Japan were almost entirely " Sōgō bujutsu ", composite martial systems made up of an eclectic collection of skills and tools. With
9100-414: Was also introduced for safety. Rating is done by judging attacking points, defensive techniques and counter-attacks. Currently, Kouma So, son of Yuuki So and grandson of Kaiso So Doshin, the founder of Shorinji Kempo, is the president of the World Shorinji Kempo Organization ( WSKO ). He took over from his mother in 2020 at which point she had retired from office after 40 years of service. Kazuhiro Kawashima
9200-565: Was born in Okayama Prefecture and spent his youth in northern China, first with his grandfather and then as an intelligence agent of the occupying Imperial Japanese Army to collect military information during the war. As part of his cover , he was posted to a Taoist school as an apprentice. There, Nakano met Chen Liang (陳 良), a Taoist priest and master of Báilián Mén Quán or Báilián Quán (meaning " White Lotus Fist"). After some time, Chen introduced Nakano to Wen Taizong (文 太宗),
9300-460: Was created by Kano Jigoro (嘉納 治五郎 Kanō Jigorō , 1860–1938) at the end of the 19th century. Kano took the koryū martial arts he learned (specifically Kitō-ryū and Tenjin Shin'yo-ryū jujutsu), and systematically reinvented them into a martial art with an emphasis on freestyle practice ( randori ) and competition, while removing harmful jujutsu techniques or limiting them to the kata . Kano devised
9400-565: Was established 1948 - Nippon Hokuha Shorinji Kempo Society (日本北派少林寺拳法会) was established 1951 - Kongō Zen Sōhonzan Shōrinji (金剛禅総本山少林寺) and Kōmanji kyōdan (黄卍教団) established 1956 - Educational entity, Nihon Shōrinji Bugei Senmon-gakkō (日本少林寺武芸専門学校) was established 1957 - "All Japan Shorinji Kempo Federation" (全日本少林寺拳法連盟, Zen-nihon Shōrinji Kempō Renmei ) was established 1963 - "Shorinji Kempo Federation of Japan" (社団法人日本少林寺拳法連盟, Shadan-hōjin Nihon Shōrinji Kempō Renmei )
9500-428: Was formed as corporate entity 1972 - "International Shorinji Kempo Federation" (ISKF) (国際少林寺拳法連盟) was established 1974 - "World Shorinji Kempo Organization" (WSKO) was established 1980 - Doshin So's death 1992 - "Shorinji Kempo Federation Foundation" formed as a foundation entity 1997 - 50th anniversary celebration 2000 - Shorinji Kempo Group was organised 2002 - Busen (Shorinji Kempo Budo Academy) High School
9600-1053: Was opened 2003 - Busen renamed as Zenrin Gakuen College 2003 - New logo of Shorinji Kempo (so-en) was designed 2005 - Official adoption of the 'so-en' emblem 2007 - 60th anniversary celebration 2008 - All Japan Junior High School Shorinji Kempo Federation was formed 2009 - Sekai-taikai (global convention) cancelled in Indonesia because of security concerns, but taikai held 2012 - Doshin So's 100th Birthday Memorial Taikai, held in Yokohama Japan 2013 - Shorinji Kempo World Taikai 2013, held in Osaka Japan 2017 - Shorinji Kempo World Taikai (in California) and 70th anniversary celebration (source: w:ja:少林寺拳法 , in Japanese) Shorinji Kempo
9700-410: Was to help those who had lost their way and rebuild Japan for the future. It is said that he tried to teach Buddhist philosophy but no one followed him. Later on, So reportedly saw a vision of Bodhidharma , which inspired him to pursue teaching martial arts, as Bodhidharma was believed to have done. Both of these are later to become the main training methods of Shorinji Kempo. Shorinji Kempo includes
9800-492: Was too wounded to continue . Beginning in 728 AD, the Emperor Shōmu (聖武天皇, 701–756) began holding official sumo matches at the annual harvest festivals. This tradition of having matches in the presence of the emperor continued, but gradually spread, with matches also held at Shintō festivals, and sumo training was eventually incorporated into military training. By the 17th century, sumo was an organized professional sport, open to
9900-430: Was used for destructive purposes; to seize an advantage and kill one's opponent. The modern art of aikido is founded upon the principle that the control of the opponent achieved by the successful application of aiki may be used to defeat one's opponent without harming them. Nazi symbolism Final solution Parties The 20th-century German Nazi Party made extensive use of graphic symbols , especially
10000-402: Was useful in case they were thrown overboard during naval conflicts. The samurai practiced Katchu gozen oyogi ( 甲冑御前游 , full armor swimming) , Tachi-oyogi ( 立ち泳ぎ , standing swimming) and Ina-tobi ( 鯔飛 , flying mullet) to board enemy vessels. Activities included strokes with swords, bows and firearms. Hands were kept dry above the water to write messages with an ink brush on
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