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37-578: The expedition carried out survey work and scientific studies for three-four years (1956–1960). The expedition was intended as part of Norway's participation in the International Geophysical Year , 1957-58. The crew set sail from Oslo on board two whaling ships, the Polarsirkel and Polarbjørn , on 10 November 1956. The expedition was led by Sigurd Gunnarson Helle , a geodesist at Norsk Polarinstitutt . It included

74-673: A General Assembly of all Members was convened every three years. ICSU has three Regional Offices − Africa, Asia and the Pacific as well as Latin America and the Caribbean. The principal source of ICSU's finances was the contributions it receives from its members. Other sources of income are the framework contracts from UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and grants and contracts from United Nations bodies, foundations and agencies, which are used to support

111-543: A Polar Year, especially considering recent advances in rocketry, radar, and computing. Berkner and Chapman proposed to the International Council of Scientific Unions that an International Geophysical Year (IGY) be planned for 1957–58, coinciding with an approaching period of maximum solar activity. In 1952, the IGY was announced. Joseph Stalin 's death in 1953 opened the way for international collaboration with

148-599: A documentary about the project for the National Snow and Ice Data Center . The participating countries for the IGY included the following: In the end, the IGY was a resounding success, and it led to advancements that live on today. For example, the work of the IGY led directly to the Antarctic Treaty , which called for the use of Antarctica for peaceful purposes and cooperative scientific research. Since then, international cooperation has led to protecting

185-471: A free and open exchange of data among nations. ICSU-WDS goals are to preserve quality-assured scientific data and information, to facilitate open access, and promote the adoption of standards. ICSU World Data System created in 2008 superseded the World Data Centers (WDCs) and Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical data analysis Services (FAGS) created by ICSU to manage data generated by

222-668: A total crew of fourteen researchers which was reduced to nine during the third year. Among their activities was topological mapping of the region. In 1960, King Olav V of Norway instituted the Antarctic Medal ( Antarktismedaljen ) commemorating the expedition which was awarded to 37 people who were attached to the expedition in various ways. This Antarctica -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . International Geophysical Year The International Geophysical Year ( IGY ; French : Année géophysique internationale ), also referred to as

259-627: A two-man camp was installed beside Taylor Glacier, 60 miles (97 km) west of Mawson. Its principal purpose was to enable parallactic photography of the aurora australis (thus locating it in space), but it also permitted studies of Emperor penguins in the adjacent rookery. Two years later, Australia took over the running of Wilkes , a station built for the IGY by the United States. When Wilkes rapidly deteriorated from snow and ice accumulation, plans were made to build Casey Station , known as Repstat ("replacement station"). Opened in 1969, Repstat

296-454: Is the guardian of this work." The ICSU Secretariat (20 staff in 2012) in Paris ensured the day-to-day planning and operations under the guidance of an elected executive board. Three Policy Committees − Committee on Scientific Planning and Review (CSPR), Committee on Freedom and Responsibility in the conduct of Science (CFRS) and Committee on Finance − assisted the executive board in its work and

333-590: The Antarctic continent at Mawson in 1954. It is now the longest continuously operating station south of the Antarctic Circle. Davis was added in 1957, in the Vestfold Hills, 400 miles (640 km) east of Mawson. The wintering parties for the IGY numbered 29 at Mawson and 4 at Davis, all male. (Both stations now have 16 to 18 winterers, including both sexes.) As a part of the IGY activities,

370-637: The Antarctic environment, preserving historic sites, and conserving the animals and plants. Today, 41 nations have signed the Treaty and international collaborative research continues. The ICSU World Data System (WDS) was created by the 29th General Assembly of the International Council for Science (ICSU) and builds on the 50-year legacy of the former ICSU World Data Centres (WDCs) and former Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical data-analysis Services (FAGS). This World Data System , hosts

407-471: The Arctic and Antarctic. International Council of Scientific Unions The International Council for Science ( ICSU , after its former name, International Council of Scientific Unions ) was an international non-governmental organization devoted to international cooperation in the advancement of science . Its members were national scientific bodies and international scientific unions. In 2017,

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444-693: The ICSU comprised 122 multi-disciplinary National Scientific Members, Associates and Observers representing 142 countries and 31 international, disciplinary Scientific Unions. ICSU also had 22 Scientific Associates. In July 2018, ICSU merged with the International Social Science Council (ISSC) to form the International Science Council (ISC) at a constituent general assembly in Paris . The ICSU's mission

481-713: The IGY was particularly suited for studying some of these phenomena, since it covered the peak of solar cycle 19 . Both the Soviet Union and the U.S. launched artificial satellites for this event; the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1 , launched on October 4, 1957, was the first successful artificial satellite. Other significant achievements of the IGY included the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts by Explorer 1 and mid-ocean submarine ridges, an important confirmation of plate-tectonic theory . The origin of

518-503: The IGY. Although the 1932 Polar Year accomplished many of its goals, it fell short on others because of the advance of World War II. In fact, because of the war, much of the data collected and scientific analyses completed during the 1932 Polar Year were lost forever, something that was particularly troubling to the IGY organizing committee. The committee resolved that "all observational data shall be available to scientists and scientific institutions in all countries." They felt that without

555-807: The International Council for Science, while its rich history and strong identity would be well served by retaining the existing acronym, ICSU. The Principle of Freedom and Responsibility in Science : the free and responsible practice of science is fundamental to scientific advancement and human and environmental well-being. Such practice, in all its aspects, requires freedom of movement, association, expression and communication for scientists, as well as equitable access to data, information, and other resources for research. It requires responsibility at all levels to carry out and communicate scientific work with integrity, respect, fairness, trustworthiness, and transparency, recognizing its benefits and possible harms. In advocating

592-649: The International Geophysical Year can be traced to the International Polar Years held in 1882–1883 , then in 1932–1933 and most recently from March 2007 to March 2009 . On 5 April 1950, multiple scientists (including Lloyd Berkner , Sydney Chapman , S. Fred Singer , and Harry Vestine ) met in James Van Allen 's living room and suggested that the time was ripe to have a worldwide Geophysical Year instead of

629-412: The International Geophysical Year. The IGY triggered an 18-month year of Antarctic science. The International Council of Scientific Unions , a parent body, broadened the proposals from polar studies to geophysical research. More than 70 existing national scientific organizations then formed IGY committees, and participated in the cooperative effort. Australia established its first permanent base on

666-550: The Soviet Union. In 1952 the Comité Speciale de l'Année Géophysique Internationale (CSAGI), a special committee of the ICSU, was established to coordinate the International Geophysical Year (IGY) under president Sydney Chapman , a British geophysicist. On 29 July 1955, James C. Hagerty , president Dwight D. Eisenhower 's press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch "small Earth circling satellites" between 1 July 1957 and 31 December 1958 as part of

703-563: The Soviet embassy and announced his country's intention to launch a satellite in the "near future". To the surprise of many, the USSR launched Sputnik 1 as the first artificial Earth satellite on 4 October 1957. After several failed Vanguard launches, Wernher von Braun and his team convinced President Dwight D. Eisenhower to use one of their US Army missiles for the Explorer program (there

740-657: The United States contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Project Vanguard would be managed by the Naval Research Laboratory and to be based on developing sounding rockets , which had the advantage that they were primarily used for non-military scientific experiments. Four days later, at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen, scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at

777-509: The coast of Adelie Land. The first French station, Port Martin , was completed 9 April 1950, but destroyed by fire the night of 22 to 23 January 1952. Belgium established the King Baudouin Base in 1958. The expedition was led by Gaston de Gerlache , son of Adrien de Gerlache who had led the 1897–1899 Belgian Antarctic Expedition . In December 1958, four team members were stranded several hundred kilometers inland when one of

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814-607: The dogline and survived by killing Adélie penguins in a nearby rookery (which were preserved by the low temperature). The two dogs became instant national heroes in Japan. A Japanese movie about this story was made in 1983, Antarctica . France contributed Dumont d'Urville Station and Charcot Station in Adélie Land . As a forerunner expedition, the ship Commandant Charcot of the French Navy spent nine months of 1949/50 at

851-527: The expedition on the North Pole. At another point the ice sheet broke up and their fuel tanks started floating away from the base. They had to put pans under the plane engines as soon as they landed as any oil spots would go straight through the ice in the intense sunshine. Their only casualty was a man who got too close to the propeller with the oil pan. Norbert Untersteiner was the project leader for Drifting Station Alpha and in 2008 produced and narrated

888-532: The fifteen World Data Centers in the United States. Each World Data Center would eventually archive a complete set of IGY data to deter losses prevalent during the International Polar Year of 1932. Each World Data Center was equipped to handle many different data formats, including computer punch cards and tape—the original computer media. In addition, each host country agreed to abide by the organizing committee's resolution that there should be

925-505: The fourth, launched on 17 March 1958. The Soviet launches would be followed by considerable political consequences, one of which was the creation of the US space agency NASA on 29 July 1958. The British–American survey of the Atlantic, carried out between September 1954 and July 1959, discovered the full length of the mid-Atlantic ridges ( plate tectonics ); it was a major discovery during

962-446: The free and responsible practice of science, the council promotes equitable opportunities for access to science and its benefits, and opposes discrimination based on such factors as ethnic origin, religion, citizenship, language, political or other opinion, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, disability, or age. The International Science Council's Committee on Freedom and Responsibility in Science (CFRS) "oversees this commitment and

999-604: The free exchange of data across international borders, there would be no point in having an IGY. In April 1957, just three months before the IGY began, scientists representing the various disciplines of the IGY established the World Data Center system. The United States hosted World Data Center "A" and the Soviet Union hosted World Data Center "B". World Data Center "C" was subdivided among countries in Western Europe, Australia, and Japan. NOAA hosted seven of

1036-616: The icy crust), until it was demolished in December 2010 for safety reasons. Ice Skate 2 was a floating research station constructed and staffed by U.S. scientists. It mapped the bottom of the Arctic Ocean. Zeke Langdon was a meteorologist on the project. Ice Skate 2 was planned to be staffed in 6 month shifts, but due to soft ice surfaces for landing some crew members were stationed for much longer. At one point they lost all communications with anyone over their radios for one month except

1073-647: The oldest non-governmental organizations in the world, representing the evolution and expansion of two earlier bodies known as the International Association of Academies (IAA; 1899–1914) and the International Research Council (IRC; 1919–1931). In 1998, Members agreed that the Council's current composition and activities would be better reflected by modifying the name from the International Council of Scientific Unions to

1110-481: The repositories for data collected during the IGY. Seven of the 15 World Data Centers in the United States are co-located at NOAA National Data Centers or at NOAA affiliates. These ICSU Data Centers not only preserve historical data, but also promote research and ongoing data collection. The fourth International Polar Year on 2007–2008 focused on climate change and its effects on the polar environment. Sixty countries participated in this effort and it included studies in

1147-450: The ship returned a year later, it became beset offshore (stuck in the sea-ice). It was eventually freed with the assistance of the US icebreaker Burton Island but could not resupply the station. The 1957 winterers were retrieved by helicopter, but bad weather prevented going back for the station's 15 sled dogs, which were left chained up. When the ship returned a year later, two of the dogs, Taro and Jiro, were still alive. They had escaped

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1184-546: The skis on their light aircraft broke on landing. After a ten-day ordeal, they were rescued by an IL-14 aircraft after a flight of 1,940 miles (3,100 km) from the Soviet base, Mirny Station . The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was erected as the first permanent structure at the South Pole in January 1957. It survived intact for 53 years, but was slowly buried in the ice (as all structures there eventually sink into

1221-457: The third International Polar Year , was an international scientific project that lasted from 1 July 1957 to 31 December 1958. It marked the end of a long period during the Cold War when scientific interchange between East and West had been seriously interrupted. Sixty-seven countries participated in IGY projects, although one notable exception was the mainland People's Republic of China , which

1258-528: Was not yet an inhibition about using military rockets to get into space). On 8 November 1957, the US Secretary of Defense instructed the US Army to use a modified Jupiter-C rocket to launch a satellite. The US achieved this goal only four months later with Explorer 1, on 1 February 1958, but after Sputnik 2 on 3 November 1957, making Explorer 1 the third artificial Earth satellite. Vanguard 1 became

1295-693: Was protesting against the participation of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ). East and West agreed to nominate the Belgian Marcel Nicolet as secretary general of the associated international organization. The IGY encompassed fourteen Earth science disciplines: aurora , airglow , cosmic rays , geomagnetism , gravity , ionospheric physics , longitude and latitude determinations (precision mapping), meteorology , oceanography , nuclear radiation , glaciology , seismology , rockets and satellites , and solar activity . The timing of

1332-462: Was replaced by present-day Casey station in 1988. Halley Research Station was founded in 1956 for the IGY by an expedition from the (British) Royal Society . The bay where the expedition set up their base was named Halley Bay, after the astronomer Edmond Halley . Showa Station , the first Japanese base in Antarctica, was set up in January 1957, supported by the ice breaker Sōya . When

1369-402: Was to strengthen international science for the benefit of society. To do this, the ICSU mobilized the knowledge and resources of the international scientific community to: Activities focused on three areas: International Research Collaboration, Science for Policy, and Universality of Science. In July 2018, the ICSU became the International Science Council (ISC). The ICSU itself was one of

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