Misplaced Pages

#44955

70-601: The Siberian Nuclear Power Plant ( Sibirskaya Nuclear Power Plant ) was built in the city of Seversk (then known as Tomsk-7), Tomsk Oblast . It was the second nuclear power plant in the USSR and the first industrial-scale nuclear power plant in the country ( the first NPP , built in Obninsk , had a capacity of only 6 MW). While the Siberian Nuclear Power Plant did produce electricity, the primary product

140-500: A loss of coolant , loss of coolant pressure, or low coolant flow rate or be the result of a criticality excursion in which the reactor is operated at a power level that exceeds its design limits. Alternately, an external fire may endanger the core, leading to a meltdown. Large-scale nuclear meltdowns at civilian nuclear power plants include: Other core meltdowns have occurred at: A criticality accident (also sometimes referred to as an "excursion" or "power excursion") occurs when

210-660: A municipal division , Seversk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Seversk Urban Okrug . Seversk is the site of the Siberian Chemical Combine , founded in 1954. It comprises several nuclear reactors and chemical plants for separation, enrichment, and reprocessing of uranium and plutonium . Following an agreement in March 2003 between Russia and the United States to shut down Russia's three remaining plutonium-producing reactors, two of

280-573: A criticality accident was reported at the Afrikantov OKBM Critical Test Facility in Russia. Decay heat accidents are where the heat generated by radioactive decay causes harm. In a large nuclear reactor, a loss of coolant accident can damage the core : for example, at Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station a recent shutdown ( SCRAMed ) PWR reactor was left for a length of time without cooling water. As

350-399: A flash of blue light (caused by excited, ionized air particles returning to their unexcited states). Slotin reflexively separated the hemispheres in reaction to the heat flash and blue light, preventing further irradiation of several co-workers present in the room. However, Slotin absorbed a lethal dose of the radiation and died nine days later. The infamous plutonium mass used in the experiment

420-409: A gap on the underside. It is thought that no human has been seriously harmed by the escaping radiation. On 17 January 1966, a fatal collision occurred between a B-52G and a KC-135 Stratotanker over Palomares , Spain (see 1966 Palomares B-52 crash ). The accident was designated a " Broken Arrow ", meaning an accident involving a nuclear weapon that does not present a risk of war. Equipment failure

490-419: A meltdown or related event are typically dispersed into the atmosphere and then settle on the surface through natural occurrences and deposition. Isotopes settling on the top soil layer can remain there for many years, due to their slow decay (long half-life). The long-term detrimental effects on agriculture, farming, and livestock, can potentially affect human health and safety long after the actual event. After

560-543: A million tons of contaminated water, and by 2022 they would be out of space to safely store the radioactive water. Multiple private agencies as well as various North American governments monitor the spread of radiation throughout the Pacific to track the potential hazards it can introduce to food systems, groundwater supplies, and ecosystems. In 2014, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released

630-406: A nuclear chain reaction is accidentally allowed to occur in fissile material , such as enriched uranium or plutonium . The Chernobyl accident is not universally regarded an example of a criticality accident, because it occurred in an operating reactor at a power plant. The reactor was supposed to be in a controlled critical state, but control of the chain reaction was lost. The accident destroyed

700-690: A number of the population to the hazards of fallout. Estimating exact numbers, and the exact consequences, of people exposed has been medically very difficult, with the exception of the high exposures of Marshall Islanders and Japanese fishers in the case of the Castle Bravo incident in 1954. A number of groups of U.S. citizens — especially farmers and inhabitants of cities downwind of the Nevada Test Site and U.S. military workers at various tests — have sued for compensation and recognition of their exposure, many successfully. The passage of

770-661: A reactor core meltdown or widespread dispersal of radioactivity, external attacks such as an aircraft crash into a reactor complex, or cyber attacks. The United States 9/11 Commission found that nuclear power plants were potential targets originally considered as part of the September 11 attacks . If terrorist groups could sufficiently damage safety systems to cause a core meltdown at a nuclear power plant, or sufficiently damage spent fuel pools, such an attack could lead to widespread radioactive contamination. The Federation of American Scientists have said that if nuclear power use

SECTION 10

#1732772344045

840-549: A release of radioactivity resulting in contamination or shielding to be damaged resulting in direct irradiation. In Cochabamba a defective gamma radiography set was transported in a passenger bus as cargo. The gamma source was outside the shielding, and it irradiated some bus passengers. In the United Kingdom , it was revealed in a court case that in March 2002 a radiotherapy source was transported from Leeds to Sellafield with defective shielding. The shielding had

910-522: A report stating that radionuclides, traced from the Fukushima facility, were present in the United States food supply, but not to levels deemed to be a threat to public health – as well as any food and agricultural products imported from Japanese sources. It is commonly believed that, with the rate of the current radionuclide leakage, the dispersal into the water would prove beneficial, as most of

980-548: A result of the distribution of radioactive isotopes through water systems. In 2013, contaminated groundwater was found in between some of the affected turbine buildings in the Fukushima Daiichi facility, including locations at bordering seaports on the Pacific Ocean. In both locations, the facility typically releases clean water to feed into further groundwater systems. The Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO),

1050-405: A result, the nuclear fuel was damaged, and the core partially melted. The removal of the decay heat is a significant reactor safety concern, especially shortly after shutdown. Failure to remove decay heat may cause the reactor core temperature to rise to dangerous levels and has caused nuclear accidents. The heat removal is usually achieved through several redundant and diverse systems, and the heat

1120-407: A risky experiment known as "tickling the dragon's tail" which involved two hemispheres of neutron-reflective beryllium being brought together around a plutonium core to bring it to criticality. Against operating procedures, the hemispheres were separated only by a screwdriver. The screwdriver slipped and set off a chain reaction criticality accident filling the room with harmful radiation and

1190-505: A topic of debate since the first nuclear reactors were constructed in 1954 and has been a key factor in public concern about nuclear facilities . Technical measures to reduce the risk of accidents or to minimize the amount of radioactivity released to the environment have been adopted; however, human error remains, and "there have been many accidents with varying impacts as well near misses and incidents". As of 2014, there have been more than 100 serious nuclear accidents and incidents from

1260-472: Is "a persistent problem with the illicit trafficking in nuclear and other radioactive materials, thefts, losses and other unauthorized activities". The IAEA Illicit Nuclear Trafficking Database notes 1,266 incidents reported by 99 countries over the last 12 years, including 18 incidents involving HEU or plutonium trafficking: A nuclear meltdown is a severe nuclear reactor accident that results in reactor core damage from overheating. It has been defined as

1330-627: Is also a nonprofit organization, Ostrovsky House of Culture, and a cinema called Mir. There is a major post-secondary school in the city, the Seversk State Technological Academy , a branch of Moscow Engineering Physics Institute . Nuclear and radiation accidents A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "an event that has led to significant consequences to people,

1400-467: Is an example of a limited scope accident where only a few people can be harmed, while no release of radioactivity into the environment occurred. A criticality accident with limited off site release of both radiation ( gamma and neutron ) and a very small release of radioactivity occurred at Tokaimura in 1999 during the production of enriched uranium fuel. Two workers died, a third was permanently injured, and 350 citizens were exposed to radiation. In 2016,

1470-465: Is believed to have been created by the United States and Israel to attack Iran's nuclear facilities. It switched off safety devices, causing centrifuges to spin out of control. The computers of South Korea 's nuclear plant operator ( KHNP ) were hacked in December 2014. The cyber attacks involved thousands of phishing emails containing malicious codes, and information was stolen. In March 2022,

SECTION 20

#1732772344045

1540-671: Is failure of control software , as in the cases involving the Therac-25 medical radiotherapy equipment: the elimination of a hardware safety interlock in a new design model exposed a previously undetected bug in the control software, which could have led to patients receiving massive overdoses under a specific set of conditions. Some major nuclear accidents were attributable in part to operator or human error . At Chernobyl, operators deviated from test procedure and allowed certain reactor parameters to exceed design limits. At TMI-2, operators permitted thousands of gallons of water to escape from

1610-606: Is located 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) northwest of Tomsk on the right bank of the Tom River . Seversk has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) with warm summer. The annual average temperature is 0.6 °C (33°F). The average temperature in January is between -21 °C (-6°F) and -13 °C (9°F). The average temperature in July is 19.2 °C (67°F). The total annual rainfall is 530 millimeters (21"). Founded in 1949, it

1680-445: Is of concern in the area of nuclear safety and security . Nuclear power plants , civilian research reactors, certain naval fuel facilities, uranium enrichment plants, fuel fabrication plants, and potentially even uranium mines are vulnerable to attacks which could lead to widespread radioactive contamination . The attack threat is of several general types: commando-like ground-based attacks on equipment which if disabled could lead to

1750-554: Is often dissipated to an 'ultimate heat sink' which has a large capacity and requires no active power, though this method is typically used after decay heat has reduced to a very small value. The main cause of the release of radioactivity in the Three Mile Island accident was a pilot-operated relief valve on the primary loop which stuck in the open position. This caused the overflow tank into which it drained to rupture and release large amounts of radioactive cooling water into

1820-416: Is one possible type of accident. In Białystok , Poland, in 2001 the electronics associated with a particle accelerator used for the treatment of cancer suffered a malfunction. This then led to the overexposure of at least one patient. While the initial failure was the simple failure of a semiconductor diode , it set in motion a series of events which led to a radiation injury. A related cause of accidents

1890-665: Is the one where lost sources are most likely to be found. Experts believe that up to 50 nuclear weapons were lost during the Cold War . Comparing the historical safety record of civilian nuclear energy with other forms of electrical generation, Ball, Roberts, and Simpson, the IAEA , and the Paul Scherrer Institute found in separate studies that during the period from 1970 to 1992, there were just 39 on-the-job deaths of nuclear power plant workers worldwide, while during

1960-605: Is to expand significantly, nuclear facilities will have to be made extremely safe from attacks that could release radioactivity into the environment. New reactor designs have features of passive nuclear safety , which may help. In the United States, the NRC carries out "Force on Force" (FOF) exercises at all Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) sites at least once every three years. Nuclear reactors become preferred targets during military conflict and have been repeatedly attacked during military air strikes, occupations, invasions and campaigns over

2030-868: The K-19 (1961), K-11 (1965), K-27 (1968), K-140 (1968), K-429 (1970), K-222 (1980), and K-431 (1985) accidents. Serious radiation incidents/accidents include the Kyshtym disaster , the Windscale fire , the radiotherapy accident in Costa Rica , the radiotherapy accident in Zaragoza , the radiation accident in Morocco , the Goiania accident , the radiation accident in Mexico City ,

2100-757: The Battle of Enerhodar caused damage to the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant and a fire at its training complex as Russian forces took control, heightening concerns of nuclear contamination. On September 6, 2022, IAEA Director General Rafael Grossi addressed the UN Security Council, calling for a nuclear safety and security protection zone around the plant and reiterating his findings that "the Seven Pillars [for nuclear safety and security] have all been compromised at

2170-682: The Pacific Ocean , over 900 of them at the Nevada Test Site , and ten on miscellaneous sites in the United States ( Alaska , Colorado , Mississippi , and New Mexico ). Until November 1962, the vast majority of the U.S. tests were atmospheric (that is, above-ground); after the acceptance of the Partial Test Ban Treaty all testing was regulated underground, in order to prevent the dispersion of nuclear fallout. The U.S. program of atmospheric nuclear testing exposed

Sibirskaya Nuclear Power Plant - Misplaced Pages Continue

2240-657: The Samut Prakan radiation accident , and the Mayapuri radiological accident in India. The IAEA maintains a website reporting recent nuclear accidents. In 2020, the WHO stated that "Lessons learned from past radiological and nuclear accidents have demonstrated that the mental health and psychosocial consequences can outweigh the direct physical health impacts of radiation exposure." " The world's first nuclear reactor meltdown

2310-672: The Shimantan Dam , the three other most expensive accidents involved the Exxon Valdez oil spill (Alaska), the Prestige oil spill (Spain), and the Three Mile Island nuclear accident (Pennsylvania). Nuclear safety covers the actions taken to prevent nuclear and radiation accidents or to limit their consequences and damage to the environment. This covers nuclear power plants as well as all other nuclear facilities,

2380-401: The containment building . For the most part, nuclear facilities receive their power from offsite electrical systems. They also have a grid of emergency backup generators to provide power in the event of an outage. An event that could prevent both offsite power, as well as emergency power is known as a "station blackout". In 2011, an earthquake and tsunami caused a loss of electric power at

2450-554: The City Duma and Mayor is Grigory Shamin , who has served since 2010. The current city manager is Anatoly Abramov, who has served since August 2007. Seversk had been a secret city in the Soviet Union until President Boris Yeltsin decreed in 1992 that such cities could use their historical names. The town had not been marked on the official maps until then. As was the tradition with Soviet towns containing secret facilities,

2520-756: The Fukushima Daiichi accident in 2011, surrounding agricultural areas were contaminated with more than 100,000 MBq km in cesium concentrations. As a result, eastern Fukushima food production was severely limited. Due to Japan's topography and the local weather patterns, cesium deposits as well as other isotopes reside in top layer of soils all over eastern and northeastern Japan. Luckily, mountain ranges have shielded western Japan. The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 exposed to radiation about 125,000 mi (320,000 km ) of land across Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia. The amount of focused radiation caused severe damage to plant reproduction: most plants could not reproduce for at least three years. Many of these occurrences on land can be

2590-470: The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan (via severing the connection to the external grid and destroying the backup diesel generators). The decay heat could not be removed, and the reactor cores of units 1, 2 and 3 overheated, the nuclear fuel melted, and the containments were breached. Radioactive materials were released from the plant to the atmosphere and to the ocean. Transport accidents can cause

2660-639: The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1990 allowed for a systematic filing of compensation claims in relation to testing as well as those employed at nuclear weapons facilities. As of June 2009 over $ 1.4 billion total has been given in compensation, with over $ 660 million going to " downwinders ". For intentional or attempted theft of radioactive material, see Crimes involving radioactive substances § Intentional theft or attempted theft of radioactive material . The International Atomic Energy Agency says there

2730-598: The United States. According to Scientific American , the average coal power plant emits 100 times more radiation per year than a comparatively sized nuclear power plant in the form of toxic coal waste known as fly ash . In terms of energy accidents , hydroelectric plants were responsible for the most fatalities, but nuclear power plant accidents rank first in terms of their economic cost, accounting for 41 percent of all property damage. Oil and hydroelectric follow at around 25 percent each, followed by natural gas at 9 percent and coal at 2 percent. Excluding Chernobyl and

2800-424: The accident among those exposed to significant radiation levels. Radioactive fallout from the accident was concentrated in areas of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia. Other studies have estimated as many as over a million eventual cancer deaths from Chernobyl. Estimates of eventual deaths from cancer are highly contested. Industry, UN and DOE agencies claim low numbers of legally provable cancer deaths will be traceable to

2870-437: The accidental melting of the core of a nuclear reactor, and refers to the core's either complete or partial collapse. A core melt accident occurs when the heat generated by a nuclear reactor exceeds the heat removed by the cooling systems to the point where at least one nuclear fuel element exceeds its melting point . This differs from a fuel element failure , which is not caused by high temperatures. A meltdown may be caused by

Sibirskaya Nuclear Power Plant - Misplaced Pages Continue

2940-667: The coast of Eureka, California in November 2014. Despite the relatively dramatic increases in radiation, the contamination levels still satisfy the World Health Organization's (WHO's) standard for clean drinking water. In 2019, the Japanese government announced that it was considering the possibility of dumping contaminated water from the Fukushima reactor into the Pacific Ocean. Japanese Environmental Minister Yoshiaki Harada reported that TEPCO had collected over

3010-443: The designation "Tomsk-7" (like its predecessor "Pyaty Pochtovy") is simply a postal code which implies that the place is located close to the city of Tomsk. For many years, residents have been restricted from entering or leaving the city. Upon leaving Seversk, residents had to surrender their special entry passes at the checkpoint and it was forbidden to discuss where they worked or lived. In 1987, some restrictions were lifted due to

3080-846: The designers of reactors at Fukushima in Japan did not anticipate that a tsunami generated by an earthquake would disable the backup systems that were supposed to stabilize the reactor after the earthquake. According to UBS AG, the Fukushima I nuclear accidents have cast doubt on whether even an advanced economy like Japan can master nuclear safety. Catastrophic scenarios involving terrorist attacks are also conceivable. In his book Normal Accidents , Charles Perrow says that unexpected failures are built into society's complex and tightly coupled nuclear reactor systems. Nuclear power plants cannot be operated without some major accidents. Such accidents are unavoidable and cannot be designed around. An interdisciplinary team from MIT have estimated that given

3150-442: The disaster. The UN, DOE and industry agencies all use the limits of the epidemiological resolvable deaths as the cutoff below which they cannot be legally proven to come from the disaster. Independent studies statistically calculate fatal cancers from dose and population, even though the number of additional cancers will be below the epidemiological threshold of measurement of around 1%. These are two very different concepts and lead to

3220-491: The entity that manages and operates the facility, further investigated the contamination in areas that would be deemed safe to conduct operations. They found that a significant amount of the contamination originated from underground cable trenches that connected to circulation pumps within the facility. Both the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and TEPCO confirmed that this contamination

3290-502: The environment or the facility." Examples include lethal effects to individuals , large radioactivity release to the environment, or a reactor core melt . The prime example of a "major nuclear accident" is one in which a reactor core is damaged and significant amounts of radioactive isotopes are released, such as in the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. The impact of nuclear accidents has been

3360-452: The existing nuclear infrastructure in use is old due to these reasons. To combat accidents associated with aging nuclear power plants, it may be advantageous to build new nuclear power reactors and retire the old nuclear plants. In the United States alone, more than 50 start-up companies are working to create innovative designs for nuclear power plants while ensuring the plants are more affordable and cost-effective. Isotopes released during

3430-749: The expected growth of nuclear power from 2005 to 2055, at least four serious nuclear accidents would be expected in that period. There have been five serious accidents ( core damage ) in the world since 1970 (one at Three Mile Island in 1979; one at Chernobyl in 1986; and three at Fukushima-Daiichi in 2011), corresponding to the beginning of the operation of generation II reactors . This leads to on average one serious accident happening every eight years worldwide. When nuclear reactors begin to age, they require more exhaustive monitoring and preventive maintenance and tests to operate safely and prevent accidents. However, these measures can be costly, and some reactor owners have not followed these recommendations. Most of

3500-490: The government's most dangerous military material". Nuclear weapons materials on the black market are a global concern, and there is concern about the possible detonation of a small, crude nuclear weapon or dirty bomb by a militant group in a major city, causing significant loss of life and property. The number and sophistication of cyber attacks is on the rise. Stuxnet is a computer worm discovered in June 2010 that

3570-659: The high level radioactive processing room, releasing a cloud of radioactive gas. The cloud was dispersed northwards by the wind, with some of the radioactive material settling over the neighboring village of Georgiyevka . TIME magazine has identified the Tomsk-7 explosion as one of the world's 10 "worst nuclear disasters" . The International Atomic Energy Agency considers the event a Level 3 "serious incident" . Seversk has nine municipal cultural and artistic institutions, as well as four establishments of additional education for children of artistic and aesthetic focus. There

SECTION 50

#1732772344045

3640-515: The huge variations in estimates. Both are reasonable projections with different meanings. Approximately 350,000 people were forcibly resettled away from these areas soon after the accident. 6,000 people were involved in cleaning Chernobyl and 10,800 square miles (28,000 km ) were contaminated. Social scientist and energy policy expert, Benjamin K. Sovacool has reported that worldwide there have been 99 accidents at nuclear power plants from 1952 to 2009 (defined as incidents that either resulted in

3710-458: The large number of residents who worked or studied in Tomsk. The city still remains closed to non-residents. There are six checkpoints where visitors must show entry documents. Permission to visit the city may only be granted by the appropriate authorities by a request of the institution being visited, or by a request of a private party such as a close relative. Visitors can apply for entry passes at

3780-526: The loss of human life or more than US$ 50,000 of property damage, the amount the US federal government uses to define major energy accidents that must be reported), totaling US$ 20.5 billion in property damages. There have been comparatively few fatalities associated with nuclear power plant accidents. An academic review of many reactor accident and the phenomena of these events was published by Mark Foreman. The vulnerability of nuclear plants to deliberate attack

3850-497: The main checkpoint; prior to May 2007, they needed to visit a special office in Tomsk. There was a nuclear accident at the Tomsk-7 Reprocessing Complex on April 6, 1993, when a tank exploded due to formation of red oil , while nitric acid was being added to a plutonium-uranium mixture . The explosion had a force of approximately 100 kg of TNT and blew out a large section of the exterior wall of

3920-710: The maintenance procedure's intention of about 4 inches. An assessment conducted by the Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) in France concluded that no amount of technical innovation can eliminate the risk of human-induced errors associated with the operation of nuclear power plants. Two types of mistakes were deemed most serious: errors committed during field operations, such as maintenance and testing, that can cause an accident; and human errors made during small accidents that cascade to complete failure. In 1946 Canadian Manhattan Project physicist Louis Slotin performed

3990-537: The period 1980–2007. Various acts of civil disobedience since 1980 by the peace group Plowshares have shown how nuclear weapons facilities can be penetrated, and the group's actions represent extraordinary breaches of security at nuclear weapons plants in the United States. The National Nuclear Security Administration has acknowledged the seriousness of the 2012 Plowshares action. Non-proliferation policy experts have questioned "the use of private contractors to provide security at facilities that manufacture and store

4060-440: The radiation source of an expired teletherapy unit was sold unregistered, and stored in an unguarded car park from which it was stolen. Other cases occurred at Yanango , Peru where a radiography source was lost, and Gilan , Iran where a radiography source harmed a welder . The International Atomic Energy Agency has provided guides for scrap metal collectors on what a sealed source might look like. The scrap metal industry

4130-409: The reactor and left a large geographic area uninhabitable. In a smaller scale accident at Sarov a technician working with highly enriched uranium was irradiated while preparing an experiment involving a sphere of fissile material. The Sarov accident is interesting because the system remained critical for many days before it could be stopped, though safely located in a shielded experimental hall. This

4200-435: The reactor plant before observing that the coolant pumps were behaving abnormally. The coolant pumps were thus turned off to protect the pumps, which in turn led to the destruction of the reactor itself as cooling was completely lost within the core. A detailed investigation into SL-1 determined that one operator (perhaps inadvertently) manually pulled the 84-pound (38 kg) central control rod out about 26 inches rather than

4270-577: The same time period, there were 6,400 on-the-job deaths of coal power plant workers, 1,200 on-the-job deaths of natural gas power plant workers and members of the general public caused by natural gas power plants , and 4,000 deaths of members of the general public caused by hydroelectric power plants with failure of Banqiao Dam in 1975 resulting in 170,000-230,000 fatalities alone. As other common sources of energy, coal power plants are estimated to kill 24,000 Americans per year due to lung disease as well as causing 40,000 heart attacks per year in

SECTION 60

#1732772344045

4340-412: The site." Serious radiation and other accidents and incidents include: Between 16 July 1945 and 23 September 1992, the United States maintained a program of vigorous nuclear weapons testing , with the exception of a moratorium between November 1958 and September 1961. By official count, a total of 1,054 nuclear tests and two nuclear attacks were conducted, with over 100 of them taking place at sites in

4410-538: The three plutonium producing reactors (the two that are situated in Seversk, at the Sibirskaya Nuclear Power Plant ) were shut down. Nuclear warheads are produced and stored on the premises. One of the most serious nuclear accidents at SGCE occurred on April 6, 1993, when a tank containing a highly radioactive solution exploded (see § Tomsk-7 explosion ). The current Chair of

4480-399: The transportation of nuclear materials, and the use and storage of nuclear materials for medical, power, industry, and military uses. The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and performance of reactors, and has proposed new safer (but generally untested) reactor designs but there is no guarantee that the reactors will be designed, built and operated correctly. Mistakes do occur and

4550-691: The use of nuclear power. Fifty-seven accidents or severe incidents have occurred since the Chernobyl disaster, and about 60% of all nuclear-related accidents/severe incidents have occurred in the USA. Serious nuclear power plant accidents include the Fukushima nuclear disaster (2011), the Chernobyl disaster (1986), the Three Mile Island accident (1979), and the SL-1 accident (1961). Nuclear power accidents can involve loss of life and large monetary costs for remediation work. Nuclear submarine accidents include

4620-438: Was a result of the 2011 earthquake. Due to damage like this, the Fukushima plant released nuclear material into the Pacific Ocean and has continued to do so. After 5 years of leaking, the contaminates reached all corners of the Pacific Ocean, from North America and Australia to Patagonia. Along the same coastline, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) found trace amounts of Fukushima contaminates 100 miles (150 km) off

4690-467: Was known as Pyaty Pochtovy ( Пя́тый Почто́вый , lit. the Fifth Postal ) until 1954 and as Tomsk-7 ( Томск-7 ) until 1992. City status was granted to it in 1956. Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with five rural localities , incorporated as Seversk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As

4760-539: Was referred to as the demon core . Lost source accidents, also referred to as orphan sources , are incidents in which a radioactive source is lost, stolen or abandoned. The source then might cause harm to humans. The best known example of this type of event is the 1987 Goiânia accident in Brazil, when a radiotherapy source was forgotten and abandoned in a hospital, to be later stolen and opened by scavengers. A similar case occurred in 2000 in Samut Prakan, Thailand when

4830-651: Was the NRX reactor at Chalk River Laboratories , Ontario , Canada in 1952. The worst nuclear accident to date is the Chernobyl disaster which occurred in 1986 in the Ukrainian SSR , now Ukraine. The accident killed approximately 30 people directly and damaged approximately $ 7 billion of property. A study published in 2005 by the World Health Organization estimates that there may eventually be up to 4,000 additional cancer deaths related to

4900-490: Was weapons-grade plutonium for the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons program. This article about a power station is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about nuclear power and nuclear reactors for power generation is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Seversk It was previously known as Pyaty Pochtovy (until 1949) and Tomsk-7 (until 1992). The city

#44955