Sex in film , the presentation of aspects of sexuality in film , especially human sexuality, has been controversial since the development of the medium. Films which display or suggest sexual behavior have been criticized by religious groups or have been banned or censored by governments, although attitudes have changed much along the years and a more permissive social environment has developed in certain parts of the world, notably in Europe , North America , Australia and New Zealand . In countries with a film rating system , films which contain explicit sex scenes typically receive a restricted classification. Nudity in film may be regarded as sexual or as non-sexual.
100-431: Shortbus is a 2006 American erotic comedy-drama film written and directed by John Cameron Mitchell . The plot revolves around a sexually diverse ensemble of colorful characters trying desperately to connect in an early 2000s New York City . The characters converge in a weekly Brooklyn artistic/sexual salon loosely inspired by various underground NYC gatherings that took place in the early 2000s. According to Mitchell,
200-446: A choreographic tool: Improvisation is used as a choreographic tool in dance composition . Experimenting with the concepts of shape, space, time, and energy while moving without inhibition or cognitive thinking can create unique and innovative movement designs, spatial configuration, dynamics, and unpredictable rhythms. Improvisation without inhibition allows the choreographer to connect to their deepest creative self, which in turn clears
300-409: A cleansing, melancholy humor, and you notice that something quite magical and moving -- and healing -- is taking place, for real, right before your eyes." In a 2016 retrospective for the film's 10th anniversary, Hayden Manders of Nylon wrote, "Today...the movie's optimism and shamelessness feel as progressive as it does provocative. Since then, there hasn't been a movie that celebrates the body, and
400-511: A couple: slightly egotistical former child star Jamie and former sex worker James, the film's other lead character. At the outset, James suggests to his boyfriend that they open up their relationship to have sex with others. During their first consultation, Sofia snaps, slaps Jamie, and then apologetically reveals her "pre-orgasmic" status. The couple suggests she attend a weekly social/artistic/sexual salon in Brooklyn called "Shortbus", which
500-486: A deeper human connection than she had experienced before. One evening at Shortbus, Severin discusses with Sofia the idea of giving up sex work to pursue her dream of being an artist. The two then have an unplanned sexual experience, and once again Sofia is left unsatisfied. Throughout the film, James is seen making a film about himself and his relationship. It turns out to be a suicide note. He attempts to take his own life and
600-494: A dive into the dark-toned world of BDSM . The inclusion in film of any form of sexuality has been controversial since the development of the medium. Kissing in films , for example, was initially considered by some to be scandalous. The Kiss (1896) contained a kiss, which was regarded as a sex scene and drew general outrage from movie goers, civic leaders, and religious leaders, as utterly shocking, obscene and completely immoral. One contemporary critic wrote, "The spectacle of
700-589: A dream of struggling through an overgrown, wild forested area to a gentle seashore where she tries to achieve orgasm again. On failing, she screams, and in the real world the lights go off across the city, seemingly caused by the simultaneous and collective frustration of the characters. The film ends with a song by Justin Bond at Shortbus during the blackout. Sofia arrives and finds Rob with Severin and after acknowledging him sits down by herself. James and Jamie also arrive followed by Ceth and Caleb. Justin's song starts on
800-470: A filmmaker/cast audio commentary . The film was released on Blu-ray in Germany on October 28, 2011. On August 2, 2022, the 4K remaster of Shortbus was released on Blu-ray and DVD from Oscilloscope. Coinciding with the 15th anniversary, the film was made available as an online rental for the first time on all VOD platforms except for Amazon Prime , who rejected the film five times with the reasoning that
900-456: A gleefully randy romantic roundelay, in the tradition of Max Ophuls ' serially sexual French comedy La Ronde (1950). Polymorphously pornographic, sure; but it doesn't feel the slightest bit obscene. And that's a neat trick." He concluded, "And by the time Justin Bond's bullhorn baritone croons 'Everybody Gets It In the End', the thin characterizations and soapy sitcom plot contrivances melt away in
1000-414: A good deal of improvisation because the mind is addressing its own thought and creating its unrehearsed delivery in words, sounds and gestures, forming unpredictable statements that further feed the thought process (the performer as the listener), creating an enriched process that is not unlike instantaneous composition with a given set or repertoire of elements. Where the improvisation is intended to solve
1100-475: A lot about who they are. Some people ask me, 'Couldn't you have told the same story without the explicitness?'. They don't ask whether I could've done Hedwig without the songs. Why not be allowed to use every paint in the paintbox? As indicated in the DVD special features, Lee and Shanti Carson each suggested they be filmed having real orgasms rather than fake them, specifically for the final scene involving Lee and
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#17327798025691200-546: A metaphor for things that were, perhaps, universal, themes like connection and love and fear. We just thought the language of sex could be used the way the language of music could be used in a musical." Due to her participation in several unsimulated sex scenes in the film, Sook-Yin Lee was nearly fired by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , for which she hosted the radio program Definitely Not
1300-568: A method of training improvisational acting. Her son, Paul Sills popularized improvisational theater, or IMPROV, by using Spolin's techniques to train The Second City in Chicago, the first totally improvisational theater company in the US. However, for some particularly gifted performers, no preparation or training is needed. Improvisation in any life or art form can occur more often if it
1400-580: A musician to relax the control filters in their mind during this exercise. It often incorporates insults similar to those in the African-American game The Dozens , and complex rhythmic and sometimes melodic forms comparable to those heard in jazz improvisation. In the realm of silent film music, there are a small number of musicians whose work has been recognized as exceptional by critics, scholars and audiences alike; these include Neil Brand and John Sweeney, among others who are all performers at
1500-400: A popular American erotic subgenre, with films such as Dressed to Kill (1980), Angel Heart (1987), Basic Instinct (1992), Single White Female (1992), Color of Night (1994), Wild Things (1998), Eyes Wide Shut (1999), and The Boy Next Door (2015). In some films, the development of a sexual relationship (or even a one-night stand ) is often used to create tension in
1600-443: A problem on a temporary basis, the "proper" solution being unavailable at the time, it may be known as a " stop-gap ". This applies to the field of engineering. Another improvisational, group problem-solving technique being used in organizations of all kinds is brainstorming , in which any and all ideas that a group member may have are permitted and encouraged to be expressed, regardless of actual practicality. As in all improvisation,
1700-419: A role on the basis of their breast size is controversial and has been described as contributing to breast fetishism , but has proved to be a draw card. Producers such as Russ Meyer produced films which featured actresses with large breasts. Lorna (1964) was the first of his films where the main female part, played by Lorna Maitland , was selected on the basis of breast size. The producers and exhibitors of
1800-513: A series titled X Femmes (French for X Women ), which consisted of ten short films shot by female directors with the goal of producing erotica from a female point of view. Since approximately 2010, many mainstream films have shown sexual scenes between women . There have been various films which have been made which mainly focus on exploring the relationship between women. Because of the limited films featuring same-sex sex scenes before 2010s, researchers were unable to research people's views on
1900-575: A significant contribution in music, dance, cooking, presenting a speech, sales, personal or romantic relationships, sports, flower arranging, martial arts, psychotherapy, and much more. Techniques of improvisation are widely used in training for performing arts or entertainment; for example, music, theatre and dance. To " extemporize " or "ad lib" is basically the same as improvising. Colloquial terms such as "playing by ear", "take it as it comes", and "making it up as [one] goes along" are all used to describe improvisation. The simple act of speaking requires
2000-476: A specific topic, or rules on what can be written. This forces the writer to work within stream of consciousness and write without judgment of the work they produce. This technique is used for a variety of reasons, such as to bypass writer's block , improve creativity, strengthen one's writing instinct and enhance one's flexibility in writing. Some improvisational writing is collaborative, focusing on an almost dadaist form of collaborative fiction . This can take
2100-420: A variety of forms, from as basic as passing a notebook around a circle of writers with each writing a sentence, to coded environments that focus on collaborative novel-writing, like OtherSpace . Improvisation in engineering is to solve a problem with the tools and materials immediately at hand. Examples of such improvisation was the re-engineering of carbon dioxide scrubbers with the materials on hand during
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#17327798025692200-610: A wistful note, but as it progresses it becomes more energetic and positive thanks to the arrival of the Hungry March Band . Jamie and James make out on the floor, and Ceth and Caleb start to hit it off. Rob starts kissing another patron, and Severin progresses from nervous anxiety to happy elation upon the arrival of the band. Sofia engages in a threesome with a couple (Nick and Leah) she has seen several times before and who appear to meet her prerequisite of "just beginning to experiment sexually". Sofia finally achieves an orgasm as
2300-604: A young woman named Therese Belivet (played by Rooney Mara ) falling in love with an older woman named Carol Aird (played by Cate Blanchett ). It includes 3 minutes of sex scenes between Carol and Therese. They were carefully shot with the actors shown half nude, avoiding explicit scenes. Haynes, while talking about the production of the sex scenes, said that actors pretend that they are not nervous, adding: "But they are. So I try to create an environment that's comfortable and predictable. You set your shots, get rid of people that don't need to be there - and then you basically just go." In
2400-509: Is a sex film which does not usually claim any artistic merit, but intends to provoke sexual arousal in the spectators and as such is mainly intended for so called "mature audiences", meaning adults. Some well known actors and actresses in Western countries have performed nude or partial nude scenes, or have dressed and behaved in ways considered sexually provocative by contemporary standards at some point in their careers. One famous case in point
2500-478: Is a theatre art performed throughout the world and has had an on-again, off-again status throughout history. Some of the more famous improv theatres and training centers in the world include: i.O. (formerly ImprovOlympic) in Chicago and Los Angeles, The Second City in Chicago and Toronto, The Players Workshop in Chicago, National Comedy Theatre in San Diego, New York and Phoenix, Upright Citizens Brigade ,
2600-546: Is being closely watched by their across-the-street stalker neighbor, Caleb. Caleb fears the inclusion of Ceth in James and Jamie's relationship might break them up and thus destroy his ability to live vicariously through them, so he attends Shortbus, where he confronts Ceth. Sofia begins to go daily to a spa with a sensory deprivation tank to meet with Severin, and the two begin to have intense conversations. Severin begins to help Sofia loosen up sexually; Sofia helps Severin achieve
2700-449: Is hosted by drag artist Justin Bond . Sofia slowly opens up to new experiences; this includes a friendship with a dominatrix who goes by the name Severin. Sofia's inability to achieve orgasm begins to cause conflict with Rob, who in turn begins attending Shortbus with Sofia. James and Jamie meet a young ex-model and aspiring singer named Ceth (pronounced "Seth") and the three begin a sexual relationship. Meanwhile, James and Jamie's life
2800-403: Is practiced as a way of encouraging creative behavior. That practice includes learning to use one's intuition , as well as learning a technical understanding of the necessary skills and concerns within the domain in which one is improvising. This can be when an individual or group is acting, dancing, singing, playing musical instruments , talking, creating artworks, problem-solving, or reacting in
2900-451: Is rescued by Caleb, who calls for help, but is too embarrassed to wait with James for the help to arrive. He writes his phone number and email address on James' face while he is unconscious. When James wakes in the hospital, he calls Caleb. James goes to Caleb's home to be consoled, but does not contact Jamie or Ceth, neither of whom can understand why he would not call them or come home. An interlocking trio of scenes shows connections between
3000-425: Is somewhat broken as the character Randy Meeks points out that one of the rules of horrors is to not have sex. In an intersecting scene, the film's main protagonist Sidney Prescott loses her virginity to Billy Loomis. After they finish, Billy is stabbed by Ghostface and Sidney is then chased. Randy himself survives a gunshot wound at the end of the film because, as he explains, he is a virgin. However, he dies in
3100-563: Is the Warmest Colour (2013) sparked an international firestorm over its frank depiction of sexuality between two young women, yet managed to win the Palme d'Or , the highest prize awarded at the prestigious Cannes Film Festival in May 2013. Love (2015) contains many explicit unsimulated sex scenes. The Finnish black comedy film Dogs Don't Wear Pants (2019) presents the viewer with
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3200-563: The Apollo 13 space mission, or the use of a knife in place of a screwdriver to turn a screw. Engineering improvisations may be needed because of emergencies, embargo , obsolescence of a product and the loss of manufacturer support, or just a lack of funding appropriate for a better solution. Users of motor vehicles in parts of Africa develop improvised solutions where it is not feasible to obtain manufacturer-approved spare parts. The popular television program MacGyver used as its gimmick
3300-564: The Judson Dance Theater . It is a dance form based on weight sharing, partnering, playing with weight, exploring negative space and unpredictable outcomes. Sculpture often relies on the enlargement of a small model or maquette to create the final work in a chosen material. Where the material is plastic such as clay , a working structure or armature often needs to be built to allow the pre-determined design to be realized. Alan Thornhill 's method for working with clay abandons
3400-1051: The Peoples Improv Theater , the Magnet Theater in New York, The Groundlings in Los Angeles, BATS Improv (Bay Area Theatre Sports) in San Francisco, Wing-It Productions in Seattle, Philly Improv Theater in Philadelphia, Brave New Workshop in Minneapolis, ComedySportz in Milwaukee, Theatresports in Calgary and Improv Comedy Copenhagen. There are also many well known university improv teams, including Theatre Strike Force at
3500-679: The Pordenone Silent Film Festival in Italy. Their performances must match the style and pacing of those films which they accompany and the knowledge of a wide range of musical styles is required, as well as the stamina to play for films which occasionally run more than three hours, without a pause. Improvisation, in theatre, is the playing of dramatic scenes without written dialogue and with minimal or no predetermined dramatic activity. The method has been used for different purposes in theatrical history. Improvisational comedy
3600-609: The University of Florida , Gigglepants at the University of Texas at Austin , and Erasable Inc. at the University of Maryland . Improvisation found a home at universities. The origins of the Second City was the Compass Players , an offshoot of theatre programs at the University of Chicago in the 1950s. Later, once improv had been established as an art form, improv groups sprung up on college campuses, starting in
3700-526: The music video for Bright Eyes ' " First Day of My Life " (which featured Shortbus cast members Bitch, Daniela Sea , and Ray Rivas). The soundtrack was released in Europe on V2 with the Anita O'Day song replaced by "What Matters to Me" by Tiebreaker (John LaMonica). Sex in film An erotic film is usually a film that has an erotic quality, meaning that it may arouse sexual feelings, even if
3800-525: The performing arts is a very spontaneous performance without specific or scripted preparation. The skills of improvisation can apply to many different faculties across all artistic, scientific, physical, cognitive, academic, and non-academic disciplines; see Applied improvisation . The skills of improvisation can apply to many different abilities or forms of communication and expression across all artistic, scientific, physical, cognitive, academic, and non-academic disciplines. For example, improvisation can make
3900-405: The silent era of cinematography . Films that include sex or erotic scenes are to be found in a wide range of genres and sub-genres, with genres that have a sexual or erotic component typically including the term "erotic" in its description – such as erotic dramas, erotic thrillers , sex comedies , coming-of-age films , romantic dramas , besides others. A pornographic film , on the other hand,
4000-443: The "captions are out of sync” and that the film contains “offensive content." Critics noted other films that feature scenes of unsimulated sex, such as Lars von Trier 's Nymphomaniac and Vincent Gallo 's The Brown Bunny , have both been made available to rent on Prime's service. In response, Oscilloscope president Dan Berger stated, “There's no shortage of dicks readily available on Amazon, and apparently, there are plenty behind
4100-960: The 1980s where crowds were easy to find and teams could perform frequently. Now an improv group is a common staple of college extra curricular activities. Notable pioneers in the field of improvisation, comedic or otherwise, include Mike Myers , Neil Mullarkey , Paul Merton , Stephen Fry , John Sessions , Josie Lawrence , Viola Spolin , Paul Sills , David Shepherd , Del Close , Josephine Forsberg , Gary Austin , Martin de Maat , and Keith Johnstone . Notable performers include: Paul Merton , Stephen Colbert , Steve Carell , Bill Murray , Harold Ramis , Robert Townsend , Colin Mochrie , Ryan Stiles , Ross Noble , Eddie Izzard , Tony Slattery , Mike McShane , Sandi Toksvig , Wayne Brady , Jonathan Winters , T. J. Jagodowski , Robin Williams , Conan O'Brien and David Pasquesi . Dance improvisation as
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4200-1015: The 2000s featured kissing scenes, but Central Board of Film Certification 's prohibitions against original nudity still continues, with many Bollywood stars refusing to do sex scenes. On the other hand, implied rape scenes or scenes showing sexual assault were common until approximately the early 2000s. With the entry of over-the-top streaming services such as Netflix and Amazon Prime Video , Art films and foreign films containing sexuality are, however, watched by Indians—their reach being limited to more liberal crowds. A 2007 Taiwanese film titled Lust, Caution by director Ang Lee included multiple graphic sex scenes. The scenes were edited out for release in China and initially for Singapore, and were shown intact in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Malaysia, as well as elsewhere. Many drama series , and daytime soap operas are based around sex. This commonly revolves around
4300-538: The Board's authority. Sponge ENT, the film's South Korean distributor, filed suit and in 2009, the Supreme Court of Korea ordered the ban lifted, declaring the national film censorship law unconstitutional for its ambiguity. In 2022, Oscilloscope Laboratories rereleased Shortbus as a 4K restoration for the film's 15th anniversary. The restoration was screened at New York's IFC Center on January 26, 2022, and
4400-647: The Opera at the time. Ultimately, she retained her job as the CBC relented in the face of support for Lee from the public, as well as from celebrities such as Gus Van Sant , Atom Egoyan , David Cronenberg , Francis Ford Coppola , Michael Stipe , Moby , Julianne Moore and Yoko Ono . The Korea Media Rating Board banned the film from public screenings in South Korea in 2007 for its sex scenes and gay content, although it still screened at film festivals not subject to
4500-827: The Sand (1971) was an American gay pornographic film, the first gay porn film to include credits, to achieve crossover success, to be reviewed by Variety , and one of the earliest porn films, after Blue Movie to gain mainstream credibility, preceding Deep Throat (1972). In North American films, erotic films may be primarily character driven or plot driven , with considerable overlap. Most dramas center around character development, such as Steven Shainberg 's Secretary (2002). Comedy films, especially romantic comedies and romantic dramas, tend toward character interaction. Mystery films, thrillers, drama and horror films tend toward strong plots and premises. Others combine both strong plots and characters. Erotic thrillers are
4600-402: The actors involved in sex scenes, Intimacy Directors International (IDI), a not for profit organization, was established. According to IDI, IDI provides an intimacy coordinator who works with actors and does following: Production companies may hire an intimacy coordinator in the following situations: Since the 2010s, film and TV productions increasingly employ intimacy coordinators to ensure
4700-445: The actress wore a female condom. "They wanted to make sure it was safe sex, and it would look weird if my husband was wearing a condom," Lee explained. Sook-Yin Lee said she had a boyfriend at the time of filming. She revealed he was "very supportive" regarding her real sex scenes with her "dear friend" Raphael Barker. Mitchell said one of the things he wanted to depict in the film was a growing sense of disconnect between people due to
4800-535: The age limit to 12 years, Singapore 21 years, and Brazil opposed to print Blu-rays . The movie earned around $ 20 million in US and Europe. It was shown at the Cannes Film Festival and awarded the Palme d'Or , along with many other international awards. Carol , directed by Todd Haynes and released in November 2015, also caught much attention. Set during Christmas in 1952, it tells the story of
4900-564: The architectural considerations of turning the work are eased considerably but continued removal of material through the rejection of forms deemed too obvious can mean one ends up with nothing. Former pupil Jon Edgar uses Thornhill's method as a creative extension to direct carving in stone and wood. The director Mike Leigh uses lengthy improvisations developed over a period of weeks to build characters and story lines for his films. He starts with some sketch ideas of how he thinks things might develop but does not reveal all his intentions with
5000-464: The audience. One notable improvisational pianist is Franz Liszt . The origins of Liszt's improvisation in an earlier tradition of playing variations on a theme were mastered and epitomized by Johann Sebastian Bach , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , and Ludwig van Beethoven . Notable improvisational musicians from the modern era include Keith Jarrett , an improvisational jazz pianist and multi-instrumentalist who has performed many improvised concerts all over
5100-402: The blackout ends and power returns to New York. The audition website elicited half a million hits and 500 audition tape submissions. Forty people were called in for improv auditions and nine actors were cast, all before there was any story in mind. The film's characters and story were created collaboratively over two and a half years through improvisation workshops with the cast. Mitchell wrote
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#17327798025695200-412: The cast who discover their fate and act out their responses as their destinies are gradually revealed, including significant aspects of their lives which will not subsequently be shown onscreen. The final filming draws on dialogue and actions that have been recorded during the improvisation period. Improvisational writing is an exercise that imposes limitations on a writer such as a time limit, word limit,
5300-546: The characters' emotional problems and their sexual lives. At Caleb's house, he and James have sex, and James allows Caleb to penetrate him, something he has never allowed anyone to do before. Afterward, in a dramatic revelation, James is seen in the window of Caleb's apartment by Jamie, who realizes in that moment that James is alive and okay. Rob and Severin have a paid encounter where Rob asks to be flogged, something he could not ask Sofia to do. As this progresses, Severin loses control and Rob tries to comfort her. Sofia seems to have
5400-529: The characters' lives and serves the whole story up with a generous dose of sweetness and wit." The film also has a score of 64 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 27 reviews. Peter Travers from Rolling Stone commented "If there is such a thing as hard-core with a soft heart, this is it." Writing for RogerEbert.com , Jim Emerson said, "the characters in Shortbus focus on sex as a way of getting through to each other, and getting in touch with themselves. It's
5500-463: The context of naturism would normally be regarded as non-sexual. Some people distinguish between "gratuitous sex" and sex scenes which are presented as integral to a film's plot or as part of the character development. Sex scenes are the main feature of pornographic films. In softcore films, sexuality is less explicit. Erotic films are suggestive of sexuality, but need not contain nudity. Love scenes, erotic or not, have been present in films since
5600-492: The development of personal relationships of the main characters, with a view of creating sexual tension in the series. Partial nudity was considered acceptable on daytime television in the 1970s but disappeared after 2000, partly due to more conservative morals, and also to the prevalence of cable and satellite subscriptions. Only PBS occasionally features nudity. In 2008 and 2009, the French TV channel Canal+ featured
5700-414: The film attempts to "employ sex in new cinematic ways because it's too interesting to leave to porn." Shortbus includes a variety of explicit scenes containing non-simulated sexual intercourse with visible penetration and male ejaculation. In New York City, Sofia Lin, a couples counselor / sex therapist , is married to the handsome but unambitious and slightly dim-witted Rob. She comes into contact with
5800-442: The film were prosecuted for obscenity in several US states. Other large breasted actresses used by Meyer include Kitten Natividad , Erica Gavin , Tura Satana , and Uschi Digard among many others. The majority of them were naturally large breasted and he occasionally cast women in their first trimesters of pregnancy to enhance their breast size even further. Author and director William Rotsler said: "with Lorna Meyer established
5900-456: The film's salon was actually shot), and the weekly CineSalon film gathering, both of which were organized, in part, by Stephen Kent Jusick who plays Creamy in the film. The still-running underground Rubulad party was also an inspiration. The film premiered at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival , where it was received warmly with a standing ovation from audiences and strong interest from North American distributors, despite its explicit content. The film
6000-703: The formula that made him rich and famous, the formula of people filmed at top hate, top lust, top heavy." Blue Movie (1969), directed by Andy Warhol , was the first adult erotic film depicting explicit sex to receive wide theatrical release in the United States . Blue Movie is a seminal film in the Golden Age of Porn and, according to Warhol, a major influence in the making of Last Tango in Paris (1972), an internationally controversial erotic drama film. Another explicit adult film of that period
6100-460: The franchise subsequently dies – female aliens kill human suitors regardless of whether they have poor genes, resist the alien's advances, or mate successfully. Human women who mate with alien men die shortly after sex as their abdomens burst during the unnaturally rapid pregnancy that always follows. Most times in horror movies the typical survivor is a young girl who is still a virgin. In the film Scream , which satirizes horror movies, this rule
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#17327798025696200-470: The general public. By the early 1980s, the rise of home video gradually led to the end of the era when people went to movie theaters to watch pornography. Sex is especially prevalent in the erotic thriller genre which peaked in popularity in the 1990s. A study published in May 2024 found that sex in feature films had declined dramatically since the year 2000. The study's author theorized that this could be due to changing audience tastes and social norms,
6300-602: The iconnical pianists Fred van Hove (Be) and Misha Mengelberg (NL) and more recently the Belgian Seppe Gebruers who improvise with two pianos tuned a quartertone apart. Improvised freestyle rap is commonly practiced as a part of rappers ' creative processes, as a "finished product" for release on recordings (when the improvisation is judged good enough), as a spiritual event, as a means of verbal combat in battle rap , and, simply, for fun. As mentioned above, studies have suggested that improvisation allows
6400-595: The intimate scenes between women. In 2016, researchers Maria T. Soto-Sanfiel and Adriana Ibiti created a report on pleasurable sensations created by watching sexual scenes between women. People, including heterosexual individuals, reported that the scenes had different effects on their sexual arousal . The reasons were different for everyone who identified themselves as either heterosexual or homosexual , male or female. Lesbian women said that it brought back memories of their own experience and created pleasurable sensations while watching it. Heterosexual women said that they got
6500-487: The joys and the ickiness of sex. What's more, it's a story about New York that's hardly told. (And New York stories are ultimately about all of us.) This one isn't glamorized or satirized. It seeks to harmonize." Some have branded the film " pornographic ". In response, Mitchell said, "I define -- and most people do -- pornography as devoid of artistic intent. The purpose of pornography is to arouse. I don't think anyone got [sexually aroused] watching this film", and argued that
6600-424: The maquette, seeing it as ultimately deadening to creativity . Without the restrictions of the armature, a clay matrix of elements allows that when recognizable forms start to emerge, they can be essentially disregarded by turning the work, allowing for infinite possibility and the chance for the unforeseen to emerge more powerfully at a later stage. Moving from adding and taking away to purely reductive working,
6700-526: The medial prefrontal cortex, which is an area associated with an increase in self-expression. Further, there was decreased activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex , which is an area associated with self-monitoring. This change in activity is thought to reduce the inhibitions that normally prevent individuals from taking risks and improvising. Improvisation can take place as a solo performance, or interdependently in an ensemble with other players. When done well, it often elicits gratifying emotional responses from
6800-537: The middle of it. This convention of it being bad luck to have sex in a horror film is notably illustrated in the Friday the 13th film series, where supernatural villain Jason Voorhees takes a special dislike to teenagers and young adults having sex because, as a young boy, he drowned in a lake while the camp counselors who should have been supervising him were having sex. In some interpretations of this "rule",
6900-432: The moment and in response to the stimulus of one's immediate environment and inner feelings. This can result in the invention of new thought patterns, new practices, new structures or symbols, and/or new ways to act. Improvisation was originally rarely used on dramatic television. A major exception was the situation comedy Mork & Mindy where star Robin Williams was allotted specific sections in each episode where he
7000-406: The most important examples of this. The entertainment industry is an important part of modern India, and is expressive of Indian society in general. Historically, both films and television lacked any frank depiction of sex. Even kissing scenes, for example, were banned by Indian film censors until late 1990s. Since then, the entertainment industry has liberalized and some Bollywood films in
7100-416: The orgy sequence involving Carson. Mitchell also participated in the latter scene, performing oral sex on a woman for the first time "as a gesture of solidarity". The panoramic cityscape interspersed through the film was completely computer-generated and designed by John Bair. In the opening sequence in which Sook-Yin Lee and Raphael Barker are engaged in a session of unsimulated vaginal intercourse,
7200-486: The past, sex scenes between same-sex couple not only made the actors uncomfortable, but they were also stigmatized, considered shocking or even immoral. However, this has changed greatly and many films about same-sex relationships have been made. There is also an increasing focus on gay male relationships in cinema. An Italian film Call Me by Your Name , directed by Luca Guadagnino , was released in January 2017. Set in
7300-400: The process of brainstorming opens up the minds of the people involved to new, unexpected and possibly useful ideas. The colloquial term for this is " thinking outside the box ." Improvisation can be thought of as an "on the spot" or " off the cuff " spontaneous moment of sudden inventiveness that can just come to mind, body and spirit as an inspiration. Viola Spolin created theater games as
7400-401: The prolonged pasturing on each other's lips was beastly enough in life size on the stage but magnified to gargantuan proportions and repeated three times over it is absolutely disgusting." The Catholic Church called for censorship and moral reform – because kissing in public at the time could lead to prosecution. Perhaps in defiance of the righteous indignation and "to spice up a film", the film
7500-436: The rise of digital culture . Of one of the film's opening scenes where the character James cries immediately after masturbating alone on camera, Mitchell commented, "That, to me, is the strongest metaphor for how sad and lonely today's digital culture is." The characters all converge on a weekly underground gathering or salon called Shortbus, inspired by the short yellow school buses for "challenged" students. The Shortbus salon
7600-412: The rising importance of global market considerations, the proliferation of internet pornography and increased sensitivity to actors' working conditions. To minimize risk and conflict, and because an actor can feel vulnerable shooting a sex scene, agreements are signed prior to filming. Therein, specific terms of each sex scene are negotiated, including details of the sex scenes and the surroundings of
7700-545: The same pleasurable sensations as watching heterosexual sex scenes. Heterosexual men related the scenes to their memories of pornography. French film Blue Is the Warmest Colour , directed by Abdellatif Kechiche , was released in October 2013. The film is about a high school student Adele who lusts after art student Lea and falls in love with her. The film explores the lesbian relationship between them and their transformation as characters. To showcase their developing characters,
7800-400: The scene or material can remain. Also, whether photographs can be taken, and if these are to be used in the promotion of the film. Use of a body double , a person replacing the performer, is also regulated, as is the consequences of a performer agreeing to a nude scene but later deciding against doing it. The agreements apply to auditions too. To tackle the physical and psychological safety of
7900-470: The scenes too. The prudishness and utter hypocrisy of refusing to carry this film — one that is the height of healthy representation, inclusiveness, and support for a community often persecuted — only further perpetuates abuse and they should be ashamed." Oscilloscope encouraged viewers to seek the film out on other VOD platforms besides Amazon Prime. The soundtrack was released on Conor Oberst 's record label, Team Love , on November 7, 2006. Mitchell directed
8000-449: The screenplay from the raw material generated by the workshops and rehearsals. Much of the sex in the film is unsimulated. Mitchell says: In the old days, when you couldn't show sex on film, directors like Hitchcock had metaphors for sex (trains going into tunnels, etc). When you can show more realistic sex, the sex itself can be a metaphor for other parts of the character's lives. The way people express themselves sexually can tell you
8100-600: The sequel, Scream 2 , after which it is revealed that he lost his virginity sometime prior to his death. In Mexico, many comedy films are based on sex, typically portraying men as unstoppable sex-seeking creatures and women as willing targets. Although the number of such comedies waned during the 1990s, domestic servants, bar workers, dancers and neighbors' wives continue to be depicted as potentially willing sexual partners. The films Homework (La Tarea) (1991), Miracle Alley (El callejón de los milagros) (1995) and And Your Mother Too (Y tu tamá también) (2001) are some of
8200-608: The sex acts themselves directly cause the character's demise. In Cabin Fever , a man catches the deadly illness because a woman who was infected (but not yet symptomatic) seduces and has impulsive sex with him. They do not use a condom because the careless woman believes she is healthy. Ironically, the woman (and the audience) only realize that she is infected because of red welts that are brought out by their rough lovemaking. Species (1995) and its sequels also feature many sexual deaths as virtually every human who mates with an alien in
8300-432: The sex in Shortbus is often purposefully "de-eroticized". He added, "We keep reminding people it's not pornographic — it's not a film that's meant to arouse. We try to de-eroticize the sex to see what kind of emotions and ideas are left over when the haze of eroticism is waved away." In addition, Mitchell said, "There is a certain provocation we had in mind with this film, but more important than that, we wanted to use sex as
8400-517: The silent era with films such as The Last Days of Pompeii (1926). Lars von Trier of Denmark has included explicit/unsimulated sex scenes in some of his films, such as Breaking the Waves (1996), The Idiots (1998), Manderlay (2005), Antichrist (2009), and Nymphomaniac (2013). He is also a co-founder of film company Puzzy Power , a subsidiary of his Zentropa , with the goal of producing hardcore pornographic films for women. Blue
8500-445: The stated or suggested intention of the film maker is to induce philosophical contemplation concerning the aesthetics of sexual desire, sensuality and romantic love . Sex in film can be distinguished from a sex film, which usually refers to a pornographic sex film and sometimes to a sex education film. It should also be distinguished from nudity in film, though nudity can be presented in a sexualized context. For example, nudity in
8600-465: The storyline, especially if the people involved should not be sleeping together, such as in Out of Sight (1998), where a U.S. Marshal has sex with the criminal she is pursuing. In horror films , sex is often used to 'mark' characters that are doomed to die. Characters that engage in sex acts are often the first to be claimed by the antagonist(s), or will die shortly after their sex scene or (sometimes) in
8700-432: The studio when the sex scenes will be shot. These "nudity riders" are written contracts commonly used by movie and television shows that intend to film sex or nude scenes . These agreements can include very detailed descriptions such as how much the actors have to be nude, i.e. nude or semi-nude, and information on their attire. An agreement may stipulate that while an intimate scene is being shot, only people associated with
8800-521: The summer of 1983, the film is about a 17-year-old American-Jewish man, named Elio (played by Timothee Chalamet ), forming a relationship with a 24-year old graduate student Oliver. Improvisation Improvisation , often shortened to improv , is the activity of making or doing something not planned beforehand, using whatever can be found. The origin of the word itself is in the Latin "improvisus", which literally means un-foreseen. Improvisation in
8900-454: The three-hour long film contained almost ten minutes of sexual scenes between them. These scenes were so long that even heterosexual scenes in movies have not exceeded the length. The scenes were shot in a close-up manner, showing great detail with bold and intimate camera angles. Many critics expressed that if it was not a film, the sex scenes would be close to pornography . The sex scenes were controversial and received mixed reviews. France set
9000-406: The way for pure invention. This cognitive inhibition is similar to the inhibition described by Limb for musical improvisation, which can be found in the music section above. Contact improvisation : a form developed in 1973, that is now practiced around the world. Contact improvisation originated from the movement studies of Steve Paxton in the 1970s and developed through the continued exploration of
9100-578: The wellbeing of actors who participate in sex scenes, and to help prevent harassment and violations of consent. Pedro Almodóvar of Spain is a prolific director who has included eroticism in many of his movies. Tinto Brass of Italy has dedicated his career to bringing explicit sexuality into mainstream cinema. His films are also notable for feminist -friendly eroticism. French filmmaker Catherine Breillat caused controversy with unsimulated sex in her films Romance (1999) and Anatomy of Hell (2004). In Italy, nudity and strong sexual themes go back to
9200-566: The world; W. A. Mathieu a.k.a. William Allaudin Mathieu, the musical director for The Second City in Chicago, the first ongoing improvisational theatre troupe in the United States, and later musical director for another improv theatre, The Committee , an offshoot of The Second City in San Francisco; Derek Bailey , an improvisational guitarist and writer of Improvisation: Its Nature and Practice; Evan Parker ; British saxophone player,
9300-525: Was Mona the Virgin Nymph (1970), that contained a number of unsimulated non-penetrative sex scenes. Unlike Blue Movie , however, Mona had a plot . To forestall legal problems, the film was screened without credits. The producer of Mona , Bill Osco , went on to produce other adult films, such as Flesh Gordon (1974), Harlot (1971), and Alice in Wonderland (1976). Boys in
9400-566: Was American actress Marilyn Monroe , who early in her career in the film industry performed in sexually explicit short films (never widely circulated to the general public) before taking roles in films which did not require her to display sexual activity, but only that she could pose as a sexually attractive female. Her image has become an icon of American popular culture. During the Golden Age of Porn between 1969 and 1984, several American pornographic films were released theatrically and received relatively positive attention from movie critics and
9500-445: Was allowed to perform freely. Musical improvisation is usually defined as the spontaneous performance of music without previous preparation or any written notes. In other words, the art of improvisation can be understood as composing music "on the fly". There have been experiments by Charles Limb, using functional magnetic resonance imaging , that show the brain activity during musical improvisation. Limb showed increased activity in
9600-777: Was followed by many kiss imitators, including The Kiss in the Tunnel (1899) and The Kiss (1900). Other producers would take the criticism on board, or in mock of the standard, and use an implicit kiss, which would be obstructed from view just as the lips would touch, such as shielding a possible kiss by placing say a hat in front of the actors' faces, or fading to grey just as a kiss is to take place, etc. The display of cleavage created controversy. For example, producer Howard Hughes displayed Jane Russell 's cleavage in The Outlaw (1943) and in The French Line (1953), which
9700-525: Was found objectionable under the Hays Code because of Russell's "breast shots in bathtub, cleavage and breast exposure" while some of her decollete gowns were regarded to be "intentionally designed to give a bosom peep-show effect beyond even extreme decolletage". Both films were condemned by the National Legion of Decency and were released only in cut versions. The selection of actresses for
9800-598: Was later rolled out theatrically throughout the year. The film was released to DVD in North America on March 13, 2007. The DVD features a comprehensive documentary, "Gifted and Challenged: the Making of Shortbus " (Director/producer M. Sean Kaminsky), the vérité -style "How to Shoot Sex: A Docu-Primer", deleted scenes (including a dropped subplot about a character who is the Bush twins ' personal assistant), as well as
9900-564: Was loosely based on a series of New York social/artistic/sexual gatherings. One was the monthly "Shortbus Sweaty Teenage Dance Party" organized by Mitchell (2002) as "DJ Dear Tic", his Radical Faerie nickname (Mitchell was influenced by annual Radical Faerie counter-cultural gatherings in Tennessee and New Orleans ). Other influences include the Lusty Loft Parties that took place at a Brooklyn art collective called DUMBA (where
10000-731: Was ultimately picked up by THINKFilm , who released it in North America on October 13, 2006. The film was also released in over 25 countries, winning multiple awards at the Athens , Zurich , and Gijon film festivals . Howard Gertler and Tim Perell received an Independent Spirit Award as Producers of the Year. Shortbus received mixed to positive reviews, currently holding a 68% positive score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 127 reviews with an average rating of 6.50/10. The consensus states: "The sex may be explicit, but Mitchell integrates it into
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