104-475: Sixth Republic may refer to: Governments [ edit ] Sixth Brazilian Republic (1985–present) Sixth Republic of Korea (1987–present) Sixth Republic of Niger (2009–2010) See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Sixth Republic First Republic Second Republic Third Republic Fourth Republic Fifth Republic Seventh Republic Topics referred to by
208-617: A child born out of wedlock. Collor became president of Brazilian football club Centro Sportivo Alagoano (CSA) in 1976. After entering politics, he was successively named mayor of Alagoas ' capital Maceió in 1979 ( National Renewal Alliance Party ), elected a federal deputy ( Democratic Social Party ) in 1982, and eventually elected governor of the small Northeastern state of Alagoas ( Brazilian Democratic Movement Party ) in 1986. During his term as governor, he attracted publicity by allegedly fighting high salaries for public servants, whom he labeled marajás ( maharajas ) (likening them to
312-410: A democracy". The transition towards democracy that ended the military regime in 1985 and spurred the adoption of a new, democratic, Constitution in 1988, was, however, troubled. Hard-liners reacted to the opening with a series of terrorist bombings. In April 1981 after a long string of bombings and other violence a bomb went off prematurely and killed one of the men in the car with it and badly injured
416-588: A formal summons from the Brazilian Senate notifying him that the Senate had accepted the report, and that he was now a defendant in an impeachment trial. Per the Constitution of Brazil , upon receipt of that writ of summons, Collor's presidential powers were suspended for 180 days, and vice president Itamar Franco became acting president. The Senate also sent an official communication to the office of
520-485: A new Constitution for the country. The Constituent Assembly began deliberations in February 1987 and concluded its work on 5 October 1988. Brazil's current Constitution was promulgated in 1988 and completed the democratic institutions. The new Constitution replaced the authoritarian legislation that still remained from the military regime. In 1989 Brazil held its first elections for president by direct popular ballot since
624-733: A new democratic constitution for the country. Ulysses Guimarães , who led the civilian resistance to the military rule, was chosen by his fellow Assembly members to preside over the Constituent Assembly, which sat in session from February 1987 to October 1988. The Constituent Assembly proclaimed a new constitution in October 1988 and restored civil and public rights such as freedom of speech , independent public prosecutors ( Ministério Público ), economic freedom, direct and free elections and universal healthcare. It also de-centralized government, empowering local and state governments. As
728-540: A painful austerity program on Brazil. Under that program, Brazil was required to hold down wages to fight inflation. In the north , northeast , and even in Rio Grande do Sul , impoverished rural people occupied unused private land, forcing the government to create a new land reform ministry. Tension with the Roman Catholic Church , the major voice for societal change, peaked in the early 1980s with
832-596: A program called "Brasil Sem Miséria" (Brazil Without Poverty), with the ambitious goal of drastically reducing absolute poverty in Brazil by the end of her term. Poverty afflicted 16 million people, a little less than a tenth of the population. The program involved broadening the Bolsa Família social welfare program and creating new job opportunities and establishing professional certification programs. In 2012, another program labeled "Brasil Carinhoso" (Caring Brazil)
936-490: A quick transition to a new regime faded as Brazilians watched the turn of events in a state of shock. Like the regime changes of 1822, 1889, 1930, 1946, and 1964, the 1985 change also proved to be long and difficult. Sarney's government fulfilled Tancredo's promises of amending the Constitution inherited from the military regime and calling elections for a National Constituent Assembly with full powers to draft and enact
1040-471: A special committee on 3 September 1992 to study the impeachment petition. On 24 September 1992, the committee voted (32 votes in favour, one vote against, one abstention) to approve the impeachment petition and recommend that the full Chamber of Deputies accept the charges of impeachment. Under the Constitution of Brazil , the impeachment process required two thirds of the Chamber of Deputies to vote to allow
1144-635: A strong focus on external affairs. In addition to acceding to the WTO and participating in the Uruguay Round , Brazil participated in the INTERFET peacekeeping mission to East Timor . In 2002, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of the Workers' Party (PT) won the presidency with more than 60% of the national vote. On 1 January 2003, Lula was sworn in as the first ever elected leftist President of Brazil. In
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#17327655663421248-515: A succession of corruption accusations. During the Plano Collor, yearly inflation was at first reduced from 30,000 percent in 1990 (Collor's first year in government) to 400 percent in 1991, but then climbed back up to 1,020 percent in 1992 (when he left office). Inflation continued to rise to 2,294 percent in 1994 (two years after he left office). Although Zélia acknowledged later that the Plano Collor didn't end inflation, she also stated: "It
1352-540: A website which has since been taken offline. In discussing the events surrounding the corruption charges, the former website stated: "After two and half years of the most intense investigation in Brazilian history, the Supreme Court of Brazil declared him innocent of all charges. Today he is the only politician in Brazil to have an officially clear record validated by an investigation by all interests and sectors of
1456-529: Is a Brazilian politician who served as the 32nd president of Brazil from 1990 to 1992, when he resigned in a failed attempt to stop his impeachment trial by the Brazilian Senate . Collor was the first president democratically elected after the end of the Brazilian military dictatorship . He became the youngest president in Brazilian history, taking office at the age of 40. After he resigned from
1560-476: Is also possible to see with clarity that, under very difficult conditions, we promoted the balancing of the national debt – and that, together with the commercial opening, it created the basis for the implementation of the Plano Real ." Parts of Collor's free trade and privatization program were followed by his successors: Itamar Franco (Collor's running mate ), Fernando Henrique Cardoso (a member of
1664-540: Is credited with providing economic stability to a country marred by years of hyperinflation. At the same time the Mexican , 1997 Asian , 1998 Russian and 1999–2002 Argentinian economic crises diminished the prospects for economic growth during his presidency. During his administration many state-owned companies were privatized , and agencies created for the first time to regulate many sectors of industry such as energy, oil, and aviation. Cardoso's administration also put
1768-488: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sixth Brazilian Republic Brazilian history from 1985 to the present , also known as the Sixth Brazilian Republic or New Republic , is the contemporary epoch in the history of Brazil , beginning when civilian government was restored after a 21-year-long military dictatorship established after
1872-401: Is often considered a transitional period as the 1967–1969 constitution remained in effect, the executive still had veto powers, and the president was able to rule by decree . The transition was considered definitive after Brazil's current constitution , drawn up in 1988, entered full effect in 1990. In 1986, elections were called for a National Constituent Assembly that would draft and adopt
1976-495: The 1964 coup d'état . The negotiated transition to democracy reached its climax with the indirect election of Tancredo Neves by Congress . Neves belonged to the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (MDB), the former controlled opposition to the military regime. He was the first civilian president to be elected since 1964. Neves was set to take over from general João Figueiredo , the last of
2080-745: The 2010 Haiti earthquake which claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. On October 31, 2010, Dilma Rousseff , also from the Worker's Party, was the first woman elected President of Brazil, with her term beginning in the January 1, 2011. In her victory speech, Rousseff, who had also been a key member of Lula's administration, made clear that her mission during her term would be to continue her predecessor's policies to mitigate poverty and ensure continued economic growth . Challenges faced by Rousseff in her first term included managing infrastructure projects to increase economic activity, with special attention to
2184-529: The Brazilian Senate was to vote for his impeachment . The senate voted to impeach him anyway, suspending his political rights for eight years. His vice-president, Itamar Franco , assumed the presidency for the remainder of Collor's term. Franco distanced himself from Collor and made arrangements for a coalition government that included the main leaders from the PMDB, PFL, and PSDB. Franco appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as Minister of Treasury and gave him
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#17327655663422288-666: The Federal University of Alagoas . That same year, he become president of the Gazeta de Alagoas , a newspaper that was run by his family's media conglomerate. In 1975, he married his first wife Celi Elisabete Júlia Monteiro de Carvalho, with whom he had two children. He married a second time, with Rosane Malta (who would become the First Lady) in 1984. No children were born from this union. In 2006, he married Caroline Medeiros, with whom he would have two children. He also had
2392-541: The G8 as the main world forum of discussions. Just like his predecessor, he was an active defender of reform of the United Nations Security Council . Brazil is one of four nations (the others being Germany, India and Japan) officially coveting a permanent seat on the council. Lula saw himself as a friendly, peacemaker and conciliator head of state. Managing to befriend leaders of rival countries from
2496-594: The Mensalão scandal . On August 24, 2007, the Brazilian Supreme Court ( Supremo Tribunal Federal ) accepted the indictments of 40 individuals relating to the Mensalão scandal, most of whom were former or current federal deputies, and all of whom were still allies of the Brazilian president. The loss of support resulting from these scandals was outweighed by the president's popularity among voters of
2600-640: The Worker's Party (PT). With an unprecedented corruption scandal eroding the public's trust of institutions, Bolsonaro's position as a political outsider along with his hardline ideology against crime and corruption helped him win the presidential election, despite his past misogynist or racist remarks and his supportive view of the 21-year dictatorship. Bolsonaro took office as president on 1 January 2019. Fernando Collor de Mello Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello ( Brazilian Portuguese: [feʁˈnɐ̃dwaˈfõsu ˈkɔloʁ dʒi ˈmɛlu] ; born 12 August 1949)
2704-562: The money supply by forcibly converting large portions of consumer bank accounts into non-cashable government bonds , while at the same time increasing the printing of money bills, a counterbalancing measure to combat hyper-inflation . Under Zélia's tenure as Brazil's Minister of Finances, the country had a period of major changes, featuring what ISTOÉ magazine called an "unprecedented revolution" in many levels of public administration: "privatization, opening its market to free trade, encouraging industrial modernization, temporary control of
2808-449: The 1964 coup. Fernando Collor won the election and was inaugurated on 15 March 1990, as the first president elected under the 1988 Constitution. Since then, seven presidential terms have elapsed, without rupture to the constitutional order: The last military president, João Figueiredo signed a general amnesty into law and turned Geisel 's "distension" into a gradual opening of the political system, saying he wanted "to make this country
2912-783: The Federal Prosecution Service opened an investigation. On 1 July 1992, a Joint Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry, composed of senators and members of the Chamber of Deputies, formed in Congress to investigate the accusation and review the evidence uncovered by police and federal prosecutors. Senator Amir Lando [ pt ] was chosen as the rapporteur of the Commission of Inquiry, chaired by Congressman Benito Gama [ pt ] . Farias, Pedro Collor, government officials and others were subpoenaed and gave depositions before it. Some weeks later, with
3016-463: The Franco cabinet) and Lula da Silva . Collor's administration privatized 15 different companies (including Acesita ), and began the process of privatizing several others, such as Embraer , Telebrás and Companhia Vale do Rio Doce . Some members of Collor's government were also part of the later Cardoso administration in different or similar functions: Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira , a minister in
3120-417: The Senate, and proceedings for impeachment began in the upper house. The Senate formed a committee to examine the case file and determine whether all legal formalities had been followed. The Committee issued its report, recognizing that the charges of impeachment had been presented in accordance with the Constitution and the laws, and proposed that the Senate organize itself into a court of impeachment to conduct
3224-407: The Senate, without success, as the Supreme Court ruled that the judicial trial of the ordinary criminal charges and the political trial of the charges of impeachment were independent spheres. Collor thus only regained his political rights in 2000, after the expiration of the eight-year disqualification imposed by the Brazilian Senate. For several years after his removal from office, Collor maintained
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3328-792: The United States' (among other nuclear powers) desire to strengthen the sanctions against the country, fearing the possibility of Iran develop nuclear weapons. During the Lula administration the Brazilian Army 's most important assignment was being the main force of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti , established to bring aid to the Haitian population, and it suffered many casualties during
3432-422: The basis for long-term stability and growth and to reduce Brazil's extreme socioeconomic imbalances. His proposals to Congress included constitutional amendments to open the Brazilian economy to greater foreign investment and to implement sweeping reforms – including social security, government administration, and taxation – to reduce excessive public sector spending and improve government efficiency. His government
3536-818: The best in the world. These programs were promoted during Collor's administration. Until 1989, the Brazilian vaccination record, was considered the worst in South America . During Collor's administration, Brazil's vaccination program won a United Nations prize, as the best in South America. Collor's project Minha Gente ( My People ) won the UN award Project Model for the Humanity in 1993. In May 1992, Fernando Collor's brother Pedro Collor accused him of condoning an influence peddling scheme run by his campaign treasurer, Paulo César Farias . The Federal Police and
3640-604: The charge were kept under wraps so as not to jeopardize the investigation. In 2016, Collor abandoned PTB and joined the Christian Labour Party (PTC), a small Christian democratic party which had no representatives in the Congress at the time. Collor also voted to impeach Rousseff as Senator. In 2019, Collor left PTC and joined the Republican Party of the Social Order . In 2022, Collor left
3744-401: The charges of impeachment to be escalated to the Senate. On 29 September 1992, Collor was impeached by the Chamber of Deputies, with more than two thirds of its members concurring. In the decisive roll call vote, 441 deputies voted for and 38 deputies voted against the admission of the charges of impeachment. On 30 September 1992, the accusation was formally sent from the Chamber of Deputies to
3848-440: The combination of the political crisis and the hyperinflation continued to reduce Collor's credibility and in that political vacuum an impeachment process took place, precipitated by Pedro Collor's (Fernando Collor's brother) accusations and other social and political sectors which thought they would be harmed by his policies. In 1991, UNICEF chose three health programs: community agents, lay midwives and eradication of measles as
3952-489: The declining world economy contributed to Brazil's economic and social problems. In 1978 and 1980, huge strikes took place in the industrial ring around São Paulo. Protesters asserted that wage increases indexed to the inflation rate were far below an acceptable standard of living. Union leaders, including the future three-time presidential candidate and president Luíz Inácio da Silva, were arrested for violating national security laws. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) imposed
4056-414: The determination of the former president's guilt or innocence was still relevant because a conviction on charges of impeachment would carry with it a disqualification from holding public office for eight years. The Senate found that, since the trial had already begun, the defendant could not use his right to resign the presidency as a means to avoid a ruling. Later, in the early hours of 30 December 1992, by
4160-439: The economical and social achievements, to a record 80%, the highest for a Brazilian president since the end of the military regime. The focus of Lula's second term was further stimulation of the economy by investments in infrastructure and measures to keep expanding domestic credit to producers, industry, commerce and consumers alike. In 2009, Brazil's economic rise was temporarily halted by the worldwide financial crisis , forcing
4264-494: The electoral system, aiming to directly elect the President (Diretas Já). As public pressure built up, the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement Party ( Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro , PMDB) proposed a legislation to implement this change ( Proposta de Emenda Constitucional Dante de Oliveira [ pt ] ). As Congress was controlled by the pro-government Democratic Social Party (PDS, formerly ARENA ),
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4368-539: The end of military rule. The party presented Neves as an opposition candidate against Paulo Maluf . Neves was elected by a majority vote of the Parliament on January 15, 1985. However, Neves collapsed the night before his inauguration in March, and died on April 21, so the presidency passed to Vice President José Sarney (president, 1985–90), long-time supporter of the military regime. The hope that 1985 would provide
4472-726: The end of the military regime until a wave of protests struck the country in mid 2013 reflecting dissatisfaction from the people with current transport, healthcare and education policies, among other issues affecting the popularity not only of the president, but of several other governors and mayors from key areas in the country as well. In 2014, Rousseff won a second term by a narrow margin, but failed to prevent her popularity from falling. In June 2015, her approval dropped to less than 10%, after another wave of protests , this time organized by opponents who wanted her out of power, amid revelations that numerous politicians, including some from her party, were being investigated for accepting bribes from
4576-619: The end of the term. During the impeachment process, Brazil hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics . Temer took office during the financial crisis that had begun in 2014. He set a reformist agenda, approving as his two main measures the Constitutional Amendment of the Public Expenditure Cap , which set a limit for public spending, and the 2017 labor reform . In May 2017, generalized corruption accusations reached many politicians and parties in Brazil, including
4680-524: The eve of his inauguration and could not attend it. His running mate, José Sarney , was inaugurated as vice president and served in Neves' stead as acting president. As Neves died without having ever taken the oath of office, Sarney then succeeded to the presidency. The first phase of the New Republic, ranging from the inauguration of José Sarney in 1985 until the inauguration of Fernando Collor in 1990,
4784-435: The expulsion of foreign priests involved in political and land reform issues. To attack the soaring debt, Figueiredo's administration stressed exports — food, natural resources, automobiles, arms, clothing, shoes, even electricity — and expanded petroleum exploration by foreign companies. In foreign relations, the objective was to establish ties with any country that would contribute to Brazilian economic development. Washington
4888-444: The final congressional inquiry report was released, where it was proven that Fernando Collor had personal expenses paid for by money raised by Paulo César Farias through his influence peddling scheme. Impeachment proceedings began in the lower house of congress on September 29, 1992. Collor was impeached, and subsequently removed from office by a vote of 441 for and 38 votes against. Fernando Collor resigned his term in office just before
4992-500: The final congressional inquiry was approved 16–5. The report concluded that there was proof that Fernando Collor had had personal expenses paid for by money raised by Paulo César Farias through his influence peddling scheme. As a result, a petition to the Chamber of Deputies by citizens Barbosa Lima Sobrinho and Marcelo Lavenère Machado, respectively the then president of the Brazilian Press Association and
5096-423: The first months of his term, inflation rose perilously, reflecting the markets' uncertainty about the government's monetary policy . However, the markets' confidence in the government was regained as Lula chose to maintain his predecessor's policies, meaning the continuation of Central Bank's task of keeping inflation down. Since then, the country has undergone considerable economic growth and employment expansion. On
5200-456: The first time since the proclamation of the Republic in 1889; the republican form of government prevailed. In the same referendum, the Brazilian people was able to choose again, for the first time since 1963, the system of Government (parliamentary or presidential) and the model of a presidential executive was retained. According to the results of the popular vote, only minor changes were made to
5304-442: The floor of the Senate, and the impeachment trial was adjourned so that the Congress could meet in joint session, first to take formal notice of the resignation and proclaim the office of president vacant, and then to swear in Franco. However, after the inauguration of Franco, the Senate resumed sitting as a court of impeachment with the president of the Supreme Court presiding. Collor's attorneys argued that with Collor's resignation,
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#17327655663425408-704: The former Senator Arnon Affonso de Farias Mello and Leda Collor (daughter of former Labour Minister Lindolfo Collor , led by his father, former governor of Alagoas and proprietor of the Arnon de Mello Organization, a media conglomerate which manages the state-wide television station TV Gazeta de Alagoas, the affiliate of TV Globo in the state.) "Collor" is a Portuguese adaptation of the German surname Köhler, from his maternal grandfather Lindolfo Leopoldo Boeckel Collor. Collor served as Senator for Alagoas from February 2007 to February 2023. He first won election in 2006 and
5512-571: The former princes of India who received a stipend from the government as compensation for relinquishing their lands). How well his policies reduced public expense is disputed, but the political position certainly made him popular in the country. This helped boost his political career, with the help of television appearances in nationwide broadcasts (quite unusual for a governor from such a small state). Despite achieving national prestige during his time as governor of Alagoas, while positioning himself as an anti-corruption and anti-establishment candidate for
5616-536: The government deteriorated. Parliamentary elections were held on October 15, 1990, and the government failed to win a reliable base in Congress and the president began to lose political support. In May 1991, Collor's brother Pedro Collor accused him of corruption, specifically of condoning an influence peddling scheme run by his campaign treasurer, Paulo César Farias . Congress and the Federal Police of Brazil began an investigation. Some months later, with
5720-449: The government to implement a temporary tax relief policy in strategic segments of the economy like automobiles and construction. These measures helped the country prevent a long-term recession and ensured a quick recovery to Brazil's economic ascension. Another mark of Lula's second term was his effort to expand Brazil's political influence worldwide, especially after G20 (in which Brazil and other emerging economies participate) replaced
5824-456: The hyper-inflation and public debt reduction." In the month before Collor took power, hyperinflation was at 90 percent per month and climbing. All accounts over 50,000 cruzeiros (about US$ 500 at that time), were frozen for several weeks. He also proposed freezes in wages and prices, as well as major cuts in government spending. The measures were received unenthusiastically by the people, though many felt that radical measures were necessary to kill
5928-556: The hyperinflation. Within a few months, however, inflation resumed, eventually reaching rates of 10 percent a month. During the course of his government, Collor was accused of condoning an influence peddling scheme. The accusations weighed on the government and led Collor and his team to an institutional crisis leading to a loss of credibility that reached the finance minister, Zélia. This political crisis had negative consequences on his ability to carry out his policies and reforms. The Plano Collor I , under Zélia would be renewed with
6032-442: The impeachment trial could not proceed and should close without ruling on the merits. The attorneys arguing for Collor's removal, however, argued that the trial should continue, to determine whether or not the defendant should face the constitutional penalty of suspension of political rights for eight years. The Senate voted to continue the trial. It ruled that, although the possible penalty of removal from office had been rendered moot,
6136-503: The implementation of the Plano Collor II ; the government's loss of prestige would make that follow-up plan short-lived and largely ineffective. The failure of Zélia and Plano Collor I led to their substitution by Marcílio Marques Moreira and his Plano Collor II. Moreira's plan tried to correct some aspects of the first plan, but it was too late. Collor's administration was paralyzed by the fast deterioration of his image, through
6240-554: The information first extracted from files stored in Farias' computer were also voided, as the Collor defense successfully invoked the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine before the Brazilian Supreme Court. Evidence that was only obtained because of the illegally obtained information was also struck from the record. After his acquittal in the criminal trial, Collor again attempted to void the suspension of his political rights imposed by
6344-457: The initial decrease, inflation returned higher than before the economic plans, reaching 84% a month in 1990. The government's inability to deal with inflation ultimately led parties that had led the political transition to lose the 1989 elections, the first elections under the new Constitution and the first presidential elections to take place by direct popular ballot since the 1964 military coup. The first direct presidential election after 29 years
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#17327655663426448-508: The institutional framework of the State in the subsequent Constitutional Revision, including the adoption of a Constitutional Amendment that reduced the presidential term of office from five to four years. In the October 3, 1994 presidential elections, Fernando Henrique Cardoso was elected with 54% of the votes. Fernando Henrique Cardoso started his first term on January 1, 1995, and was reelected in 1998. President Cardoso sought to establish
6552-581: The investigation progressing and under fire, Collor asked on national television for the people's support in going out in the street and protesting against "coup" forces. On 11 August 1992, thousands of students organized by the National Student Union ( União Nacional dos Estudantes – UNE), protested on the street against Collor. Their faces, often painted in a mixture of the colors of the flag and protest-black, lead to them being called " Caras-pintadas " (" Painted Faces "). On 26 August 1992,
6656-571: The investigation progressing and under fire, Collor went on national television to ask for the people's support, by going out on the street and protesting against coup forces. On August 11, 1992, students organized by the União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE), thousands of students protested on the streets against Collor. They often painted their faces, frequently in a mixture of the colors of the flag and protest-black, which led to calling them " Cara-pintada " (Painted Faces). On August 26, 1992,
6760-585: The law failed to pass. Tancredo Neves of Minas Gerais , Getúlio Vargas ' minister of justice in the 1950s, and former federal deputy, senator, and prime minister, seized the momentum. Neves had a reputation for honesty and was able to build up an alliance between the PMDB and defectors from the PDS who founded the Liberal Front Party (PFL). The Democratic Alliance (Aliança Democrática) presented itself as supporting 1984 demands for political change and
6864-452: The likes of Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama from the United States to Venezuelan leader Hugo Chávez , Cuban former president Fidel Castro , President of Bolivia Evo Morales , and Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad , fueling protests inside and outside the country due to Ahmadinejad's polemical anti-Semitic statements. Lula took part in a deal with the governments of Turkey and Iran regarding Iran's nuclear program despite
6968-458: The lower classes, whose income per capita was increased as a consequence of higher employment, the expansion of domestic credit to consumers and government social welfare programs. The stable and solid economic situation of the country, which Brazil had not experienced in the previous 20 years, with fast growth in production both for internal consumers and exports as well as a soft but noticeable decrease in social inequality, may also partially explain
7072-529: The military presidents appointed by their predecessor. The transition was hailed as the dawn of a New Republic ( Nova República ) in contrast with Old Republic ( República Velha ) , the first epoch of the Brazilian Republic, from 1889 until 1930. It became synonymous with the contemporary phase of the Brazilian Republic and the political institutions established in the wake of the country's re-democratization. President-elect Tancredo Neves fell ill on
7176-432: The national currency was changed from the cruzado novo to the cruzeiro (NCz$ 1,000 = Cr$ 1). Plano Collor initially succeeded, but after six months failed in its primary goal, as inflation accelerated again. This started to erode Collor's prestige. Economic changes included lifting import barriers, exposing local companies to international competition. Many companies went bankrupt or were sold, unemployment grew and support for
7280-577: The opposition government. Furthermore, President Fernando Collor signed the initial document authorizing the investigation." In 2000, Collor joined the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party (PRTB) and ran for mayor of São Paulo . His candidacy was declared invalid by the electoral authorities, as his political rights were still suspended by the filing deadline. In 2002, with political rights restored, he ran for Governor of Alagoas , but lost to incumbent Governor Ronaldo Lessa , who
7384-489: The ordinary criminal accusation was presented by the Brazilian federal prosecution service ( Ministério Público Federal ). The Supreme Court had original jurisdiction under the Brazilian Constitution because Collor was one of the defendants and the charges mentioned crimes committed by a president while in office. If found guilty of the charges, the former president would face a jail sentence. However, Collor
7488-651: The other hand, Lula's mainstream economic policies disappointed his most radical leftist allies, which led to a schism in the PT ( Workers' Party ) that resulted in the creation of PSOL . In 2005, Roberto Jefferson , chairman of the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB), was implicated in a bribery case. As a Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry was set up, Jefferson testified that the MPs were being paid monthly stipends to vote for government-backed legislation. In August of
7592-536: The other. They were shown to be working with the DOI-CODI "under the direct orders of the " Command of the First Army " in terrorism, but nobody was punished. The incident and the regime's inaction strengthened the public's resolve to end military rule. Moreover, Figueiredo faced other significant problems, such as soaring inflation, declining productivity, and mounting foreign debt. Political liberalization and
7696-569: The party (PT) was involved in the kidnapping. Collor won in the state of São Paulo against many prominent political figures. The first president of Brazil elected by popular vote in 29 years, Collor spent the early years of his presidency battling inflation , which at times reached rates of 25% a month. The very day he took office, Collor launched the Plano Collor ( Collor Plan ), implemented by his finance minister Zélia Cardoso de Mello (not related to Collor). The plan attempted to reduce
7800-600: The political transition developed, the economy suffered high inflation and stagnation. Sarney tried to control inflation with many economic plans: Plano Cruzado 1, Plano Cruzado 2, Plano Verão. All of them included government price controls, price freezes and ultimately a change in the national currency. During Sarney's presidency, Brazil had three currency units: the cruzeiro, the cruzado and the cruzado novo. Economic domestic troubles led to default on Brazil's international debt in 1988. This closed international financial markets for Brazil and its economic situation worsened. Despite
7904-474: The popularity of Lula's administration even after several corruption scandals involving important politicians connected to Lula and to PT. Hence Lula's re-election in 2006: After almost winning in the first round, Lula won the runoff against Geraldo Alckmin of the PSDB (Brazilian Social Democracy Party), by 20 million votes. Following Lula's second victory, his approval ratings rose again, fueled by continued of
8008-520: The presidency, corruption scandals followed him since the time he was mayor of Maceió. Before that, during the time he was a Federal Deputy in the National Congress, he was perceived as a very quiet politician, only proposing pieces of legislation that would benefit his family's businesses. In 1989 Collor defeated Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in a controversial two-round presidential race with 35 million votes. In December 1989, days prior to
8112-399: The presidency, the impeachment trial on charges of corruption continued. Collor was found guilty by the Senate and disqualified from holding elected office for eight years (1992–2000). He was later acquitted of ordinary criminal charges in his judicial trial before Brazil's Supreme Federal Court , for lack of valid evidence. Fernando Collor was born into a political family. He is the son of
8216-483: The president. In June, he was charged for corruption by prosecutor general Rodrigo Janot due to bribery allegations. Temer became the first incumbent president to be formally accused of crimes, but ultimately had the charge rejected by Congress in August 2017. In 2016, former president Lula expressed intent to run for the presidency again in 2018, but became the subject of investigations under Operation Car Wash . He
8320-564: The previous Sarney and the following Fernando Henrique Cardoso administrations, stated that "Collor changed the political agenda in the country, because he implemented brave and very necessary reforms, and he pursued fiscal adjustments . Although other attempts had been made since 1987, it was during Collor's administration that old statist ideas were confronted and combated (...) by a brave agenda of economic reforms geared towards free trade and privatization ." According to Philippe Faucher, professor of political science at McGill University ,
8424-484: The race, finishing a narrow third after Lessa and incumbent Teotonio Vilela Filho , thus eliminated from the runoff. This was Collor's second electoral loss. In 2014, Collor was re-elected to the Senate with 55% of the vote. On 20 August 2015, Collor was charged by the Prosecutor General of Brazil with corruption, as a development of Operation Car Wash ( Portuguese : Operação Lava Jato ). Details of
8528-440: The required two-thirds majority, the Senate found the former president guilty of the charges of impeachment. Of the 81 members of the Senate, 79 took part in the final vote: 76 senators voted to convict the former president, and 3 voted to acquit. The penalty of removal from office was not imposed as Collor had already resigned, but as a result of his conviction the Senate barred Collor from holding public office for eight years. After
8632-411: The responsibility of controlling inflation – the average annual inflation rate from 1990 to 1995 was 764%. Cardoso put together a successful stabilization program, Plano Real , that brought inflation to 6% annually. Franco's approval ratings rose and he supported Cardoso to succeed him. A referendum held in 1993 allowed the people to decide the form of government of the state (monarchy or republic) for
8736-464: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sixth Republic . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Republic&oldid=1132140414 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
8840-431: The same year, after further investigation, campaign manager Duda Mendonça admitted that he had used illegal undeclared money to finance the PT electoral victory of 2002. The money in both cases was found to have originated from private sources as well as from the advertising budget of state-owned enterprises headed by political appointees, both laundered through Duda's Mendonça advertising agency. These incidents were dubbed
8944-407: The second round, businessman Abílio Diniz was the victim of a sensational political kidnapping. The act was asserted by some to be an attempt to sabotage Lula's chances of victory by associating the kidnapping with the left wing. At the time, Brazilian law barred any party from addressing the media on the days prior to election day. Lula's party thus had no opportunity to clarify the accusations that
9048-472: The state of Alagoas . He has two brothers, Pedro and Leopoldo, and two sisters, Ledinha and Ana. His grandfather, Lindolfo Collor (1890–1942), was a direct descendent of some of the first German immigrants that arrived in Brazil in 1824. Despite being born in Rio de Janeiro , Fernando spent his childhood in the cities of Maceió, Rio de Janeiro and Brasília . Collor graduated in economic sciences, in 1972, at
9152-421: The state-owned energy company Petrobras from 2003 to 2010, while she was on the company's board of directors. After a process of impeachment opened against Rousseff in late 2015 culminated with her temporarily removed from power on 12 May 2016, vice-president Michel Temer took office until the final trial was concluded on 31 August 2016, when Rousseff was officially impeached and Temer was sworn president until
9256-551: The streets in all the major cities demanding a direct vote ( Diretas Já! ) in the choice of the next president. In April 1984, Congress failed to achieve the necessary numbers to give the people their wish, and the choice was left to an electoral college. Figueiredo did not act forcefully to back a preference, so it became a scramble as candidates pursued the collegial votes. In 1984, many public demonstrations were held in major Brazilian cities which made it clear that military rule could not continue. Brazilians started to demand change in
9360-632: The then-president of the Brazilian Bar Association formally accused Collor of crimes of responsibility (the Brazilian equivalent of "high crimes and misdemeanors", such as abuse of power) warranting removal from office per the constitutional and legal norms for impeachment . In Brazil, a formal petition for impeachment of the president must be submitted by one or more private citizens, not by corporations or public institutions. The formal petition, submitted on 1 September 1992, began impeachment proceedings. The Chamber of Deputies set up
9464-472: The trial of the president. On 1 October 1992, this report was presented on the floor of the Senate, and the full Senate voted to accept it and to proceed. That day the then-president of the Federal Supreme Court, Justice Sydney Sanches [ pt ] , was notified of the opening of the trial process in the Senate, and began to preside over the process. On 2 October 1992, Collor received
9568-574: The twelve cities that would host the upcoming 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, especially Rio de Janeiro , a special case as it would also hold the 2016 Summer Olympics , as well as measures to protect the Brazilian economy from the ongoing economic crises in Europe and the United States . These contributed to reducing the growth of national GDP during the first half of her term, compared to her predecessor's tenure. In June 2011, Rouseff announced
9672-409: The vice-president to formally acquaint him of the suspension of the president, and to give him notice that he was now the acting president. By the end of December, it was obvious that Collor would be convicted and removed from office by the Senate. In hopes of staving this off, Collor resigned on 29 December 1992 on the last day of the proceedings. Collor's resignation letter was read by his attorney in
9776-409: The vote, the Senate issued a formal written opinion summarizing the conclusions and orders resulting from the judgement, as required by Brazilian law . The Senate's formal written sentence on the impeachment trial, containing its conviction of the former president and disqualification from public office for eight years, signed by the president of the Supreme Court and by the senators on 30 December 1992,
9880-532: The voters, the administration had a small parliamentary base as Collor's recently founded party had few deputies and no senators and faced fierce opposition from parties that had splintered from the Democratic Alliance: the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Liberals (PFL), and Social Democrats ( Brazilian Social Democracy Party , PSDB). His first act was known as Plano Collor : all savings accounts and financial investment were frozen, and
9984-435: Was found not guilty. The Federal Supreme Court threw out the corruption charges against him on a technicality , citing a lack of evidence linking Collor to Farias' influence-peddling scheme. A key piece of evidence, Paulo César Farias' personal computer, was ruled inadmissible as it had been obtained during an illegal police search conducted without a search warrant . Other pieces of evidence that were only gathered because of
10088-457: Was held on October 15, 1989 (first round) and November 15, 1989 (second round). Fernando Collor de Mello won the runoff election with 53% of the vote for a five-year term. Collor's agenda focused on fighting corruption from Sarney's administration and completing the transition from the 21 years of military rule to civilian government. Economic changes aimed to control soaring inflation and modernization. Although he had massive support amongst
10192-431: Was kept at a certain distance, and the north–south dialogue was emphasized. In 1983, the economy floundered as the gross domestic product declined by 5.0%, the impact of which was accelerated by rising inflation and the failure of political leadership. Figueiredo's heart condition led to bypass surgery in the United States, removing him from control of the situation. In an impressive display, millions of Brazilians took to
10296-405: Was launched with the objective of providing extra care to all children in Brazil who lived below the poverty threshold . Despite criticism from the domestic and international press regarding lower-than-expected economic results achieved during her first term as head of the government and of the measures taken to solve it, Rouseff's approval rates reached levels higher than any other president since
10400-641: Was published in the Diário Oficial da União (the Brazilian Federal Government's official journal ) on 31 December 1992. In 1993, Collor challenged before the Brazilian Supreme Court the Senate's decision to continue the trial after his resignation but the Supreme Court ruled the Senate's action valid. In 1994, the Supreme Court tried the ordinary criminal charges stemming from the Farias corruption affair;
10504-430: Was reelected in 2014 . In August 2017, Collor was accused by Brazil's Supreme Federal Court of receiving around US$ 9 million in bribes between 2010 and 2014 from Petrobras subsidiary BR Distributor. Fernando Collor was born on August 12, 1949, to Leda Collor (1916–1995) and Arnon Afonso de Farias Mello (1911–1983), in a very affluent and politically well-connected family. His father was governor and later senator for
10608-563: Was seeking reelection. In 2006, Collor was elected to the Federal Senate representing his state of Alagoas , with 44.03% of the vote, running again against Lessa. The following year he abandoned PRTB and switched to the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB). Collor has been, since March 2009, Chairman of the Senate Infrastructure Commission. Collor ran again for Governor of Alagoas in 2010. However, he lost
10712-505: Was sentenced in May 2017 for money laundering and passive corruption; his arrest occurred on 7 April 2018. His party tried to launch him as a candidate for president from prison in the election , but the proposal was rejected by the Congress. After expending 580 days in jail, Lula was released on 8 November 2019 following the Supreme Court decision that determined defendants can't be arrested until all their appeals have been exhausted. Temer
10816-480: Was the most unpopular president in Brazilian history and ranked among the most unpopular leaders in the world during his tenure. He didn't seek a second term and left office with a 7% approval rating. On 28 October 2018, right wing congressman and former army captain Jair Bolsonaro was elected President of Brazil, defeating Fernando Haddad and disrupting sixteen years of continuous left-wing rule by
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