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64-709: Sidi Kaouki is a small town located 25 km south of Essaouira . It is a rural commune in Essaouira Province of the Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz region of Morocco . At the time of the 2004 census , the commune had a total population of 4335 people living in 902 households. Sidi Kaouki is fast becoming one of the most popular surf and wind surfing destinations in Morocco. There a number of surf sports including beach breaks and reef breaks that produce punchy peaks and nice shaped waves. It
128-578: A base before Michel set off into the Western Sahara to try to find Smara . France had an important administrative, military and economic presence. Essaouira had a Franco-Moroccan school, still visible in Derb Dharb street. Linguistically, many Moroccans of Essaouira speak French fluently today. In the early 1950s film director and actor Orson Welles stayed at the Hotel des Iles just south of
192-568: A distinction between /a/ and /i/ and allow /a/ to appear at the beginning of a word, e.g. /aqsˤarˤ/ "shorter" (standard /qsˤərˤ/ ), /atˤlaʕ/ "go up!" (standard /tˤlaʕ/ or /tˤləʕ/ ), /asˤħaːb/ "friends" (standard /sˤħab/ ). Long /aː/ , /iː/ and /uː/ are maintained as semi-long vowels, which are substituted for both short and long vowels in most borrowings from Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Long /aː/, /iː/ and /uː/ also have many more allophones than in most other dialects; in particular, /aː/, /iː/, /uː/ appear as [ɑ], [e], [o] in
256-516: A full vowel. For example, /bidˤ-at/ [bedɑt͡s] "eggs" ( /i/ and /a/ both affected), /tˤʃaʃ-at/ [tʃɑʃæt͡s] "sparks" (rightmost /a/ not affected), /dˤrˤʒ-at/ [drˤʒæt͡s] "stairs" ( /a/ usually not affected), /dˤrb-at-u/ [drˤbat͡su] "she hit him" (with [a] variable but tending to be in between [ɑ] and [æ] ; no effect on /u/ ), /tˤalib/ [tɑlib] "student" ( /a/ affected but not /i/ ). Contrast, for example, Egyptian Arabic, where emphasis tends to spread forward and backward to both ends of
320-579: A location due to the photogenic and atmospheric qualities. The town was used in the filming of "The Game of Thrones" as the home of the Army of the Unsullied. The scene of the rows of crucified slaves were props to cover the Portuguese cannons. Beginning in the late 1960s, Essaouira became something of a hippie hangout. Essaouira is protected by a natural bay partially shielded from wave action by
384-523: A peaceful harbor protected against strong marine winds. Essaouira has long been considered one of the best anchorages of the Moroccan coast. The Carthaginian navigator Hanno visited in the 5th century BCE and established the trading post of Arambys. Around the end of the 1st century BCE or early 1st century CE, the Berber king of Mauretania Juba II established a Tyrian purple factory, processing
448-407: A phoneme /ə/ (however, some speakers maintain a difference between /a/ and /ə/ when adjacent to pharyngeal /ʕ/ and /ħ/ ). This phoneme ( /ə/ ) was then deleted entirely in most positions; for the most part, it is maintained only in the position /...CəC#/ or /...CəCC#/ (where C represents any consonant and # indicates a word boundary), i.e. when appearing as the last vowel of a word. When /ə/
512-468: A sonorance hierarchy. Similarly, and unlike most other Arabic dialects, doubled consonants are never simplified to a single consonant, even when at the end of a word or preceding another consonant. Some dialects are more conservative in their treatment of short vowels. For example, some dialects allow /u/ in more positions. Dialects of the Sahara, and eastern dialects near the border of Algeria, preserve
576-788: A substantial Berber stratum that increases from the east to the west of the Maghreb, making Moroccan Arabic dialects the ones most influenced by Berber. More recently, the influx of Andalusi people and Spanish-speaking– Moriscos (between the 15th and the 17th centuries) influenced urban dialects with Spanish substrate (and loanwords). The vocabulary of Moroccan Arabic is mostly Semitic and derived from Classical Arabic . It also contains some Berber , French and Spanish loanwords. There are noticeable lexical differences between Moroccan Arabic and most other Arabic languages. Some words are essentially unique to Moroccan Arabic: daba "now". Many others, however, are characteristic of Maghrebi Arabic as
640-494: A whole including both innovations and unusual retentions of Classical vocabulary that disappeared elsewhere, such as hbeṭ' "go down" from Classical habaṭ . Others are shared with Algerian Arabic such as hḍeṛ "talk", from Classical hadhar "babble", and temma "there", from Classical thamma . There are a number of Moroccan Arabic dictionaries in existence: Some loans might have come through Andalusi Arabic brought by Moriscos when they were expelled from Spain following
704-583: A word, even through several syllables. Emphasis is audible mostly through its effects on neighboring vowels or syllabic consonants, and through the differing pronunciation of /t/ [t͡s] and /tˤ/ [t] . Actual pharyngealization of "emphatic" consonants is weak and may be absent entirely. In contrast with some dialects, vowels adjacent to emphatic consonants are pure; there is no diphthong-like transition between emphatic consonants and adjacent front vowels. Phonetic notes: Through most of its history, Moroccan vernacular Arabic has usually not been written. Due to
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#1732791542012768-507: Is a typically Moroccan development. In Classical Arabic, the noun is sūr ( سور , with plain /s/ and /r/), diminutive suwayrah ( سويرة ); this is the only form cited in all dictionaries of Classical Arabic. Hence, the spelling of the name in Arabic script according to the classical pronunciation is السويرة al-Suwayrah (with sīn not ṣād ). Until the 1960s, Essaouira was generally known by its Portuguese name, Mogador . This name
832-548: Is also a center of argan oil production. It has become a tourist attraction due to the tree-climbing goats who are unique to the region, as argan trees are the only type the goats climb. There is a French international school in Essaouira, Groupe scolaire Eric-Tabarly . Since 1998, the Gnaoua Festival of World Music is held in Essaouira, normally in the last week of June. It brings together artists from all over
896-407: Is also a great spot for kite surfing as the wind is stronger than some other nearby spots including Essaouira. Sidi Kaouki is an exposed beach break which has quite reliable surf and work anytime of the year. The wintertime sees the swell pick up, and this is the peak season for surfing around Sidi Kaouki. The beaches tends to receive a mix of ground and wind swells, with offshore winds blowing from
960-532: Is also renowned for its kitesurfing and windsurfing , with the powerful trade wind blowing almost constantly onto the protected, almost waveless, bay. Several world-class clubs rent top-notch material on a weekly basis. The township of Sidi Kaouki is located 25 km south of Essaouira and is becoming one of the best locations in Morocco for surfing, windsurfing and kitesurfing. There are several businesses in Sidi Kaouki which offer gear rental. Essaouira
1024-499: Is no universally standard written system for Darija. There is also a loosely standardized Latin system used for writing Moroccan Arabic in electronic media, such as texting and chat, often based on sound-letter correspondences from French, English or Spanish ('sh' or 'ch' for English 'sh', 'u' or 'ou' for English 'oo', etc.) and using numbers to represent sounds not found in French or English (2-3-7-9 used for ق-ح-ع-ء, respectively.). In
1088-404: Is not deleted, it is pronounced as a very short vowel, tending towards [ɑ] in the vicinity of emphatic consonants , [a] in the vicinity of pharyngeal /ʕ/ and /ħ/ (for speakers who have merged /a/ and /ə/ in this environment), and [ə] elsewhere. Original short /u/ usually merges with /ə/ except in the vicinity of a labial or velar consonant. In positions where /ə/ was deleted, /u/
1152-487: Is probably a corruption of Amegdul ( Arabic : أمقدول , romanized : Ameqdūl ), which was mentioned by the 11th-century geographer al-Bakrī . The name Mogador originated from the Phoenician word Migdol , meaning 'small fortress'. Archaeological research shows that Essaouira has been occupied since prehistoric times. The bay at Essaouira is partially sheltered by the island of Mogador , making it
1216-457: Is small and summers are warm while winters are mild. Annual rainfall is usually 300 to 500 millimetres (12 to 20 in). The highest temperature ever recorded in Essaouira was 35.7 °C (96.3 °F) on 18 April 2017. The lowest temperature ever recorded was 2.2 °C (36.0 °F) on 29 January 2005. The lowest maximum temperature ever recorded was 11.8 °C (53.2 °F) on 15 February 2018. The highest minimum temperature ever recorded
1280-584: Is the dialectal , vernacular form or forms of Arabic spoken in Morocco. It is part of the Maghrebi Arabic dialect continuum and as such is mutually intelligible to some extent with Algerian Arabic and to a lesser extent with Tunisian Arabic . It is spoken by 90.9% of the population of Morocco. While Modern Standard Arabic is used to varying degrees in formal situations such as religious sermons, books, newspapers, government communications, news broadcasts and political talk shows, Moroccan Arabic
1344-612: Is the predominant spoken language of the country and has a strong presence in Moroccan television entertainment, cinema and commercial advertising. Moroccan Arabic has many regional dialects and accents as well, with its mainstream dialect being the one used in Casablanca , Rabat , Tangier , Marrakesh and Fez , and therefore it dominates the media and eclipses most of the other regional accents. SIL International classifies Moroccan Arabic, Hassaniya Arabic and Judeo-Moroccan Arabic as different varieties of Arabic. Moroccan Arabic
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#17327915420121408-475: Is to visit the waterfalls south of Sidi Kaouki. Approximately 3 hours walk on foot it is possible to hire camels, horses and local guides to show you this spot. Sidi Kaouki is surrounded by many small Berber villages, some connected by unsealed roads and others along the paved coastal road to the south. Essaouira Essaouira ( / ˌ ɛ s ə ˈ w ɪər ə / ESS -ə- WEER -ə ; Arabic : الصويرة , romanized : aṣ-Ṣawīra ), known until
1472-429: Is writing: ka-ye-kteb She is/it is writing: ka-te-kteb We are writing: ka-n-ketb-u You (plural) are writing: ka-t-ketb-u They are writing: ka-y-ketb-u The stem kteb turns into ketb before a vowel suffix because of the process of inversion described above. Between the prefix ka-n-, ka-t-, ka-y- and the stem kteb , an e appears but not between the prefix and the transformed stem ketb because of
1536-623: The 19th century. Medina of Essaouira was designated by the UNESCO a World Heritage Site in 2001. The name of the city is usually spelled Essaouira in Latin script, and الصويرة in Arabic script. Both spellings represent its name in Moroccan Arabic , aṣ-Ṣwiṛa . This is the diminutive (with definite article) of the noun ṣuṛ which means "wall (as round a yard, city), rampart". The pronunciation with pharyngealized /sˁ/ and /rˁ/
1600-672: The Bombardment of Mogador , an important battle of the First Franco-Moroccan War . From 1912 to 1956, Essaouira was part of the French protectorate of Morocco . Mogador was used as a base for a military expedition against Dar Anflous, when 8,000 French troops were located outside the city under the orders of Generals Franchet d'Esperey and Brulard. The Kasbah of Dar Anflous was taken on 25 January 1913. In 1930, brothers, Michel and Jean Vieuchange used Essaouira as
1664-635: The Christian Reconquest or, alternatively, they date from the time of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco . Note: All sentences are written according to the transcription used in Richard Harrell, A Short Reference Grammar of Moroccan Arabic (Examples with their pronunciation) .: (Transliterated) (Transliterated) (Transliterated) The regular Moroccan Arabic verb conjugates with a series of prefixes and suffixes. The stem of
1728-657: The Iles Purpuraires . A broad sandy beach extends from the harbour south of Essaourira, at which point the Oued Ksob discharges to the ocean; south of the discharge lies the archaeological ruin, the Bordj El Berod . The Canary Current is responsible for the generally southward movement of ocean circulation and has led to enhancement of the local fishery . The village of Diabat lies about five kilometres (3.1 miles) south of Essaouira, immediately south of
1792-538: The Oued Ksob . Essaouira connects to Safi to the north and to Agadir to the south via the N1 road and to Marrakech to the east via the R 207 road. There is a small airport some 7 to 8 km (4 to 5 mi) away from the town, which schedules several flights a week to Paris-Orly , London-Luton and Brussels-South (Charleroi) and daily to Casablanca . Essaouira's climate is semi-arid climate ( BSk/BSh ), with mild temperatures year round. The gap between highs and lows
1856-549: The Rabat Archaeological Museum . During the Middle Ages , a Muslim saint named Sidi Mogdoul was buried in Essaouira, probably giving its origin to the name "Mogador". In 1506, the king of Portugal, D. Manuel I , ordered a fortress to be built there, named Castelo Real de Mogador . Altogether, the Portuguese are documented to have seized six Moroccan towns and built six stand-alone fortresses on
1920-567: The Tetraclinis tree), both of which have been practised in Essaouira for centuries. The fishing harbour , suffering from the competition of Agadir and Safi , remains rather small, although the catches ( sardines , conger eels ) are surprisingly abundant due to the coastal upwelling generated by the powerful trade winds and the Canaries Current . Essaouira remains one of the major fishing harbours of Morocco. Essaouira
1984-819: The diglossic nature of the Arabic language , most literate Muslims in Morocco would write in Standard Arabic, even if they spoke Darija as a first language. However, since Standard Arabic was typically taught in Islamic religious contexts, Moroccan Jews usually would not learn Standard Arabic and would write instead in Darija, or more specifically a variety known as Judeo-Moroccan Arabic , using Hebrew script. A risala on Semitic languages written in Maghrebi Judeo-Arabic by Judah ibn Quraish to
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2048-519: The murex and purpura shells found in the intertidal rocks at Essaouira and the Iles Purpuraires . This dye colored the purple stripe in the togas worn by the Senators of Imperial Rome . A Roman villa was excavated on Mogador island . A Roman vase was found as well as coinage from the 3rd century CE. Most of the artifacts are now visible in the Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum and
2112-542: The 1541 Fall of Agadir , the Portuguese had to abandon most of their settlements between 1541 and 1550, although they were able to keep Ceuta , Tangier and Mazagan. The fortress of Castelo Real of Mogador fell to the local resistance of the Regraga fraternity four years after its establishment, in 1510. During the 16th century, powers including Spain, England, the Netherlands and France tried in vain to conquer
2176-616: The 1960s as Mogador (Arabic: موغادور , romanized: Mūghādūr , or موݣادور , Mūgādūr ), is a port city in the western Moroccan region of Marrakesh-Safi , on the Atlantic coast . It has 77,966 inhabitants as of 2014. The foundation of the city of Essaouira was the work of the Moroccan 'Alawid sultan Mohammed bin Abdallah , who made an original experiment by entrusting it to several architects in 1760, in particular Théodore Cornut and Ahmed al-Inglizi , who designed
2240-592: The Jews of Fes dates back to the ninth-century. Al-Kafif az-Zarhuni's epic 14th century zajal Mala'bat al-Kafif az-Zarhuni , about Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman al-Marini's campaign on Hafsid Ifriqiya , is considered the first literary work in Darija. Most books and magazines are in Modern Standard Arabic ; Qur'an books are written and read in Classical Arabic , and there
2304-470: The Moroccan Atlantic coast, between the river Loukos in the north and the river of Sous in the south. Four of them only had a short duration: Graciosa (1489), São João da Mamora (1515), Castelo Real of Mogador (1506–10) and Aguz (1520–25). Two became permanent urban settlements: Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (modern Agadir , founded in 1505–06), and Mazagan , founded in 1514–17. Following
2368-469: The Renegade"). Mohammed III took numerous steps to encourage the development of Essaouira including closing off the harbour of Agadir to the south in 1767 so that southern trade could be redirected through Essaouira. European communities in the northern harbour of Rabat - Salé were ordered to move to Essaouira through an ordinance of 21 January 1765. From the time of its rebuilding by Muhammad III until
2432-706: The Sultan of Morocco and asphyxiate the harbour of Safi . He departed for Salé on 20 July 1629 with a fleet composed of the ships Licorne , Saint-Louis , Griffon , Catherine , Hambourg , Sainte-Anne , Saint-Jean . He bombarded the city of Salé, destroyed three corsair ships, and then sent the Griffon under Captain Treillebois to Mogador. The men of Razilly saw the fortress of Castelo Real in Mogador and landed 100 men with wood and supplies on Mogador island, with
2496-467: The agreement of Richelieu. After a few days, however, the Griffon reembarked the colonists and departed to rejoin the fleet in Salé. After these expeditions, France signed a treaty with Abd el-Malek II in 1631, giving France preferential treatment, known as " capitulations ": preferential tariffs, the establishment of a Consulate, and freedom of religion for French subjects. The present city of Essaouira
2560-532: The city itself, particularly the Kasbah area, corresponding to the royal quarters and the buildings for Christian merchants and diplomats. Other parts were built by other architects, including Moroccan architects especially from Fez, Marrakesh, and Rabat. The harbour entrance, with the "Porte de la Marine", was built by an English renegade by the name of Ahmed el Inglizi ("Ahmed the English") or Ahmed El Alj ("Ahmed
2624-408: The city using French captives from the failed French expedition to Larache in 1765, and with the mission of building a city adapted to the needs of foreign merchants. Once built, it continued to grow and experienced a golden age and exceptional development, becoming the country's most important commercial port but also its diplomatic capital between the end of the 18th century and the first half of
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2688-491: The conjugated verb may change a bit, depending on the conjugation: The stem of the Moroccan Arabic verb for "to write" is kteb . The past tense of kteb (write) is as follows: I wrote: kteb-t You wrote: kteb-ti (some regions tend to differentiate between masculine and feminine, the masculine form is kteb-t , the feminine kteb-ti ) He/it wrote: kteb (can also be an order to write; kteb er-rissala: Write
2752-559: The consistent, strong winds combined with medium-sized swell at the main beach (Sidi Kaouki Plage). Stand Up Paddleboarding has also become a common sport in Sidi Kaouki when then wind is low. There is often a good possibility for SUP rides to catch waves. The nearest village, this is the place to pass through on the way to La Grotte and La Couronne surf spots, and there is a carpark for surfers to leave their cars. There are also cafes and restaurants. A common day trip from Sidi Kaouki
2816-408: The east/south-east. The ideal swell direction is from the north-east and the beach breaks offer both lefts and rights. There are several surfing spots in the area, including Sidi Kaouki Plage, Maribou, La Grotte, La Couronne, Secret Spot, L’Qued, Imsouane, and Taghinsa. Sidi Kaouki is a spot well known within the growing kitesurfing community. The location is blessed with strong and stable winds and
2880-534: The end of the nineteenth century, Essaouira served as Morocco's principal port, offering the goods of the caravan trade to the world. The route brought goods from sub-Saharan Africa to Timbuktu , then through the desert and over the Atlas Mountains to Marrakesh. The road from Marrakesh to Essaouira is a straight line, explaining the king's choice of this port among the many others along the Moroccan coast. Mohammed III encouraged Moroccan Jews to settle in
2944-486: The extent to which emphatic consonants affect nearby vowels) occurs much less than in Egyptian Arabic . Emphasis spreads fairly rigorously towards the beginning of a word and into prefixes, but much less so towards the end of a word. Emphasis spreads consistently from a consonant to a directly following vowel, and less strongly when separated by an intervening consonant, but generally does not spread rightwards past
3008-480: The independence of Morocco all resulted in Sephardic Jews leaving the country. As of 2017, Essaouira had only three Jewish inhabitants. On 15 January 2020, King Mohammed VI visited Bayt Dakira , a Jewish heritage house, in Essaouira. In the 19th century, Essaouira became the first seaport of Morocco, with trade volumes about double those of Rabat . The city functioned as the harbour for Marrakesh, as it
3072-406: The inhabitants of Agadir were forced to relocate to Essaouira. For 12 years, Mohammed III directed a French engineer, Théodore Cornut , and several other Moroccan and European architects and technicians to build the fortress and city along modern lines. Originally called "Souira" ("the small fortress"), the name became "Es-Saouira" ("the beautifully designed"). Thédore Cornut designed and built
3136-438: The large open sandy beach makes for a great spot to launch and land. Sidi Kaouki is great for freestyle, but the clean and long rolling waves make this a great place especially for the ambitious wavekiters. Some of the most popular kitesurfing spots around Sidi Kaouki and along this coast are La Grotte, Moulay, Imsouane, Essaouira Bay, and the "2nd Beach" at Ord Omar. This has been a location for windsurfing for many years due to
3200-492: The last few years, there have been some publications in Moroccan Darija, such as Hicham Nostik 's Notes of a Moroccan Infidel , as well as basic science books by Moroccan physics professor Farouk El Merrakchi . Newspapers in Moroccan Arabic also exist, such as Souq Al Akhbar, Al Usbuu Ad-Daahik, the regional newspaper Al Amal (formerly published by Latifa Akherbach ), and Khbar Bladna (news of our country), which
3264-412: The letter) She/it wrote: ketb-et We wrote: kteb-na You (plural) wrote: kteb-tu / kteb-tiu They wrote: ketb-u The stem kteb turns into ketb before a vowel suffix because of the process of inversion described above. The present tense of kteb is as follows: I am writing: ka-ne-kteb You are (masculine) writing: ka-te-kteb You are (feminine) writing: ka-t-ketb-i He's/it
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#17327915420123328-412: The locality. Essaouira remained a haven for the export of sugar and molasses and as an anchorage for pirates . France was involved in an early attempt to colonize Mogador in 1629. As Richelieu and Père Joseph were attempting to establish a colonial policy, Admiral Isaac de Razilly suggested they occupy Mogador in 1626, which he had reconnoitered in 1619. The objective was to create a base against
3392-574: The migration of Arab nomadic tribes to Morocco in the 11th century, particularly the Banu Hilal , which the Hilalian dialects are named after. The Hilalian dialects spoken in Morocco belong to the Maqil subgroup, a family that includes three main dialectal areas: One of the most notable features of Moroccan Arabic is the collapse of short vowels. Initially, short /a/ and /i/ were merged into
3456-464: The town and handle the trade with Europe. Jews once comprised the majority of the population, and the Jewish quarter (or mellah ) contains many old synagogues . The town also has a large Jewish cemetery. The city flourished until the caravan trade died, superseded by direct European shipping trade with sub-Saharan Africa. Changes in trade, the founding of Israel, the resulting wars with Arab states, and
3520-462: The town walls during the filming of his 1952 classic version of " Othello " which contains several memorable scenes shot in the labyrinthine streets and alleyways of the medina . Legend has it that during Welles' sojourn in the town he met Winston Churchill , another guest at the Hotel des Iles. A bas-relief of Orson Welles is located in a small square just outside the medina walls close to the sea. Several other film directors have utilized Essaouira as
3584-402: The vicinity of emphatic consonants and [ q ] , [ χ ] , [ ʁ ] , [ r ] , but [æ], [i], [u] elsewhere. (Most other Arabic dialects only have a similar variation for the phoneme /aː/ .) In some dialects, such as that of Marrakech , front-rounded and other allophones also exist. Allophones in vowels usually do not exist in loanwords . Emphatic spreading (i.e.
3648-417: The walls of the old city. Newer international hotels have been built along the sea front, with local planning regulations restricting buildings to 4 storeys in height. There are also many privately owned riads , also known as dars , that may be rented on a daily or weekly basis. The medina is home to many small arts and crafts businesses, notably cabinet making and 'thuya' wood-carving (using roots of
3712-647: The world. Although focused on gnaoua music , it includes rock, jazz and reggae. Known as the "Moroccan Woodstock " it lasts four days and attracts around 450,000 spectators annually. Jewish quarter "Mellah" of Essaouira's old medina Essaouira is twinned with: 31°30′47″N 9°46′11″W / 31.51306°N 9.76972°W / 31.51306; -9.76972 Moroccan Arabic Moroccan Arabic ( Arabic : العربية المغربية الدارجة , romanized : al-ʻArabiyyah al-Maghribiyyah ad-Dārija lit. ' Moroccan vernacular Arabic ' ), also known as Darija ( الدارجة or الداريجة ),
3776-428: Was 26.7 °C (80.1 °F) on 13 October 2017. The maximum amount of precipitation recorded in one day was 99.1 millimetres (3.90 in) on 8 March 2013. The Medina of Essaouira (formerly " Mogador ") is a UNESCO World Heritage listed city, an example of a late 18th-century fortified town, as transferred to North Africa by European colonists. There are only a handful of modern purpose-built hotels within
3840-412: Was also deleted, and is maintained only as labialization of the adjacent labial or velar consonant; where /ə/ is maintained, /u/ surfaces as [ʊ] . This deletion of short vowels can result in long strings of consonants (a feature shared with Amazigh and certainly derived from it). These clusters are never simplified; instead, consonants occurring between other consonants tend to syllabify, according to
3904-549: Was built during the mid-eighteenth century by the Moroccan King. Mohammed III tried to reorient his kingdom toward the Atlantic for increased exchanges with European powers, choosing Mogador as his key location. One of his objectives was to establish a harbour at the closest possible point to Marrakesh. The other was to cut off trade from Agadir in the south, which had been favouring a political rival of Mohammed III, and
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#17327915420123968-675: Was formed of several dialects of Arabic belonging to two genetically different groups: pre-Hilalian and Hilalian dialects. Pre-Hilalian dialects are a result of early Arabization phases of the Maghreb , from the 7th to the 12th centuries, concerning the main urban settlements, the harbors, the religious centres ( zaouias ) as well as the main trade routes. The dialects are generally classified in three types: (old) urban, "village" and "mountain" sedentary and Jewish dialects. In Morocco, several pre-Hilalian dialects are spoken: Hilalian dialects ( Bedouin dialects ) were introduced following
4032-577: Was only a few days from the inland city. Diplomatic and trade representations were established by European powers in Essouira. In the 1820s, European diplomats were concentrated in either Tangier or Essaouira. Following Morocco's alliance with Algeria's Abd-El-Kader against France, Essaouira was bombarded and briefly occupied by the French Navy under the Prince de Joinville on 16 August 1844, in
4096-629: Was published by Tangier-based American painter Elena Prentice between 2002 and 2006. The latter also published books written in Moroccan Arabic, mostly novels and stories, written by authors such as Kenza El Ghali and Youssef Amine Alami . Moroccan Arabic is characterized by a strong Berber , as well as Latin ( African Romance ), substratum . Following the Arab conquest , Berber languages remained widely spoken. During their Arabisation , some Berber tribes became bilingual for generations before abandoning their language for Arabic; however, they kept
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